Chapter Thirty-One
A Different Kind of Rebellion / 第三十一章一种不同的反叛

The World of the Factories / 工厂的世界

Do you remember walking down the road between the poplar trees, into the little English village where a weaver sat behind his loom and his wife spun thread?

你还记得沿着道路穿过白杨树，走进小英国村庄，那里有一位织工坐在他的织布机后面，他的妻子在纺线吗？

A nineteenth-century writer named Andrew Ure described the weaver's life as a healthy, happy way to earn money.

一位十九世纪的作家名叫安德鲁·乌雷的人描述织工的生活是一种健康、快乐的赚钱方式。

The "dwelling and small gardens [were] clean and neat….the family well clad," he wrote.

"住所和小花园都很干净和整洁......家庭穿戴得体，"他写道。

"The workshop of the weaver was a rural cottage from which, when he was tired of sedentary labour, he could sally forth into his little garden."

"织工的工作坊是一个乡村小屋，当他对久坐的劳动感到疲倦时，他可以走出去到他的小花园里。"

Across Europe, millions of people worked at home along with their whole families. If the mother and father wove cloth, the children worked too.

在整个欧洲，数百万人和他们的整个家庭一起在家工作。如果母亲和父亲织布，孩子们也要工作。

A ten-year-old sorted cotton; a teenaged daughter spun thread; an older son tended the sheep and sheared their wool. Even a toddler might help by winding thread carefully onto a roll!

一个十岁的孩子分拣棉花；一个十几岁的女儿纺线；一个大一点的儿子照料羊并剪下它们的羊毛。甚至幼儿也可能通过小心地缠绕线到卷轴上来帮忙！

When the family finished making their cloth, they would travel to market and sell it, using the money to buy food and tools. In the summer, they might spend more time tending their garden plot of carrots, cabbages, and beans; in the winter, when frost covered the ground, the family would go back to making cloth all day long.

当家庭完成制作布料后，他们会旅行到市场出售布料，用这些钱购买食物和工具。在夏天，他们可能花更多时间照料他们的花园，种植胡萝卜、卷心菜和豆类；在冬天，当霜覆盖大地时，家庭会回到整天制作布料的工作中。

Now let's go forward in time thirty years. Andrew Ure describes the very same village where the small gardens and cottages stood: "There are hundreds of factories….At the side of each factory there is a great chimney which belches forth black smoke and indicates the presence of the powerful steam engines….The houses have become black on account of the smoke. The river….is so tainted…that the water resembles the contents of a [black] dye-vat."

现在让我们在时间上向前走三十年。安德鲁·乌雷描述了曾经有小花园和小屋的同一个村庄："有数百座工厂......每座工厂旁边都有一个巨大的烟囱，喷出黑色的烟，显示了强大蒸汽机的存在......房屋因为烟雾变成了黑色。河流......被如此严重地污染......以至于水看起来像黑色染料缸的内容物。"

What has happened to England? Factories are springing up all over the countryside. Now, machines can spin, weave, and knit better than the men and women who once made thread and cloth.

英格兰发生了什么？工厂正在整个乡村涌现。现在，机器能够纺纱、编织和针织得比曾经制作线和布的男男女女更好。

Thanks to steam power, these machines never need to stop. Cloth is spun, woven and cut faster and faster and faster. Rich men, who might once have rented out their land to farmers, now have a better way to make money.

由于蒸汽动力，这些机器永远不需要停止。布料被纺织、编织和裁剪得越来越快。富有的人，他们曾经可能把自己的土地出租给农民，现在有了更好的赚钱方式。

They can buy a factory and hire workers to run the machines. The factory will make so much cloth that the owner can sell the cloth, pay the workers the same amount they would have earned making cloth at home, and still have plenty of money left over!

他们可以购买一座工厂并雇佣工人来操作机器。工厂会生产如此多的布料，以至于所有者可以出售布料，支付给工人们他们在家制作布料时能赚到的相同数量的钱，而且还能剩下很多钱！

All over England, wealthy landowners began to buy and build factories. Soon, they discovered that they could sell the cloth made in factories much more cheaply than the cloth made by village workers in their homes. More and more people bought the cheap cloth, not the handmade cloth.

在整个英格兰，富有的地主开始购买和建造工厂。很快，他们发现他们可以以比村民在家制作的布料便宜得多的价格出售工厂制作的布料。越来越多的人购买便宜的布料，而不是手工制作的布料。

Now, weavers who worked at home couldn't get anyone to buy their cloth unless they sold it for less. Since they made less money from each piece, they had to work longer. Weavers worked for sixteen hours a day, their fingers sore and their eyes red—and still couldn't make enough money to buy food.

