Chapter Thirty
Freedom in the Caribbean / 第三十章加勒比海地区的自由

The Haitian Revolt / 海地起义

Far away from Great Britain, a tiny island was about to defy the enormous strength of the Emperor Napoleon. And although it had no ships, no admirals, and few allies, the island of Saint Domingue would win its independence from France.

远离大不列颠的地方，一个小小的岛屿正准备反抗拿破仑皇帝巨大的力量。尽管它没有战舰，没有海军上将，也没有几个盟友，圣多明各岛将赢得从法国的独立。

Saint Domingue lay in the north of the Caribbean Sea, above South America and below Florida. French settlers had lived on Saint Domingue for over a hundred years. They planted fields of sugar cane, squeezed the juice from the stalks, boiled it down into sugar, and shipped it to Europe and to North America.

圣多明各位于加勒比海北部，在南美洲上方，佛罗里达州下方。法国定居者在圣多明各生活了一百多年。他们种植甘蔗，从茎秆中挤出汁液，煮沸制成糖，然后运往欧洲和北美。

They grew coffee beans and harvested them. More and more coffee and sugar left Saint Domingue's ports. The planters grew richer and richer.

他们种植咖啡豆并收割它们。越来越多的咖啡和糖从圣多明各的港口运出。种植园主越来越富有。

By the time Napoleon claimed power in France, this French colony was making almost half of the sugar used in the whole world—and almost half of the coffee. The planters and the colony leaders lived like French aristocrats.

当拿破仑在法国夺取权力时，这个法国殖民地生产的糖几乎占全世界使用量的一半——咖啡也几乎占一半。种植园主和殖民地领导人过着像法国贵族一样的生活。

They dressed in silks and jewels and gave balls and parties. The western settlement, Cap-Francais, grew to be a city of twenty-five thousand, filled with theatres, huge mansions, and wide streets.

他们穿着丝绸和珠宝，举办舞会和聚会。西部的定居点卡普法兰西斯发展成一个有两万五千人的城市，到处都是剧院、巨大的豪宅和宽阔的街道。

The French called it the "Paris of the Antilles"! (Antilles was the name many people used for the cluster of islands between South and North America.) The planters of Saint Domingue grew so rich that the French courtiers at Versailles started to shake their heads and gossip about how much money was spent!

法国人称它为"安的列斯群岛的巴黎"！（安的列斯是许多人对南美和北美之间群集岛屿的称呼。）圣多明各的种植园主变得如此富有，以至于凡尔赛的法国朝臣都开始摇头议论花了多少钱！

Meanwhile, slaves labored in the fields and sugar plants. Saint Domingue had thirty-six thousand white Europeans—and half a million African slaves. Surrounded by all of these slaves (who were working hard and not getting any of the profit), the planters tried very hard to make sure that none of the Africans got any ideas about freedom or equality.

与此同时，奴隶在田地和制糖厂里劳动。圣多明各有三万六千白人欧洲人——还有五十万非洲奴隶。被所有这些奴隶包围着（他们辛苦工作却得不到任何利润），种植园主非常努力地确保没有任何非洲人产生关于自由或平等的想法。

French law said that a slave who earned his freedom would become a French citizen and have the rights of any Frenchman. But the laws of Saint Domingue said that everyone with African blood, slave or free, had to wear different clothes, sit in different parts of churches and other buildings, and be inside by nine o'clock every night.

法国法律说，获得自由的奴隶将成为法国公民，享有任何法国人的权利。但圣多明各的法律规定，每个有非洲血统的人，无论奴隶还是自由人，都必须穿不同的衣服，坐在教堂和其他建筑的不同区域，并且每晚九点前必须回到室内。

No one with African blood could become a goldsmith, or a jeweler, or an army officer, or a doctor. Slaves had no rights at all. They worked every day, often chained together, dying of weariness and illness, while more slaves arrived from Africa to replace them.

任何有非洲血统的人都不能成为金匠、珠宝商、军官或医生。奴隶完全没有权利。他们每天工作，经常被链条锁着，因疲劳和疾病而死亡，同时更多的奴隶从非洲运来替代他们。

African slaves had only one comfort. They still gathered together to follow ancient African customs and to listen as African priests held ancient religious ceremonies. The planters who saw these religious ceremonies thought that the Africans were just dancing and singing.

