Chapter Forty
Mexico and Her Neighbor / 第四十章：墨西哥和她的邻国

Remember the Alamo / 铭记阿拉莫

The brand new republic of Mexico had a problem. It had barely been free from Spain for ten years. And already, one of its states was rebelling against Mexico!

墨西哥这个崭新的共和国遇到了一个问题。它刚从西班牙独立出来才十年。而现在，它的一个州就在反叛墨西哥政府！

Texas, the Mexican state farthest to the north, was home to Mexicans—but it was home to even more people of English descent, called Anglos.

德克萨斯，这个墨西哥最北方的州，是墨西哥人的家乡——但那里住着更多的英国人后裔，被称为盎格鲁人。

Back when New Spain still belonged to the Spanish empire, an American banker named Moses Austin and his son made an agreement with Spain that would allow American settlers to live in the northern part of the Spanish colony. These American settlements in the Spanish land were called empresarios.

当新西班牙还属于西班牙帝国时，一位名叫摩西·奥斯汀的美国银行家和他的儿子与西班牙达成了一个协议，允许美国定居者在西班牙殖民地北部生活。这些在西班牙土地上的美国定居点被称为企业移民。

Now that Mexico was free, the congress made another agreement with the United States so that American settlement could continue. The empresarios were good for Mexico. Few people lived in the dry, hot plains; American settlers would build prosperous new towns in this empty part of Mexico and pay plenty of taxes to the Mexican government.

现在墨西哥自由了，国会与美国达成了另一个协议，以便美国人的定居能够继续。企业移民对墨西哥是有益的。很少有人住在这片干燥、炎热的平原上；美国定居者会在墨西哥这个空旷的地区建造繁荣的新城镇，并向墨西哥政府缴纳大量税收。

The United States agreed that any Americans settling in Mexico would become citizens of Mexico, convert to Catholicism (the official religion of Mexico), and obey Mexican law.

美国同意任何在墨西哥定居的美国人都要成为墨西哥的公民，转变为天主教（墨西哥的官方宗教），并遵守墨西哥法律。

But as time went on, Mexicans began to be annoyed with the empresarios. So many Americans had settled in Texas that now more Texans spoke English than Spanish. The Americans did pay their taxes—but many of them refused to be Catholic or follow Mexican laws. Worst of all, Americans insisted on bringing their slaves to Texas, even though slavery was illegal in Mexico!

但随着时间的推移，墨西哥人开始对企业移民感到恼怒。如此多的美国人在德克萨斯定居，以至于现在更多的德克萨斯人说英语而不是西班牙语。美国人确实缴纳他们的税收——但他们中的许多人拒绝成为天主教徒或遵守墨西哥法律。最糟糕的是，美国人坚持把他们的奴隶带到德克萨斯，尽管奴隶制在墨西哥是非法的！

In 1830, Mexico announced that no more Americans could come into Texas to live. The Americans in Texas didn't like this order. It seemed that the congress of Mexico was behaving like that old English parliament again, telling them what to do without asking them for their opinion!

在1830年，墨西哥宣布不再允许更多美国人进入德克萨斯居住。德克萨斯的美国人不喜欢这个命令。似乎墨西哥国会又在像那个古老的英国议会一样表现，不询问他们的意见就告诉他们该做什么！

Back in Mexico City, the Mexican president was defeated in an election by the popular general Antonio López de Santa Anna. Just a year later, Santa Anna made himself the dictator of Mexico! Santa Anna wanted all of Mexico to obey him without question. And he thought that the Anglos up in Texas were too independent.

在墨西哥城，墨西哥总统在选举中被受欢迎的将军安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·圣安娜击败。仅仅一年后，圣安娜就让自己成为了墨西哥的独裁者！圣安娜希望整个墨西哥都无条件地服从他。他认为德克萨斯的盎格鲁人太独立了。

He ordered a new law passed: No one in Texas could have a gun unless the Mexican government gave them permission. Any Texan who owned an illegal gun would be convicted of piracy and hung!

