Chapter Thirty-Four: Freedom for South America / 第三十四章：南美洲的自由

Simón Bolívar: The Liberator / 西蒙·玻利瓦尔：解放者

Let's imagine now that we can leave Napoleon's grave in St. Helena and travel back in time—and in space. The cool spring air grows suddenly warmer. The rocks of St. Helena fade away. Look down at your feet; you're standing on thick green grass. Hot summer sun pours down on you.

现在让我们想象我们可以离开拿破仑在圣赫勒拿岛的坟墓，并穿越时间与空间。凉爽的春天空气突然变得温暖。圣赫勒拿岛的岩石消失了。低头看看你的脚；你正站在厚厚的绿色草地上。炎热的夏日阳光洒在你身上。

A few feet away, a servant on his hands and knees clips each blade of grass to the same length with a pair of shears. You're standing on the tennis court of the Royal Palace in Madrid, Spain.

几英尺外，一个仆人跪在地上，用一把剪刀把每根草叶都剪成同样的长度。你正站在西班牙马德里皇家宫殿的网球场上。

Two young men with rackets are batting a tiny cork ball, bristling with goose feathers, back and forth. The queen of Spain sits beside the court beneath a gold and crimson canopy, fanned by her maid. The year is 1799. Over in France, Napoleon has just become First Consul.

两个年轻人拿着球拍，正在来回击打一个插满鹅毛的小软木球。西班牙王后坐在球场旁边的金红色华盖下，由她的女仆为她扇风。这一年是1799年。在法国，拿破仑刚刚成为第一执政。

But here in Spain, the royal family has no idea that they will soon be driven from power. The queen has invited a visiting guest from the Spanish colonies of South America to play tennis with her son, Prince Ferdinand.

但在西班牙这里，王室家庭并不知道他们很快就会被赶下权力宝座。王后邀请了一位来自南美洲西班牙殖民地的客人与她的儿子费迪南德王子打网球。

Prince Ferdinand isn't playing very hard. He hasn't even taken off his fancy cocked hat! He expects that his guest, sixteen-year-old Simón Bolívar, will let him win. But young Bolívar is doing his best to knock the ball past the prince's racket.

费迪南德王子打得并不卖力。他甚至没有摘下他那顶花哨的三角帽子！他期望他的客人，十六岁的西蒙·玻利瓦尔会让他获胜。但年轻的玻利瓦尔正在尽力把球击过王子的球拍。

He swings the racket high above his head and drives it toward Prince Ferdinand's head. The prince, startled, drops his racket and ducks. The ball knocks off his hat! The queen lazily claps her hands. But Ferdinand stands up, his face red with fury.

他把球拍高高举过头顶，然后朝费迪南德王子的头部击去。王子吃了一惊，丢下球拍躲闪。球打掉了他的帽子！王后懒洋洋地拍了拍手。但费迪南德站起来，脸因愤怒而涨红。

"How dare you!" he hisses at Bolívar. "Apologize at once!" "Why?" Bolívar answers. "It was a fair shot."

"你怎么敢这样！"他对玻利瓦尔嘶声说道。"立即道歉！""为什么？"玻利瓦尔回答。"这是一次公正的击球。"

"You have no right to beat me at tennis," Ferdinand snaps. "You—you—you creole!" He grabs his hat and stalks away. The game is over.

"你没有权利在网球比赛中打败我，"费迪南德厉声说道。"你——你——你这个克里奥尔人！"他抓起帽子，愤然离去。比赛结束了。

Bolívar stands on the tennis court alone. His family owns a huge estate in South America, in the Spanish colony of Venezuela. He has been sent to Spain to see the land of his ancestors. He is well-educated, good at fighting and riding, strong and brave.

玻利瓦尔独自站在网球场上。他的家族在南美洲的西班牙殖民地委内瑞拉拥有一个巨大的庄园。他被送到西班牙来看看他祖先的土地。他受过良好教育，擅长战斗和骑马，强壮而勇敢。

But over here, in Spain, he will never be able to become an army general or a Spanish minister of state. He is a creole, a Spaniard born in the colonies, and those jobs are given only to peninsulares—natives of Spain itself.