现在，在家工作的织工无法让任何人购买他们的布料，除非他们以更少的价格出售。由于他们从每件商品中赚到的钱更少，他们不得不工作更长时间。织工每天工作十六小时，他们的手指疼痛，眼睛发红——但仍然无法赚到足够的钱来购买食物。

They had only one choice: leave their homes and go to work in the factories. Today, most people "go to work." But back at the beginning of the nineteenth century, "going to work" was a brand new idea. Families had always worked together in their homes. Now, they were leaving their homes to go somewhere else in order to make a living.

他们只有一个选择：离开家园去工厂工作。今天，大多数人都"去上班"。但在十九世纪初，"去上班"是一个全新的概念。家庭总是在自己家中一起工作。现在，他们离开家去别的地方谋生计。

The work at factories was different than the work at home. Weavers were used to making cloth from beginning to end: getting the wool, combing it, spinning it, weaving it, cutting it, and selling it. But in the factory, each worker only did one task—like tying threads on a spinning machine—over and over again, all day long.

工厂的工作与在家的工作不同。织工习惯于从开始到结束制作布料：获取羊毛、梳理、纺纱、编织、裁剪和销售。但在工厂里，每个工人只做一个任务——比如在纺纱机上系线——整天重复做同样的事情。

An old-fashioned weaver didn't need anyone to make him work. If he made many pieces of cloth, he earned a lot of money when he sold his goods. If he was lazy or took a nap instead, he didn't make any money at all—and he went hungry! That was enough to make him work hard.

老式的织工不需要任何人使他工作。如果他制作了很多布料，当他出售自己的商品时就能赚很多钱。如果他懒惰或打盹，他就一点钱也赚不到——他会挨饿！这足以让他努力工作。

But in factories, workers couldn't be paid for each piece of cloth finished. Each worker was only doing one small part of the work. So they had to be paid by the hour instead. Now, someone had to watch over them to make sure that they spent all of their time working hard! These watchers were called overseers.

但在工厂里，工人不能按完成的每件布料获得报酬。每个工人只做工作的一小部分。所以他们必须按小时获得报酬。现在，必须有人监督他们，确保他们把所有时间都用来努力工作！这些监视者被称为监工。

Overseers treated factory workers with cruelty to make sure they were earning their money. Workers had to pay fines for looking out of windows, speaking to each other, or taking more than fifteen minutes to eat a meal. Sometimes they weren't allowed to go to the bathroom all day long!

监工以残酷的方式对待工厂工人，以确保他们在赚取工资。工人们因为向窗外看、互相交谈，或吃饭超过十五分钟而必须支付罚款。有时他们整天都不被允许去洗手间！

All too soon, factory owners realized that women and children could run machines just as well as men—and that they were cheaper to hire! Men could no longer make a living working at home. Now, they often couldn't get factory jobs either. But children worked long hours so that their families would have enough money to live. They had to stand all day in front of machines—so long that many children had bow legs, deformed from standing.

很快，工厂主意识到女性和儿童能够像男人一样很好地操作机器——而且雇佣她们更便宜！男人再也无法通过在家工作谋生。现在，他们往往也找不到工厂工作。但是儿童长时间工作，这样他们的家庭才能有足够的钱生活。他们必须整天在机器前站立——时间太长，以至于许多儿童患上了弯腿，因为长期站立而变形。

They had to pay fines if they talked or made faces at each other. In cotton factories, the cotton gave off fine white dust that the children breathed in all day. Their lungs quit working properly. Many of them died!

如果他们说话或互相做鬼脸，就必须支付罚款。在棉花工厂里，棉花产生细微的白色灰尘，儿童整天吸入这些灰尘。他们的肺停止正常工作。他们中的许多人死了！

The English poet William Blake protested that the factories, or mills, were turning England from a "Jerusalem," a Christian kingdom, into a country that God would judge.

英国诗人威廉·布莱克抗议工厂或磨坊正在把英格兰从一个"耶路撒冷"，一个基督教王国，变成一个上帝会审判的国家。

He wrote, "And did the Countenance Divine Shine down upon those clouded hills; And was Jerusalem builded here Among those dark Satanic mills?"

他写道："神圣的面容是否照耀在那些阴云密布的山丘上；耶路撒冷是否在这些黑暗的撒旦磨坊中建造？"

The poet William Wordsworth complained that the lives of people were being sacrificed to make money: "Men, maidens, youths, Mothers and little children, boys and girls, Enter, and each the wonted task resumes Within this temple, where is offered up To Gain, the master idol of the realm, Perpetual sacrifice."