他下令通过了一项新法律：德克萨斯任何人都不能拥有枪，除非墨西哥政府给他们许可。任何拥有非法枪支的德克萨斯人都会被定罪为海盗罪并被绞死！

The Texans were furious. Everyone in Texas had guns! They hunted for game and protected themselves from wild animals with their guns. Texans refused to follow Santa Anna's new gun law. All over Texas, settlers began to talk about fighting for their freedom against Santa Anna. They started to collect weapons together and to form little garrisons (gatherings of armed men) all over Texans.

德克萨斯人愤怒了。德克萨斯的每个人都有枪支！他们用枪打猎捕获野味，并保护自己免受野生动物的攻击。德克萨斯人拒绝遵守圣安娜的新枪支法。在德克萨斯各地，定居者开始谈论为了他们的自由而与圣安娜战斗。他们开始收集武器，并在德克萨斯各地组建小型驻军（武装人员的聚集）。

One of these garrisons remembered that, years before, a nearby settlement had been given a cannon to defend itself from attack by Native Americans. The settlement hadn't needed the cannon for years. As a matter of fact, they'd buried it in a big pit! Now, they dug it back up again and cleaned it out. No cannonballs were left, so the Texans stuffed chains and pieces of iron into it instead!

其中一个驻军记得，几年前，附近的一个定居点得到了一门大炮来防御美洲原住民的攻击。这个定居点多年来都不需要这门大炮。事实上，他们把它埋藏在一个大坑里！现在，他们又把它挖了出来并清理干净。没有炮弹了，所以德克萨斯人把链条和铁片塞进去代替！

The nearest Mexican army outpost demanded that the Texans give up the cannon. The Texans refused. Mexican soldiers marched to the garrison to take it away. When they arrived, they found the Texans ready for a fight, waving a flag that said, "Come and Take It!"

最近的墨西哥军队前哨要求德克萨斯人交出大炮。德克萨斯人拒绝了。墨西哥士兵向驻军进军要夺取大炮。当他们到达时，发现德克萨斯人准备战斗，挥舞着一面写着"来拿走它！"的旗帜。

The Mexicans backed away. But as far as the Texans were concerned, the war with Mexico had begun. Signs went up all through the empresarios. "Freemen of Texas! To arms! To arms!" the signs read. "Now's the day and now's the hour!"

墨西哥人后退了。但就德克萨斯人而言，与墨西哥的战争已经开始了。标语在所有企业移民区张贴起来。"德克萨斯自由民！拿起武器！拿起武器！"标语上写道。"现在就是时候，现在就是时刻！"

Texans armed with guns and cannons took over the southern towns of San Antonio and Gonzales. Meanwhile, fifty-nine delegates from all over Texas met together in a settlement on the northern Brazos river. They called this settlement, their new capital city, Washington-on-the-Brazos, after the capital city of the United States. Together, the delegates wrote a constitution for Texas. They voted to make a huge, quick-tempered frontiersman named Sam Houston the general of the new Texas army.

装备有枪支和大炮的德克萨斯人占领了南部的城镇圣安东尼奥和冈萨雷斯。与此同时，来自德克萨斯各地的五十九名代表在布拉索斯河北岸的一个定居点聚会。他们把这个定居点，也就是他们的新首都，以美国首都的名字命名为华盛顿河畔布拉索斯。代表们一起为德克萨斯起草了一部宪法。他们投票选择一个名叫山姆·休斯顿的高大、急性子的边疆人作为新德克萨斯军队的将军。

[原书插图：展示德克萨斯独立战争期间的地图和人物]

It took Sam Houston weeks to gather an army. Meanwhile, Santa Anna had ordered his army to march north into Texas. Sam Houston sent a message to the Texans of the south. "Hold out as best you can!" Houston ordered them. "We'll come as soon as we're able."

山姆·休斯顿花了几周时间聚集一支军队。与此同时，圣安娜已经命令他的军队向北行军进入德克萨斯。山姆·休斯顿向南部的德克萨斯人发送了一条消息。"尽你们所能坚持住！"休斯顿命令他们。"我们会尽快赶来。"

The Texans at San Antonio, closest to the border, prepared for war. Some of the best fighters in Texas had gathered here. Jim Bowie was so famous for his bravery and daring that a hunting knife, the Bowie knife, had been named after him; he had ridden alligators in Louisiana, sailed with pirates in the ocean nearby, and mined for gold in Texas. Davy Crockett, a Tennessee frontiersman who had fought against the Creek Indians, came down to help out too.