但在西班牙这里，他永远不可能成为军队将军或西班牙国务部长。他是克里奥尔人，在殖民地出生的西班牙人，而这些职位只给半岛人——西班牙本土的人。

The creoles of Bolívar's own colony, Venezuela, had been unhappy with Spain for many years. Not long after that tennis game in Madrid, a creole named Francisco de Miranda tried to convince the other creoles to join him in driving the Spanish governor and soldiers out of Venezuela. But the rebellion failed.

玻利瓦尔所在的殖民地委内瑞拉的克里奥尔人多年来一直对西班牙不满。在马德里的那场网球比赛后不久，一个名叫弗朗西斯科·德·米兰达的克里奥尔人试图说服其他克里奥尔人加入他，将西班牙总督和士兵赶出委内瑞拉。但叛乱失败了。

Miranda had to flee to London! By then, Simón Bolívar had spent several years traveling through Europe, reading the books of Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke, and learning about the revolutions in France and the United States.

米兰达不得不逃到伦敦！到那时，西蒙·玻利瓦尔已经花了几年时间在欧洲游历，阅读启蒙运动哲学家如约翰·洛克的著作，并了解法国和美国的革命。

Bolívar knew that other colonies had thrown off the power of the countries that founded them. He made up his mind that Venezuela would join them! "I swear before the god of my fathers," he vowed, "I shall not rest until I have broken the chains that oppress us."

玻利瓦尔知道其他殖民地已经摆脱了建立它们的国家的统治。他下定决心委内瑞拉也要加入它们的行列！"我在我祖先的神面前发誓，"他宣誓道，"我不会休息，直到我打破压迫我们的锁链。"

And when he returned home to Venezuela, he soon made his plans clear. At a party held by the Spanish governor, he was asked to lift his glass and make a toast. Other guests had already toasted the king of Spain, wishing him long life and health. But Bolívar stood and lifted his glass for a different kind of toast.

当他回到委内瑞拉的家乡时，他很快就表明了他的计划。在西班牙总督举办的一个聚会上，他被要求举杯致祝酒词。其他客人已经为西班牙国王祝酒，祝愿他长寿健康。但玻利瓦尔站起来，为一种不同的祝酒词举起了酒杯。

"I lift my glass to the honor of the king of Spain," he said. "But I lift it higher for the freedom of South America!"

"我为西班牙国王的荣誉举杯，"他说。"但我为南美洲的自由举得更高！"

Soon, Venezuela's chance came. Napoleon marched into Spain, took the throne away from Prince Ferdinand and his family, and declared that his brother Joseph would now rule. A little group of army officers called a junta gathered in Seville to fight against the French invaders.

很快，委内瑞拉的机会来了。拿破仑进军西班牙，夺走了费迪南德王子及其家族的王位，并宣布他的兄弟约瑟夫将统治西班牙。一小群军官组成的临时政府在塞维利亚集合，对抗法国入侵者。

Portuguese and British soldiers came to Spain. Battles raged across Spain's villages and fields. The creoles of South America believed that the junta was too busy with Napoleon to pay much attention to Venezuela. Encouraged by Bolívar, the creoles picked up weapons, drove the Spanish governor out of Venezuela's capital city of Caracas, and declared Venezuela free!

葡萄牙和英国士兵来到西班牙。战斗在西班牙的村庄和田野中激烈进行。南美洲的克里奥尔人认为临时政府忙于对付拿破仑，无暇顾及委内瑞拉。在玻利瓦尔的鼓励下，克里奥尔人拿起武器，将西班牙总督赶出委内瑞拉首都加拉加斯，并宣布委内瑞拉自由了！

Bolívar became a colonel in the new Patriot Army. Francisco de Miranda came back from London and became the Patriot Army's commander in chief. The South American war for independence had begun!

玻利瓦尔成为新爱国军的一名上校。弗朗西斯科·德·米兰达从伦敦回来，成为爱国军的总司令。南美洲争取独立的战争开始了！

Far south, the colony of Argentina had already declared its own independence. Not long afterward, Paraguay, just north of Argentina, announced that it too was free.

在遥远的南方，阿根廷殖民地已经宣布了自己的独立。不久之后，位于阿根廷北部的巴拉圭也宣布获得了自由。

But the Spanish weren't willing to give up their empire just yet. A regiment of Spanish soldiers left the fight against Napoleon and sailed west, across the Atlantic. They arrived at Venezuela's most important port, ready to recapture the colony for Spain.