诗人威廉·华兹华斯抱怨人们的生命正在被牺牲来赚钱："男人、少女、青年、母亲和小孩子、男孩和女孩，进入，每个人都恢复习惯的任务，在这个庙宇里，向利益这个王国的主要偶像献上永久的牺牲。"

The British government did try to pass some laws to make the factories better places. But the rich men who made money from the factories objected! They protested so loudly that only very weak laws could be passed. One law, or Factory Act, said that children could only work twelve hours per day! Another Factory Act said that a child had to be eight before going to work in a factory.

英国政府确实试图通过一些法律来让工厂成为更好的地方。但是从工厂赚钱的富人反对！他们抗议得如此激烈，以至于只能通过非常薄弱的法律。一项法律，即工厂法，规定儿童每天只能工作十二小时！另一项工厂法规定，儿童必须八岁才能去工厂工作。

Now it was perfectly legal for an eight-year-old to work from sunrise to sunset in a factory. All over England—and soon, across Europe—children, women, and men worked long, cold, miserable hours, earning just enough money to buy food.

现在八岁儿童从日出到日落在工厂工作是完全合法的。在整个英格兰——很快，整个欧洲——儿童、女性和男性工作时间长、寒冷、痛苦，只能赚到刚好购买食物的钱。

The Luddites / 卢德派

Not everyone objected to the spread of factories. Over in the United States, the politician Alexander Hamilton argued that factories were good for the country. In the old days, people who had never been trained to weave, farm, or work in some other craft became beggars or thieves. Now they could find work in the factories.

并非每个人都反对工厂的传播。在美国，政治家亚历山大·汉密尔顿争论说工厂对国家有好处。在过去，那些从未被训练过编织、务农或从事其他手艺的人会成为乞丐或小偷。现在他们可以在工厂找到工作。

Hamilton also thought that factory owners were doing a good thing when they hired children. "In general," he wrote, "women and children are rendered more useful, and the latter more early useful, by [factories], than they would otherwise be."

汉密尔顿还认为工厂主雇佣儿童是做好事。"一般来说，"他写道，"通过[工厂]，女性和儿童变得更加有用，后者更早变得有用，比他们原本的情况要好。"

But weavers, spinners, and others who were trained in a craft had been pushed out of their jobs. Now, a skilled weaver who had once taken pride in making beautiful cloth had to go to a factory, work long hours in a badly-lit and noisy room, and perform one boring task over and over again.

但是织工、纺工和其他接受过手艺训练的人被挤出了他们的工作。现在，一个熟练的织工，曾经为制作美丽的布料而自豪，不得不去工厂，在一个光线不好和嘈杂的房间里长时间工作，重复执行一个无聊的任务。

In England, weavers and spinners began to attack factories and smash the machines that were changing their lives! They were joined by other workers—carpenters, blacksmiths, and tailors—who realized that factories might soon force them out of their livelihoods as well! An underground army formed.

在英格兰，织工和纺工开始攻击工厂并砸碎正在改变他们生活的机器！其他工人——木匠、铁匠和裁缝——也加入了他们，他们意识到工厂可能很快也会迫使他们失去生计！一支地下军队形成了。

Their leader was a mysterious man who called himself "General Ned Ludd." No one knows who he was or why he chose this name. But all over England, workmen joined in General Ludd's Army. They became known as Luddites.

他们的领袖是一个神秘的人，自称"奈德·卢德将军"。没有人知道他是谁或为什么选择这个名字。但在整个英格兰，工人们加入了卢德将军的军队。他们被称为卢德派。

Luddites had their own regiments, weapons, and secret handshakes. They had a secret password: "Free Liberty!" They sang war songs as they marched up to factories, waving axes and hammers. "How gloomy and dark is the day, when men have to fight for their bread!" one song went.

卢德派有他们自己的团队、武器和秘密握手。他们有一个秘密密码："自由万岁！"当他们向工厂进军时，挥舞着斧头和锤子，唱着战歌。"多么阴郁和黑暗的日子，当人们必须为了面包而战斗！"一首歌这样唱道。

Another song warned: "You tyrants of England, Your race may soon be run. You may be brought to account For what you've solely done."

另一首歌警告说："英格兰的暴君们，你们的时代可能很快就要结束了。你们可能要为你们独自所做的事情承担责任。"

Luddites broke hundreds of machines and shut down dozens of factories. To the poorest factory workers, Luddites were heroes! A popular song of the day began, "Chant no more your old rhymes about bold Robin Hood His feats I but little admire. I will sing the Achievements of General Ludd Now the Hero of Nottinghamshire!"