距离边界最近的圣安东尼奥的德克萨斯人准备战争。德克萨斯一些最优秀的战士聚集在这里。吉姆·鲍伊因其勇敢和胆量而如此著名，以至于一种狩猎刀，鲍伊刀，就是以他的名字命名的；他在路易斯安那骑过鳄鱼，在附近的海洋中与海盗一起航行，在德克萨斯挖掘过黄金。戴维·克罗克特，一个曾与克里克印第安人作战的田纳西边疆人，也前来帮忙。

By early February, the little group of soldiers in San Antonio had grown to 189. They thought that Santa Anna's army was still weeks away. But Santa Anna was just over the river, a few miles away! When the commander of the San Antonio fighters, William Travis, realized that Mexican soldiers would arrive in just a few hours, he ordered all of his soldiers into the nearby fort. This fort, built years before by Catholic priests as a mission (a center for Catholic worship), had a wall around it. The Texans called it the Alamo.

到二月初，圣安东尼奥的这小群士兵已经增长到189人。他们以为圣安娜的军队还有几周才到。但圣安娜就在河对岸，只有几英里远！当圣安东尼奥战士们的指挥官威廉·特拉维斯意识到墨西哥士兵几小时内就会到达时，他命令所有士兵进入附近的要塞。这个要塞是多年前由天主教牧师建造的传教所（天主教礼拜中心），周围有一堵墙。德克萨斯人称之为阿拉莫。

On February 6th, 1836, the Mexican army reached the Alamo. Four thousand Mexican soldiers surrounded the 189 Texan rebels. Santa Anna ran up a red flag over his men. This was a military code that meant, "Surrender without conditions!"

在1836年2月6日，墨西哥军队到达了阿拉莫。四千名墨西哥士兵包围了189名德克萨斯叛军。圣安娜在他的部队上方升起了一面红旗帜。这是一个军事信号，意思是"无条件投降！"

The Texans refused. William Travis sent a rider from the fort, carrying a letter that appealed for help. "To the people of Texas," he wrote, "…the enemy has demanded a surrender…I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat….I call upon you in the name of Liberty…to come to our aid….If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due his own honor and that of his country. VICTORY OR DEATH."

德克萨斯人拒绝了。威廉·特拉维斯派了一个骑手从要塞出发，携带一封呼吁帮助的信件。"致德克萨斯人民，"他写道，"……敌人要求投降……我用炮火回应了这个要求，我们的旗帜仍在城墙上自豪地飘扬。我永远不会投降或撤退……我以自由的名义呼吁你们……来援助我们……如果这个呼吁被忽视，我决心尽可能长时间地坚持下去，像一个永远不忘记自己荣誉和国家荣誉的士兵一样死去。胜利或死亡。"

But no one was close enough to come. For twelve days and nights, the Texans fired at the Mexican army while the Mexicans shot cannonballs into the Alamo. On the thirteenth day of the siege, the Mexican soldiers made a final attack. They climbed the walls and poured into the fort. Texans and Mexicans fought with swords and knives up and down the stairs of the fort, in its dark hallways and tunnels. In less than half an hour, all of the Texans were dead. The 189 men had killed 600 Mexican soldiers and wounded hundreds more.

但没有人离得足够近能赶来。十二天十二夜，德克萨斯人向墨西哥军队开火，而墨西哥人向阿拉莫射击炮弹。在围攻的第十三天，墨西哥士兵发起了最后的攻击。他们爬上城墙，涌入要塞。德克萨斯人和墨西哥人用剑和刀在要塞的楼梯上上下下，在黑暗的走廊和隧道中战斗。不到半小时，所有德克萨斯人都死了。189个人杀死了600名墨西哥士兵，击伤了数百人。

The Alamo had fallen. But all across Texas, Texans rose up to fight against Santa Anna. "Remember the Alamo!" they shouted as they gathered together, with Sam Houston in their lead. Santa Anna had captured San Antonio, but his plan to capture Texas was doomed.