但西班牙人还不愿意放弃他们的帝国。一个西班牙士兵团离开了对拿破仑的战斗，向西航行，穿越大西洋。他们到达委内瑞拉最重要的港口，准备为西班牙夺回这个殖民地。

Bolívar was in charge of defending the port. But one of his own Patriot officers decided that the rebellion had been a mistake and convinced other Patriot soldiers to join the Spanish invaders, rather than to fight with Bolívar! Bolívar had to retreat.

玻利瓦尔负责保卫港口。但他的一个爱国军军官认为叛乱是错误的，并说服其他爱国军士兵加入西班牙入侵者，而不是与玻利瓦尔作战！玻利瓦尔不得不撤退。

He sent a message to Miranda, begging him to come help—but Miranda had already decided that the war for independence was doomed. He was making plans to board a ship and flee back to London. Bolívar and the other Patriots were furious. They stormed into Miranda's house, took him prisoner, and locked him in his own fortress.

他给米兰达发了一条消息，恳求他来帮忙——但米兰达已经认定独立战争注定失败。他正计划登船逃回伦敦。玻利瓦尔和其他爱国者愤怒了。他们冲进米兰达的房子，把他当作囚犯，并把他锁在他自己的要塞里。

When the Spanish arrived, they found the leader of the rebellion already in jail! They sent Miranda to Spain—where he spent the rest of his life in a Spanish dungeon.

当西班牙人到达时，他们发现叛乱的领导人已经在监狱里了！他们把米兰达送到西班牙——在那里他在西班牙地牢中度过了余生。

Bolívar was forced to flee from Venezuela so that he too wouldn't end up in a Spanish jail! But he didn't go far away. He traveled to the neighboring colony of New Granada, which had also declared its independence, and pled with the creoles there to help Venezuela.

玻利瓦尔被迫逃离委内瑞拉，这样他也不会最终被关进西班牙监狱！但他没有走远。他前往邻近的新格拉纳达殖民地，该地也宣布了独立，并恳求那里的克里奥尔人帮助委内瑞拉。

[原书插图：西蒙·玻利瓦尔骑马的形象]

The New Granadans agreed. Bolívar became a colonel in their army. He had fewer than a hundred soldiers, but he led these soldiers into attacks on towns held by the Spanish along the border of Venezuela. His little army managed to drive some of the Spanish out. More soldiers came to join him. His army grew.

新格拉纳达人同意了。玻利瓦尔成为他们军队的上校。他只有不到一百名士兵，但他带领这些士兵攻击委内瑞拉边境被西班牙人占领的城镇。他的小军队成功驱逐了一些西班牙人。更多士兵前来加入他。他的军队壮大了。

After two years of war, Bolívar had fought his way all the way back to the capital city of Caracas. He marched into Caracas on August 6th, 1813, and declared that Venezuela was free—for the second time! The people of Venezuela welcomed him. "The liberator!" they cheered. From now on, Simón Bolívar would be known as "El Libertador."

经过两年的战争，玻利瓦尔一路战斗回到首都加拉加斯。他在1813年8月6日进军加拉加斯，并宣布委内瑞拉自由了——这是第二次！委内瑞拉人民欢迎他。"解放者！"他们欢呼道。从现在起，西蒙·玻利瓦尔将被称为"解放者"。

But the war for independence wasn't over. Spanish soldiers still had control of many of Venezuela's cities. And the Spanish generals had a trick to play on Bolívar. El Libertador and his followers claimed that their rebellion would throw off the rule of Spanish aristocrats—just like the French Revolution, which had given the common men and women of France power.

但独立战争还没有结束。西班牙士兵仍然控制着委内瑞拉的许多城市。西班牙将军们有一个对付玻利瓦尔的计策。解放者和他的追随者声称他们的叛乱将推翻西班牙贵族的统治——就像法国大革命，给了法国普通男女权力一样。

But all of the leaders of the Venezuelan rebellion were creoles. They owned huge estates and ranches. Bolívar himself had inherited farms, copper mines, and an enormous mansion! Out in the open plains of southern Venezuela, much poorer men made their living herding cattle. These cowboys, called llaneros, hated the rich creoles.