非洲奴隶只有一个安慰。他们仍然聚集在一起遵循古老的非洲习俗，听非洲祭司举行古老的宗教仪式。看到这些宗教仪式的种植园主以为非洲人只是在跳舞和唱歌。

But while they danced and sang, the slaves were listening to their priests tell about the revolutions in France and in America—the revolutions that set men free. And while they danced, the slaves planned a rebellion.

但在他们跳舞唱歌的时候，奴隶们在听他们的祭司讲述法国和美国的革命——那些让人们获得自由的革命。在跳舞的时候，奴隶们策划着一场叛乱。

On August 20th, 1791—three years after the Storming of the Bastille in France—the slaves broke out of their fields and their quarters. They set fire to every planter's mansion. They killed every planter they could find. They roamed across Saint Domingue, wrecking the fields where they had worked for so long.

1791年8月20日——法国攻占巴士底狱三年后——奴隶们冲出了他们的田地和住所。他们放火烧毁每个种植园主的豪宅。他们杀死了能找到的每个种植园主。他们在圣多明各各地漫游，破坏他们长期工作的田地。

One African, Toussaint L'Ouverture, watched the bands of slaves with worry. He saw no strategy, no attempt to make Saint Domingue free—just revenge. Toussaint had earned his freedom a few years before. Now, he helped the family of his old master to escape and then began to gather his own band of soldiers around him.

一位非洲人杜桑·卢维杜尔怀着担忧看着这些奴隶队伍。他看不到任何策略，没有让圣多明各自由的尝试——只有报复。杜桑几年前已经获得了自由。现在，他帮助他以前主人的家庭逃走，然后开始在他周围聚集自己的士兵队伍。

Unlike most slaves, Toussaint had learned to read French. He knew a little bit about how armies should be run. He taught his men how to fight properly together.

与大多数奴隶不同，杜桑学会了读法语。他对如何管理军队略知一二。他教他的人如何正确地一起战斗。

Meanwhile, Spain had declared war on Napoleon. When Spanish soldiers came to Saint Domingue to help drive the rest of the French off the island, Toussaint joined them. Soon, he commanded four thousand men. Another ex-slave, Jean-Jacques Dessaline, became his lieutenant.

与此同时，西班牙对拿破仑宣战。当西班牙士兵来到圣多明各帮助驱逐岛上其余的法国人时，杜桑加入了他们。很快，他指挥四千人。另一个前奴隶让-雅克·德萨林成为他的副官。

But Toussaint wasn't really an ally of Spain. He just wanted Saint Domingue to be free. When he realized that the Spanish who now occupied the island saw nothing wrong with keeping slaves, Toussaint announced that he would no longer fight for Spain. He would once again swear loyalty to France—to the France of the Revolution, the France which said all men should be equal.

但杜桑并不真正是西班牙的盟友。他只是想让圣多明各自由。当他意识到现在占领岛屿的西班牙人认为保持奴隶制没有问题时，杜桑宣布他不再为西班牙而战。他将再次向法国宣誓忠诚——向革命的法国，向那个说所有人都应该平等的法国。

The French, seeing a chance to get their island back, made Toussaint Lieutenant Governor of Saint Domingue. Toussaint turned his army against the Spanish and drove them out. Now he governed the island where he had once served as a slave!

法国人看到夺回岛屿的机会，任命杜桑为圣多明各的副总督。杜桑将他的军队转向对抗西班牙人并驱逐了他们。现在他统治着他曾经作为奴隶服务过的岛屿！

Saint Domingue was wrecked. Towns were burned down. Roads were dug up. The fields had returned to weeds and young trees. Houses lay in ruins!

圣多明各被破坏了。城镇被烧毁。道路被挖掘。田地重新长满了杂草和小树。房屋成了废墟！

Toussaint announced that he would allow planters to return and that Africans must go back to work in the fields. But now, planters and Africans would work side by side. They would share the profits. No African could be whipped or punished.

杜桑宣布他将允许种植园主回来，非洲人必须回到田地工作。但现在，种植园主和非洲人将肩并肩工作。他们将分享利润。任何非洲人都不能被鞭打或惩罚。

Slowly, Saint Domingue began to produce sugar and coffee again.