卢德派破坏了数百台机器，关闭了几十家工厂。对最贫穷的工厂工人来说，卢德派是英雄！当时的一首流行歌曲开头是："不要再唱你们关于勇敢的罗宾汉的旧韵律诗了，我对他的功绩只是稍微钦佩。我要歌唱卢德将军的成就，现在的诺丁汉郡英雄！"

Today, people who are suspicious of new machines like computers are sometimes called Luddites. But the Luddites weren't just smashing the machines because they didn't like scientific discoveries and new advances. The Luddites were angry that their whole way of living was changing.

今天，对像计算机这样的新机器怀疑的人有时被称为卢德派。但卢德派不只是因为不喜欢科学发现和新进步而砸机器。卢德派愤怒是因为他们整个生活方式都在改变。

They couldn't make a living at home any more. They had to work in the factories—or starve! And factory owners had the power to choose how much money the workers would make and how many hours they had to work. The workers themselves had no power at all. They couldn't demand to be paid a decent amount of money. They couldn't ask for shorter days or weekends off. They couldn't even ask for proper light and reasonable lunch breaks.

他们再也无法在家谋生。他们必须在工厂工作——否则就挨饿！工厂主有权力选择工人能赚多少钱以及他们必须工作多少小时。工人们自己根本没有权力。他们不能要求获得体面数量的金钱。他们不能要求更短的工作日或周末休息。他们甚至不能要求适当的光线和合理的午餐休息。

They worked six days every week and sometimes a half day on Sunday too. England was so full of hungry people that factory owners could just fire anyone who complained and hire someone else!

他们每周工作六天，有时星期日还要工作半天。英格兰到处都是饥饿的人，工厂主可以随便解雇任何抱怨的人，然后雇佣别人！

The protests and the machine-breakings went on for years. But finally, the British government joined with the factory owners to stop the protests. New laws made breaking a factory machine a capital crime. Anyone who smashed a machine could be put to death! Soldiers were marched in to protect the factories. Workers were told that they were lucky to have work at all.

抗议和砸机器的活动持续了数年。但最终，英国政府与工厂主联合起来阻止抗议。新法律把破坏工厂机器定为死罪。任何砸机器的人都可能被判死刑！士兵被派遣来保护工厂。工人们被告知他们有工作就算幸运的了。

Many of them didn't feel lucky. "What with the heat and the hard work," one factory worker complained, "[it feels] as if the Devil was after us….We are told to be content in the station of Life to which the Lord has placed us. But I say the Lord never did place us there so we have no Right to be content."

他们中的许多人并不觉得幸运。"因为炎热和艰苦的工作，"一位工厂工人抱怨说，"[感觉]好像魔鬼在追赶我们......我们被告知要对主安排给我们的生活地位感到满足。但我说主从未把我们安排在那里，所以我们没有理由满足。"

Over in the United States, leaders such as Thomas Jefferson agreed. "While we have land to labor," Thomas Jefferson wrote back to Alexander Hamilton, "let us never wish to see our citizens occupied at a workbench….let our workshops remain in Europe."

在美国，像托马斯·杰斐逊这样的领导人同意这种观点。"只要我们有土地可以劳动，"托马斯·杰斐逊回信给亚历山大·汉密尔顿说，"让我们永远不要希望看到我们的公民从事工作台的工作......让我们的工厂留在欧洲。"

Jefferson thought that the United States would be a much better place to live if all of the cotton, wool, and wood were shipped over to Europe, to the factories there, and the finished goods were then shipped back. Factories, Jefferson complained, would "add just so much to the support of pure government, as sores do to the strength of the human body."

杰斐逊认为，如果把所有的棉花、羊毛和木材都运到欧洲的工厂，然后把成品运回来，美国将是一个更好的居住地。杰斐逊抱怨说，工厂"对纯净政府的支持，就像疮口对人体力量的作用一样"。

But businessmen in the United States couldn't resist the money that factories brought. Soon the factory system spread to the United States as well. Factories were built at the edges of the cities of Boston and New York. Factory workers lived near the factories, in tiny, shabby houses built just for them.

但美国的商人无法抗拒工厂带来的金钱。很快工厂制度也传播到了美国。工厂建在波士顿和纽约城市的边缘。工厂工人住在工厂附近，住在专门为他们建造的狭小、破旧的房子里。

Because they made so little money, two or three families might live together in a single house. So many people crowded to these "worker settlements," or slums, that cities couldn't keep up with building roads or laying down pipes for fresh water.