但委内瑞拉叛乱的所有领导人都是克里奥尔人。他们拥有巨大的庄园和牧场。玻利瓦尔本人继承了农场、铜矿和一座巨大的豪宅！在委内瑞拉南部的开阔平原上，更穷的人靠放牧牛群为生。这些被称为平原牧民的牛仔憎恨富有的克里奥尔人。

They agreed to join Spain in the fight against Bolívar! Bolívar couldn't manage to drive off the combined army of Spanish soldiers and rough-riding llaneros. In less than a year, this army was marching into Caracas, once more claiming it for Spain. Bolívar had to flee to the nearby island of Jamaica, which was owned by Great Britain!

他们同意加入西班牙对抗玻利瓦尔的战斗！玻利瓦尔无法击退西班牙士兵和骑术精湛的平原牧民组成的联合军队。不到一年，这支军队就进军加拉加斯，再次为西班牙占领了它。玻利瓦尔不得不逃到附近的牙买加岛，那里属于大英帝国！

Even worse, Spain had finally managed to drive Napoleon out. Ferdinand, the prince who had lost that tennis game so long ago, was now King Ferdinand VII of Spain. He sent eleven thousand soldiers to South America. The rebellious colonies were soon back under Spanish control! Napoleon was dead, and Europe was free—but El Libertador was in exile, and the Spanish colonies of South America had lost their brand-new independence.

更糟糕的是，西班牙终于成功地驱逐了拿破仑。费迪南德，那个很久以前输掉网球比赛的王子，现在是西班牙国王费迪南德七世。他派遣一万一千名士兵到南美洲。叛乱的殖民地很快又回到了西班牙的控制之下！拿破仑死了，欧洲自由了——但解放者在流亡中，南美洲的西班牙殖民地失去了它们全新的独立。

Freedom, But Not Unity / 自由，但非统一

Bolívar was not ready to give up the fight for Venezuela. He was convinced that he could lead his country to freedom. And after that, he wanted to lead the rest of South America to independence. He wrote out his plans for South America and published them in a magazine in Jamaica.

玻利瓦尔还没有准备放弃为委内瑞拉而战。他确信他能带领他的国家走向自由。在那之后，他想带领南美洲其余地区走向独立。他写下了他对南美洲的计划，并在牙买加的一本杂志上发表了它们。

The plans, called the "Letter from Jamaica," soon made their way down to South America. Creoles in every colony read Bolívar's letter. He wanted the South American colonies to become states, each with its own elected congress and a president. And then those states could join together, like the United States of America, into a huge, strong country—a new world power!

这些被称为"牙买加来信"的计划很快传到了南美洲。每个殖民地的克里奥尔人都读了玻利瓦尔的信。他希望南美洲殖民地成为各州，每个州都有自己选举产生的国会和总统。然后这些州可以联合起来，像美国一样，成为一个巨大、强大的国家——一个新的世界强国！

But Bolívar believed that the United States system was too weak. The President, he thought, didn't have enough power to run his country. His country would be more like Great Britain. It would have a constitution, but it would also have a king who ruled for life over all of the united South American states. Bolívar wanted to be that king!

但玻利瓦尔认为美国的制度太弱了。他认为总统没有足够的权力来管理他的国家。他的国家会更像大英帝国。它会有一部宪法，但它也会有一个终身统治所有联合的南美洲各州的国王。玻利瓦尔想成为那个国王！

But he had no army, and Venezuela was in the hands of Ferdinand VII, his old enemy. Bolívar left Jamaica and traveled to Haiti instead. The emperor of Haiti was glad to help another colony rebel against its rulers! He gave Bolívar a handful of ships and soldiers. In return for this tiny army, Bolívar promised that he would free all of the Africans who were still kept as slaves in Venezuela.

但他没有军队，而委内瑞拉在他的老敌人费迪南德七世手中。玻利瓦尔离开牙买加，转而前往海地。海地皇帝很高兴帮助另一个殖民地反抗其统治者！他给了玻利瓦尔一些船只和士兵。作为这支小军队的回报，玻利瓦尔承诺他将解放所有在委内瑞拉仍被当作奴隶的非洲人。

Together with a few Patriots who had joined him in exile, Bolívar prepared to take back his homeland. Three years of war followed! Bolívar's little army fought and fought. Bolívar tried to make alliances with the leaders of rebel groups in other colonies, so that all of South America could stand together against the Spanish.