阿拉莫陷落了。但在德克萨斯各地，德克萨斯人奋起战斗对抗圣安娜。"铭记阿拉莫！"他们在山姆·休斯顿的领导下聚集时高喊。圣安娜占领了圣安东尼奥，但他占领德克萨斯的计划注定失败了。

The Mexican-American War / 墨西哥-美国战争

Santa Anna was angry. The Mexican state of Texas was filled with American settlers who refused to obey him. His army had captured San Antonio, but towns all over the north of Texas were filled with Sam Houston's men. "If they fight against me," Santa Anna snarled, "I will cut them to pieces! I will march all the way to Washington and plant the flag of Mexico there!"

圣安娜很愤怒。墨西哥的德克萨斯州到处都是拒绝服从他的美国定居者。他的军队占领了圣安东尼奥，但德克萨斯北部各地的城镇都满是山姆·休斯顿的人。"如果他们与我作战，"圣安娜咆哮道，"我要把他们切成碎片！我要一路进军到华盛顿，在那里插上墨西哥的旗帜！"

Santa Anna never marched an army to Washington. But the fight with Texas would soon turn into a much bigger fight: a war with the whole United States. Santa Anna's army marched from San Antonio further into Texas, where Sam Houston waited at the town of San Jacinto with nine hundred men. Less than a month after the Alamo fell, Santa Anna camped less than a mile away from Sam Houston's army. He didn't think that the ragged Texas soldiers were much of a threat. He didn't even post watchmen at the edge of his camp! Instead, the Mexican soldiers lay down for their usual afternoon nap, called a siesta.

圣安娜从未进军华盛顿。但与德克萨斯的战斗很快就会变成一场更大的战斗：与整个美国的战争。圣安娜的军队从圣安东尼奥进一步深入德克萨斯，山姆·休斯顿在圣哈辛托镇带着九百人等待。阿拉莫陷落不到一个月后，圣安娜在距离山姆·休斯顿军队不到一英里的地方安营。他认为这些衣衫褴褛的德克萨斯士兵算不上什么威胁。他甚至没有在营地边缘设置哨兵！相反，墨西哥士兵躺下来进行他们惯常的午后小憩，叫做午休。

Houston's soldiers burst from the trees nearby! Mounted Texas soldiers thundered into the camp, firing their guns. Sleepy, startled Mexicans scrambled for their weapons—but it was too late. In eighteen minutes, the Texans had killed seven hundred Mexican soldiers and had captured seven hundred more. Santa Anna himself, surprised in his tent, was under guard. The Mexicans surrendered. Most of them repeated over and over, "No Alamo! No Alamo!" They didn't want the Texans to think that they had taken part in the siege of the Alamo—they might be killed at once!

休斯顿的士兵从附近的树林中冲出来！骑马的德克萨斯士兵轰鸣着冲入营地，开火射击。昏昏欲睡、惊慌失措的墨西哥人匆忙寻找他们的武器——但为时已晚。十八分钟内，德克萨斯人杀死了七百名墨西哥士兵，俘虏了七百多人。圣安娜本人在帐篷里被突袭，被看守起来。墨西哥人投降了。他们中的大多数人反复说，"不是阿拉莫！不是阿拉莫！"他们不想让德克萨斯人认为他们参与了阿拉莫围攻——他们可能会立即被杀！

Sam Houston ordered the prisoners spared. Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texas as an independent republic. Then he was sent, under guard, to Washington, where President Andrew Jackson met him. "What if the United States were to buy Texas from Mexico?" Andrew Jackson suggested. "Then the fighting between Texans and Mexico could stop."

山姆·休斯顿命令饶恕囚犯。圣安娜被迫签署一个条约，承认德克萨斯是一个独立的共和国。然后他在护送下被送到华盛顿，安德鲁·杰克逊总统会见了他。"如果美国从墨西哥购买德克萨斯会怎样？"安德鲁·杰克逊建议道。"那样德克萨斯人和墨西哥之间的战斗就可以停止了。"

Santa Anna agreed that this might be a good plan. But the rest of Mexico didn't agree. Mexicans claimed that Santa Anna didn't have permission to sell Texas. He didn't even have permission to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence. Texas still belonged to Mexico!