因为他们赚的钱很少，两到三个家庭可能住在一个房子里。如此多的人拥挤到这些"工人定居点"或贫民窟，以至于城市无法跟上建设道路或铺设淡水管道的速度。

Slums often had open sewers, where human waste mixed with the drinking water. Trash in the water decayed and gave off gases. The water became so foul and filled with gases that in hot weather it would actually catch on fire. Diseases like typhoid and cholera spread through the water and killed thousands of factory workers.

贫民窟经常有开放的下水道，人类废物与饮用水混合。水中的垃圾腐烂并释放气体。水变得如此污浊，充满了气体，在炎热的天气里实际上会着火。像伤寒和霍乱这样的疾病通过水传播，杀死了数千名工厂工人。

In the city of Boston, an Irishman who had come from Britain to find factory work could expect to live only fourteen years before dying of overwork and disease. Thomas Jefferson was right. The factory slums had become "sores" on the body of the United States!

在波士顿市，一个从英国来寻找工厂工作的爱尔兰人预期只能活十四年，然后就会死于过度劳累和疾病。托马斯·杰斐逊是对的。工厂贫民窟已经成为美国身体上的"疮口"！

[原书插图：刘易斯和克拉克探险路线图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

village

/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/

中文：村庄
定义：小型农村社区
例句：The weaver lived in a small English village.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭
定义：有血缘关系的人群
例句：The whole family worked together at home.

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家
定义：居住的地方
例句：Families worked together in their homes.

food

/fuːd/

中文：食物
定义：营养来源
例句：They used money to buy food and tools.

money

/ˈmʌni/

中文：金钱
定义：交换媒介
例句：The weaver earned money by selling cloth.

work

/wɜːrk/

中文：工作
定义：劳动或就业
例句：Going to work was a brand new idea.

工业革命词汇 / Industrial Revolution Terms

factory

/ˈfæktəri/

中文：工厂
定义：制造业建筑
例句：Factories sprung up all over the countryside.

machines

/məˈʃiːnz/

中文：机器
定义：机械设备
例句：Machines could weave better than people.

steam power

/stiːm ˈpaʊər/

中文：蒸汽动力
定义：蒸汽产生的能量
例句：Thanks to steam power, machines never needed to stop.

workers

/ˈwɜːrkərz/

中文：工人
定义：劳动者
例句：Factory owners hired workers to run the machines.

overseers

/ˌoʊvərˈsiːərz/

中文：监工
定义：工作场所管理者
例句：Overseers watched workers to make sure they worked hard.

Luddites

/ˈlʌdaɪts/

中文：卢德派
定义：反对机器的工人组织
例句：Luddites broke hundreds of machines.

纺织相关词汇 / Textile Vocabulary

weaver

/ˈwiːvər/

中文：织工
定义：制作布料的工匠
例句：The weaver sat behind his loom.

cloth

/klɔːθ/

中文：布料
定义：纺织品
例句：The family made cloth to sell at market.

cotton

/ˈkɑːtən/

中文：棉花
定义：纺织纤维
例句：Cotton gave off fine white dust in factories.

thread

/θred/

中文：线
定义：纺织用的细线
例句：The daughter spun thread for weaving.

wool

/wʊl/

中文：羊毛
定义：动物纤维
例句：The son sheared wool from sheep.

loom

/luːm/

中文：织布机
定义：织布设备
例句：The weaver worked at his loom.

社会问题词汇 / Social Issues Vocabulary

cruel

/kruːəl/

中文：残酷的
定义：无情和严厉
例句：Overseers treated workers with cruelty.

fines

/faɪnz/

中文：罚款
定义：惩罚性费用
例句：Workers paid fines for talking to each other.

slums

/slʌmz/

中文：贫民窟
定义：贫穷居住区
例句：Factory workers lived in crowded slums.

diseases

/dɪˈziːzɪz/

中文：疾病
定义：健康问题
例句：Diseases like typhoid spread through contaminated water.

protest

/ˈproʊtest/

中文：抗议
定义：表达反对
例句：William Blake protested against factory conditions.

rebellion

/rɪˈbeljən/

中文：反叛
定义：反抗行为
例句：The Luddite movement was a different kind of rebellion.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 总段落数: 45个
✅ 词汇标注总数: 185个
✅ 词汇表分类: 4个类别
✅ 词汇卡片数: 24个
✅ 双语对照: 100%完成
✅ 音标标注: 全部完成
✅ 发音功能: 已激活
✅ 响应式设计: 已优化

Chapter Thirty-OneA Different Kind of Rebellion / 第三十一章 一种不同的反叛

The World of the Factories / 工厂的世界

The Luddites / 卢德派

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

Chapter Thirty-One
A Different Kind of Rebellion / 第三十一章一种不同的反叛