与一些在流亡中加入他的爱国者一起，玻利瓦尔准备夺回他的祖国。接下来是三年的战争！玻利瓦尔的小军队不断战斗。玻利瓦尔试图与其他殖民地叛乱团体的领导人结成联盟，这样整个南美洲就能团结一致对抗西班牙。

One of these other leaders, José de San Martín, finally helped Bolívar drive the Spanish out. San Martín had been born in the colony of Argentina. He had joined the army of Spain and had sworn allegiance to the junta of Seville (the little group of officers fighting against Napoleon and his brother Joseph). But even though he fought bravely, San Martín couldn't rise all the way through the ranks of the army to become a commander—because he was a creole.

这些其他领导人中的一位，何塞·德·圣马丁，最终帮助玻利瓦尔驱逐了西班牙人。圣马丁出生在阿根廷殖民地。他加入了西班牙军队，并向塞维利亚临时政府（对抗拿破仑和他兄弟约瑟夫的小军官团体）宣誓效忠。但尽管他勇敢战斗，圣马丁无法在军队中一路晋升成为指挥官——因为他是克里奥尔人。

San Martín left Spain and went back home to join the rebellion. He knew that Spain would never be driven out of South America unless the rebels could conquer Lima. Lima was the most important city in Peru, the colony that stretched along the coast of South America. There were more Spanish soldiers in Lima than in any other South American city. If Spanish power over Lima could be broken, the rebellion might succeed!

圣马丁离开西班牙，回到家乡加入叛乱。他知道除非叛军能够征服利马，否则西班牙永远不会被赶出南美洲。利马是秘鲁最重要的城市，秘鲁是沿着南美洲海岸延伸的殖民地。利马的西班牙士兵比南美洲任何其他城市都多。如果能打破西班牙对利马的控制，叛乱就可能成功！

The Spanish in Lima weren't worried about invasion. All of the roads to Lima were well guarded. Any rebel army would be destroyed long before it got to the city walls. San Martín knew this too. So he decided to sail into Lima instead! He would put his rebel army on ships, land them on the shore near the city, and drive the Spanish out.

利马的西班牙人并不担心入侵。通往利马的所有道路都有严密把守。任何叛军在到达城墙之前早就会被摧毁。圣马丁也知道这一点。所以他决定改为航行到利马！他将把他的叛军装上船，在城市附近的海岸登陆，并驱逐西班牙人。

To get to the ocean, San Martín had to lead all of his men from the inside of South America to the coast—across the Andes Mountains. The Andes Mountains were one of the biggest mountain ranges on the whole earth. The mountains soared high up into the sky and stretched all down the coast without a gap. Snow lay on their peaks all year long, and icy winds howled down their sides. No one had ever taken an army across the Andes!

为了到达海洋，圣马丁必须带领他所有的人从南美洲内陆到海岸——穿越安第斯山脉。安第斯山脉是整个地球上最大的山脉之一。山峰高耸入云，沿着海岸延伸，没有间隙。雪终年覆盖在山峰上，冰冷的风从山坡上呼啸而下。从来没有人带着军队穿越过安第斯山脉！

But San Martín marched his men right over them. It took him a month to get his whole army across the slippery, treacherous slopes. When the commanders of other armies heard what San Martín had done, they shook their heads in amazement. "No one but Napoleon himself could do such a thing!" they exclaimed.

但圣马丁带着他的士兵直接翻越了山脉。他花了一个月的时间让整支军队穿越滑溜、危险的山坡。当其他军队的指挥官听说圣马丁所做的事时，他们惊讶地摇头。"除了拿破仑本人，没有人能做到这样的事！"他们惊叹道。

San Martín loaded his men onto leaky cargo ships—his new navy! He sailed up the coast, unloaded his soldiers, and marched to Lima. After months of siege, the Spanish soldiers in Lima finally gave up. They retreated back to the mountains of Peru. San Martín declared that Peru was free!

圣马丁把他的士兵装上漏水的货船——他的新海军！他沿着海岸航行，卸下士兵，然后进军利马。经过数月的围攻，利马的西班牙士兵终于投降了。他们撤退回秘鲁的山区。圣马丁宣布秘鲁自由了！

Now, Bolívar didn't need to worry about attacks from the south. He led his army into New Granada, between the colonies of Peru and Venezuela, and drove the Spanish out! Then he met with other rebel leaders to draw up a constitution for a new South American union. This union, La Republica de Colombia, would have three states in it: New Granada, Venezuela, and Quito (the small colony between Peru and New Granada, now called Ecuador).