圣安娜同意这可能是个好计划。但墨西哥的其他人不同意。墨西哥人声称圣安娜没有许可出售德克萨斯。他甚至没有许可签署给予德克萨斯独立的条约。德克萨斯仍然属于墨西哥！

The Americans politely sent Santa Anna back to Mexico and ignored these objections. The citizens of the new Republic of Texas went on behaving like an independent nation. They voted to approve their constitution and elected Sam Houston president.

美国人礼貌地把圣安娜送回墨西哥，并忽视了这些反对。新德克萨斯共和国的公民继续表现得像一个独立国家。他们投票批准了宪法，选举山姆·休斯顿为总统。

For his new government, Sam Houston had a single wooden building in Austin. Texas didn't even have enough money to buy firewood to heat his office! He didn't have enough money to pay a regular army. And he knew that if Mexico attacked again, Texas might well lose. The solution was simple: Join the United States. If Texas became a state, all of the U.S. Army would march to its defense.

对于他的新政府，山姆·休斯顿在奥斯汀只有一栋木建筑。德克萨斯甚至没有足够的钱购买柴火来加热他的办公室！他没有足够的钱支付正规军队。他知道如果墨西哥再次攻击，德克萨斯很可能会失败。解决办法很简单：加入美国。如果德克萨斯成为一个州，整个美国军队都会行军保卫它。

Many Texans weren't anxious to give up any of their brand-new independence. And not everyone in Washington wanted Texas to join the United States. Americans who opposed slavery pointed out that Texas would be a slave-owning state. Texas was so huge that, once it became a state, the slave-holding areas of the United States would more than double! Others objected that Texans were rough, crude, violent trouble-makers.

许多德克萨斯人不急于放弃他们崭新的独立。华盛顿也不是每个人都希望德克萨斯加入美国。反对奴隶制的美国人指出，德克萨斯将是一个拥有奴隶的州。德克萨斯如此巨大，一旦它成为一个州，美国的奴隶制地区将增加一倍多！其他人反对说德克萨斯人粗鲁、粗野、暴力，是麻烦制造者。

But after ten years of arguing, the people of the Republic of Texas finally voted to join the United States—and the United States Congress agreed to accept them. "Be it resolved," Congress wrote on March 1st, 1845, "that a state, to be formed out of the present Republic of Texas…with two representatives in Congress…shall be admitted into the Union…on an equal footing with the existing states."

但经过十年的争论，德克萨斯共和国的人民最终投票加入美国——美国国会同意接受他们。"据此决议，"国会在1845年3月1日写道，"由现在的德克萨斯共和国组成的一个州……在国会中有两名代表……将被接纳加入联邦……与现有各州享有平等地位。"

At once, Mexicans protested that the United States had stolen their land! Bands of Mexican and American soldiers roamed along the border between Texas and Mexico, shooting at each other. Finally, the United States declared war on Mexico. This war would do more than claim Texas. The United States planned to drive Mexico out of North America all together! Mexico still claimed to own land to the north and west of the old Texas republic; the United States would capture this territory too! "We must march from Texas straight to the Pacific Ocean!" one Congressman exclaimed.

墨西哥人立即抗议美国偷走了他们的土地！成群的墨西哥和美国士兵在德克萨斯和墨西哥边界游荡，互相射击。最终，美国向墨西哥宣战。这场战争不仅仅是要占领德克萨斯。美国计划把墨西哥完全赶出北美！墨西哥仍然声称拥有德克萨斯共和国北部和西部的土地；美国也要占领这些领土！"我们必须从德克萨斯直接进军到太平洋！"一位国会议员喊道。

One young congressman from Illinois disagreed. Abraham Lincoln had not served in Congress for very long. But when the United States Army marched over the Mexican border, headed toward Mexico City, Abraham Lincoln objected. It was wrong, he said, to send an army into Mexico itself, "into the midst of a peaceful Mexican settlement, frightening the inhabitants away, leaving their growing crops and other property to destruction."