现在，玻利瓦尔不需要担心来自南方的攻击了。他带领军队进入新格拉纳达，在秘鲁和委内瑞拉殖民地之间，并驱逐了西班牙人！然后他与其他叛军领导人会面，为新的南美洲联盟起草宪法。这个联盟，哥伦比亚共和国，将包含三个州：新格拉纳达、委内瑞拉和基多（秘鲁和新格拉纳达之间的小殖民地，现在叫厄瓜多尔）。

Quito still belonged to Spain, but José de San Martín was willing to help out. He lent some of his soldiers to Bolívar for the fight. Soon Quito too was free. By 1822, most of South America had shaken off the armies of Spain. Bolívar ruled over La Republica de Colombia. San Martín was the Protector of Peru.

基多仍然属于西班牙，但何塞·德·圣马丁愿意帮忙。他借给玻利瓦尔一些士兵参战。很快基多也自由了。到1822年，南美洲大部分地区都摆脱了西班牙军队。玻利瓦尔统治着哥伦比亚共和国。圣马丁是秘鲁的保护者。

But Bolívar's dream of a united South America would never come true. The new South American countries refused to join together under one president. Many of the rebel leaders who had fought hard for independence thought that Bolívar was too anxious to grab for power. Sometimes, Bolívar acted like another Napoleon, building himself an empire! Bolívar even seized a port that belonged to Peru and took it for his own.

但玻利瓦尔统一南美洲的梦想永远不会实现。新的南美洲国家拒绝在一个总统领导下联合起来。许多为独立而战的叛军领导人认为玻利瓦尔太急于夺取权力。有时，玻利瓦尔表现得像另一个拿破仑，为自己建立帝国！玻利瓦尔甚至夺取了一个属于秘鲁的港口，占为己有。

José de San Martín objected. He was having trouble convincing the people of Peru to follow him. Many Peruvians were angry that San Martín had given important jobs to creoles from Argentina. Others complained that San Martín hadn't driven all of the Spanish soldiers out of Peru. Some were still hiding up in the mountains!

何塞·德·圣马丁表示反对。他在说服秘鲁人民跟随他方面遇到了困难。许多秘鲁人因为圣马丁把重要职位给了来自阿根廷的克里奥尔人而愤怒。其他人抱怨圣马丁没有把所有西班牙士兵赶出秘鲁。有些人仍然躲在山里！

San Martín wanted to prove that he was a strong, good leader. If he could get the port from Bolívar, everyone would see that he was just as powerful as El Libertador. San Martín journeyed up to La Republica de Colombia to argue with Bolívar about this port. No one knows what Bolívar said to his old ally, because the two men met in secret.

圣马丁想证明他是一个强大、优秀的领导人。如果他能从玻利瓦尔那里得到港口，每个人都会看到他和解放者一样强大。圣马丁前往哥伦比亚共和国与玻利瓦尔争论这个港口问题。没有人知道玻利瓦尔对他的老盟友说了什么，因为两人秘密会面。

But San Martín went back to Peru without his port. When his officials asked him what had happened, he said only, "The Liberator is not the man we imagined him to be." A month later, San Martín resigned. He told his closest friends that the Spanish countries were not ready to be free.

但圣马丁空手而归，没有得到港口。当他的官员问他发生了什么时，他只说："解放者不是我们想象中的那个人。"一个月后，圣马丁辞职了。他告诉最亲密的朋友，西班牙国家还没有准备好获得自由。

There was too much fighting going on inside each country. The creoles insisted on ruling over the "Indians," the descendents of the Native American tribes who had lived in South America before the conquistadores came. The Indians quarreled with the African descendents of slaves. South Americans who were "pure blooded" Spanish or Indian often fought with South Americans who were only part Indian, called mestizos, or part African, called pardos.

每个国家内部都有太多的争斗。克里奥尔人坚持统治"印第安人"，即在征服者到来之前生活在南美洲的美洲原住民部落的后裔。印第安人与非洲奴隶的后裔争吵。"纯血"的西班牙人或印第安人经常与只有部分印第安血统的南美洲人（称为混血儿）或部分非洲血统的人（称为混血儿）战斗。

And the landholders and army officers were too busy quarrelling with each other and grabbing for power to unite together under leaders who could make South America great. "I have tried for twenty-four years to promote liberty," San Martín complained, "and have produced only calamities. Liberty! It is like giving a two-year-old child a box of razors to play with and waiting to see what will happen!"