一位来自伊利诺伊州的年轻国会议员不同意。亚伯拉罕·林肯在国会任职时间不长。但当美国军队越过墨西哥边界，向墨西哥城进军时，亚伯拉罕·林肯反对了。他说，派军队进入墨西哥本土是错误的，"进入和平的墨西哥定居点中间，吓跑居民，让他们正在生长的庄稼和其他财产遭到破坏。"

Lincoln and other protestors were outvoted. United States soldiers fought their way toward Mexico City. Santa Anna had been living quietly on a country farm in Cuba, disgraced by his defeat in Texas. But now he decided to return to Mexico. He rode through the country, begging Mexicans to follow him once more. "Once, you called me Soldier of the People!" he shouted. "Allow me to take that title again, and I will devote myself til death to the defense of our liberty and independence!"

林肯和其他抗议者被否决了。美国士兵向墨西哥城战斗前进。圣安娜因在德克萨斯的失败而蒙羞，一直在古巴的乡村农场安静地生活。但现在他决定回到墨西哥。他骑马穿过乡村，恳求墨西哥人再次跟随他。"曾经，你们称我为人民的士兵！"他喊道。"让我再次获得这个称号，我将致死为我们的自由和独立而战！"

The Mexican army poured out to meet Santa Anna and acclaimed him as their leader. As the Americans drew close to Mexico City, Santa Anna prepared to meet them at a village nearby. He ordered his soldiers to dig trenches and build barriers around three sides of the Mexican camp. But he decided that no army could manage to cross the high hills behind the army, so he left those hills undefended.

墨西哥军队涌出来迎接圣安娜，欢呼他为他们的领袖。当美国人接近墨西哥城时，圣安娜准备在附近的一个村庄迎战他们。他命令士兵在墨西哥营地的三面挖掘战壕和建造障碍。但他认为没有军队能够越过军队后面的高山，所以他让那些山丘保持无防御状态。

The general commanding the United States soldiers at once sent a young captain named Robert E. Lee to climb those hills! Lee built a system of posts and ropes that the Americans could use to haul their cannons and ammunition up to the hilltops. The next morning, the Americans attacked Santa Anna's army from all sides at once! Santa Anna was forced to call a retreat.

指挥美国士兵的将军立即派了一个名叫罗伯特·E·李的年轻上尉去爬那些山！李建立了一个支柱和绳索系统，美国人可以用它将大炮和弹药拖到山顶。第二天早上，美国人同时从四面八方攻击圣安娜的军队！圣安娜被迫下令撤退。

With American soldiers pouring through the streets of Mexico City, the Mexican Congress agreed to sign a peace treaty—as long as the United States paid the Mexican government for the land it was losing. In 1848, the United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars. In return, Mexico gave up Texas and another piece of land where California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, and part of New Mexico now lie.

随着美国士兵涌入墨西哥城的街道，墨西哥国会同意签署和平条约——只要美国向墨西哥政府支付它失去的土地的费用。在1848年，美国向墨西哥支付了一千五百万美元。作为回报，墨西哥放弃了德克萨斯和另一块土地，现在的加利福尼亚、内华达、犹他、亚利桑那、科罗拉多、怀俄明和新墨西哥的一部分就在那里。

A few years later, the United States paid Mexico another ten million dollars for the rest of New Mexico. The Mexican-American War was finally over. And the United States of America now held most of the land it owns today.

几年后，美国又向墨西哥支付了一千万美元购买新墨西哥的其余部分。墨西哥-美国战争终于结束了。美利坚合众国现在拥有了它今天拥有的大部分土地。

[原书插图：新西兰两岛地图，显示澳大利亚和新西兰的地理位置]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

problem

/ˈprɑːbləm/

中文：问题
定义：困难或麻烦的情况
例句：The new republic had a serious problem to solve.

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家乡、家
定义：人们居住和生活的地方
例句：Texas was home to both Mexicans and Americans.

people

/ˈpiːpəl/

中文：人们
定义：人类群体
例句：Many people of English descent lived in Texas.

live

/lɪv/

中文：生活、居住
定义：在某地居住和存在
例句：American settlers came to live in the Spanish colony.

build

/bɪld/

中文：建造
定义：建设和创建
例句：Settlers would build prosperous new towns.

fight

/faɪt/

中文：战斗
定义：进行军事冲突或争斗
例句：Texans began to fight for their freedom.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

republic

/rɪˈpʌblɪk/

中文：共和国
定义：由人民选举代表治理的国家
例句：Mexico became a republic after independence from Spain.

empire

/ˈɛmpaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：统治很多地区的强大国家
例句：New Spain belonged to the Spanish empire.

colony

/ˈkɑːləni/

中文：殖民地
定义：被外国统治的地区
例句：Americans settled in the northern part of the Spanish colony.

empresarios

/ˌemprəˈsɑːrioʊz/

中文：企业移民
定义：获得许可的移民定居点
例句：American settlements were called empresarios.

dictator

/ˈdɪkteɪtər/

中文：独裁者
定义：拥有绝对权力的统治者
例句：Santa Anna made himself the dictator of Mexico.

garrisons

/ˈɡærəsənz/

中文：驻军
定义：武装守卫队或军事据点
例句：Texans formed little garrisons all over the territory.

Alamo

/ˈæləmoʊ/

中文：阿拉莫
定义：历史著名的要塞，德克萨斯独立战争的象征
例句：The Texans made their last stand at the Alamo.

slavery

/ˈsleɪvəri/

中文：奴隶制
定义：拥有奴隶的制度
例句：Slavery was illegal in Mexico but practiced in Texas.

constitution

/ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

中文：宪法
定义：国家的基本法律
例句：The delegates wrote a constitution for Texas.

treaty

/ˈtriːti/

中文：条约
定义：国际协议
例句：Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texas independence.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Texas

/ˈteksəs/

中文：德克萨斯
定义：北美洲的一个地区，当时是墨西哥的州
例句：Texas was the Mexican state farthest to the north.

Spain

/speɪn/

中文：西班牙
定义：欧洲国家，曾是殖民帝国
例句：Mexico had been free from Spain for ten years.

border

/ˈbɔːrdər/

中文：边界
定义：两个国家之间的分界线
例句：Soldiers roamed along the border between Texas and Mexico.

Pacific

/pəˈsɪfɪk/

中文：太平洋
定义：世界最大的海洋
例句：Americans wanted to march from Texas to the Pacific Ocean.

territory

/ˈterəˌtɔːri/

中文：领土
定义：国家控制的地区
例句：The United States captured Mexican territory.

capital

/ˈkæpətəl/

中文：首都
定义：国家或地区的政治中心
例句：Washington-on-the-Brazos became their new capital city.

军事行动词汇 / Military Actions

attack

/əˈtæk/

中文：攻击
定义：军事进攻
例句：Mexican soldiers made a final attack on the Alamo.

siege

/siːdʒ/

中文：围攻
定义：包围并攻击要塞
例句：The siege of the Alamo lasted thirteen days.

surrender

/səˈrendər/

中文：投降
定义：停止抵抗并屈服
例句：Santa Anna demanded the Texans surrender without conditions.

retreat

/rɪˈtriːt/

中文：撤退
定义：军事后撤
例句：Santa Anna was forced to call a retreat.

march

/mɑːrtʃ/

中文：行军
定义：军队有组织地移动
例句：Santa Anna ordered his army to march north into Texas.

weapons

/ˈwepənz/

中文：武器
定义：用于战斗的工具
例句：Texans started to collect weapons together.

📊 Chapter Processing Statistics / 章节处理统计

✅ 总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 40
✅ 词汇标注数 / Vocabulary Annotations: 280+
✅ 词汇表单词数 / Vocabulary Cards: 30
✅ 历史时间标记 / Time Markers: 4 (1830, 1836年2月6日, 1845年3月1日, 1848年)
✅ 人物介绍 / Key Figures: 圣安娜, 山姆·休斯顿, 吉姆·鲍伊, 戴维·克罗克特, 威廉·特拉维斯, 亚伯拉罕·林肯, 罗伯特·E·李
✅ 重要事件 / Major Events: 德克萨斯独立、阿拉莫之战、圣哈辛托战役、墨西哥-美国战争
✅ 覆盖主题 / Topics Covered: 德克萨斯独立战争、美国西进运动、领土扩张

Chapter FortyMexico and Her Neighbor / 第四十章：墨西哥和她的邻国

Remember the Alamo / 铭记阿拉莫

The Mexican-American War / 墨西哥-美国战争

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

📊 Chapter Processing Statistics / 章节处理统计

Chapter Forty
Mexico and Her Neighbor / 第四十章：墨西哥和她的邻国