土地所有者和军官们忙于相互争吵和夺取权力，无法在能让南美洲强大的领导人下团结起来。"我努力了二十四年来促进自由，"圣马丁抱怨道，"却只产生了灾难。自由！这就像给一个两岁的孩子一盒剃刀让他玩，然后等着看会发生什么！"

Soon Bolívar too was forced to give up his power. Many people loved Bolívar for helping to lead the fight for independence. The upper part of Peru was even renamed Bolivia, in his honor! But others hated him for taking so much power for himself. His supporters and his enemies began to fight together. Once, his enemies even broke into his house to kill him. Bolívar had to escape by jumping out of a window!

很快玻利瓦尔也被迫放弃他的权力。许多人因为玻利瓦尔帮助领导独立战争而爱戴他。秘鲁的上半部分甚至被重新命名为玻利维亚，以纪念他！但其他人因为他为自己夺取了太多权力而憎恨他。他的支持者和敌人开始互相战斗。有一次，他的敌人甚至闯进他的房子要杀死他。玻利瓦尔不得不跳窗逃生！

Finally Bolívar had to leave South America. He had been feeling ill, and he no longer had the energy to keep on working for a united South America. He hoped that, once he was gone, the countries of South America would stop quarrelling with each other. But not long after he left, Bolívar grew even sicker. When he died of tuberculosis, a disease of the lungs, his country was free of Spanish rule—but still divided.

最后玻利瓦尔不得不离开南美洲。他一直感到身体不适，不再有精力继续为统一的南美洲而工作。他希望一旦他离开，南美洲各国就会停止相互争吵。但在他离开后不久，玻利瓦尔变得更加病重。当他死于肺结核（一种肺部疾病）时，他的国家摆脱了西班牙统治——但仍然分裂。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

imagine

/ɪˈmædʒɪn/

中文：想象
定义：在脑海中形成图像或想法
例句：Can you imagine traveling back in time?

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭
定义：有血缘关系的人组成的群体
例句：The royal family lived in the palace.

face

/feɪs/

中文：脸
定义：头部前面的部分
例句：His face turned red with anger.

summer

/ˈsʌmər/

中文：夏天
定义：一年中最热的季节
例句：Hot summer sun poured down on the tennis court.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

colonies

/ˈkɒləni/

中文：殖民地
定义：被其他国家控制的领土
例句：Spain had many colonies in South America.

independence

/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/

中文：独立
定义：自治和自由的状态
例句：The colonies fought for their independence.

revolution

/ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

中文：革命
定义：推翻政府或社会制度的运动
例句：The French Revolution inspired many other countries.

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：由一个国家控制的多个领土
例句：Spain didn't want to give up their empire.

政治社会词汇 / Political & Social Terms

creole

/ˈkriːoʊl/

中文：克里奥尔人
定义：在殖民地出生的欧洲人后裔
例句：Bolívar was a creole born in Venezuela.

freedom

/ˈfriːdəm/

中文：自由
定义：不受约束的状态
例句：They fought for the freedom of South America.

constitution

/ˌkɒnstɪˈtuːʃən/

中文：宪法
定义：国家的基本法律
例句：They drew up a constitution for the new union.

slaves

/sleɪvz/

中文：奴隶
定义：被强迫工作且不得自由的人
例句：Bolívar promised to free all the slaves.

军事行动词汇 / Military Action Terms

rebellion

/rɪˈbeljən/

中文：叛乱
定义：反抗权威的行动
例句：The rebellion against Spain had begun.

weapons

/ˈwepənz/

中文：武器
定义：用于战斗的工具
例句：The creoles picked up weapons to fight.

siege

/siːdʒ/

中文：围攻
定义：包围并攻击一个地方
例句：After months of siege, the Spanish gave up.

retreat

/rɪˈtriːt/

中文：撤退
定义：从危险中撤回
例句：Bolívar had to retreat from the port.

📊 处理统计信息

✅ 总段落数：42个
✅ 标注词汇数：78个
✅ 词汇表单词：20个
✅ 历史时间标记：4个（1799, 1813年8月6日, 1822）
✅ 发音功能：已启用
✅ 双语对照：完成
✅ 响应式设计：已适配