慢慢地，圣多明各开始再次生产糖和咖啡。

But even though Toussaint claimed to be a loyal Frenchman, Napoleon refused to accept his loyalty. The Emperor hated Africans. He could not bear to leave an African governor in charge of the island which had once poured so much money into the pockets of France.

但尽管杜桑声称是一个忠诚的法国人，拿破仑拒绝接受他的忠诚。皇帝憎恨非洲人。他不能忍受让一个非洲总督管理这个曾经为法国创造巨额财富的岛屿。

So Napoleon sent twenty thousand men to reconquer Saint Domingue! He put his own brother-in-law, Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, in charge of the invasion.

所以拿破仑派遣两万人去重新征服圣多明各！他让自己的姐夫夏尔·维克多·埃马纽埃尔·勒克莱尔负责这次入侵。

On February 5, 1802, Leclerc's army landed on the island. Toussaint's soldiers fought back, killing thousands of Frenchmen. But Toussaint could see that his men would never be able to keep on fighting against the enormous forces of France. Leclerc promised Toussaint that he could retire to a plantation and turn the island over to Dessaline.

1802年2月5日，勒克莱尔的军队在岛上登陆。杜桑的士兵反击，杀死了数千法国人。但杜桑看得出，他的人永远无法继续对抗法国的庞大军队。勒克莱尔承诺杜桑可以退休到一个种植园，把岛屿交给德萨林。

So Toussaint agreed to surrender. But instead of letting him settle peacefully down, Leclerc had him arrested at once. The liberator of Saint Domingue was sent to a cold distant prison in the French Alps. He died there, less than a year later.

所以杜桑同意投降。但勒克莱尔没有让他和平安顿下来，而是立即逮捕了他。圣多明各的解放者被送到法国阿尔卑斯山一个寒冷遥远的监狱。不到一年后，他就死在那里。

The people of Saint Domingue—four hundred thousand ex-slaves—waited nervously to see what Leclerc would do next. They didn't know that Napoleon had already sent his orders: They were all to be put back into slavery!

圣多明各的人民——四十万前奴隶——紧张地等待着看勒克莱尔接下来会做什么。他们不知道拿破仑已经发出了命令：他们都要重新被置于奴隶制之下！

On a warm June morning, Leclerc was just finishing his breakfast when his aide appeared at the door of his quarters. "General!" the aide gasped. "Come quickly! Come and see."

在六月一个温暖的早晨，勒克莱尔刚吃完早餐，他的助手出现在他营房的门口。"将军！"助手喘着气说道。"快来！快来看看。"

Leclerc was puzzled. He followed the aide to the tent nearby where the French wounded lay, cared for by the army's doctor. Near the door, one of his officers lay on a cot. His face was drawn and yellow; his arms and legs shook.

勒克莱尔感到困惑。他跟着助手到附近的帐篷，那里躺着法国的伤员，由军队的医生照料。门边，他的一个军官躺在行军床上。他脸色憔悴发黄；胳膊和腿都在颤抖。

"Yellow fever!" the aide gasped.

"黄热病！"助手喘着气说。

The French dreaded "yellow fever"—their name for malaria. Malaria was spread by mosquitoes in the warm tropical islands. Malaria gave its victims high fevers, chills, sweats, and hallucinations.

法国人害怕"黄热病"——他们对疟疾的称呼。疟疾通过温暖热带岛屿上的蚊子传播。疟疾使患者出现高烧、寒战、出汗和幻觉。

Malaria could kill a whole army.

疟疾能杀死整支军队。

In four weeks, four thousand French soldiers were dead. LeClerc himself grew ill. And as his army shrank, word got out among the ex-slaves of Saint Domingue: They were all to be returned to slavery.

四周内，四千名法国士兵死亡。勒克莱尔本人也病倒了。随着他的军队缩小，消息在圣多明各的前奴隶中传开：他们都要被送回奴隶制。

At once, Toussaint's officers began plotting to begin the fight again. They would die rather than be enslaved once more! Leclerc sent desperate messages to France, begging Napoleon to send more men. He died before any help could arrive.

立刻，杜桑的军官们开始密谋重新开始战斗。他们宁死也不愿再次被奴役！勒克莱尔向法国发送绝望的消息，恳求拿破仑派更多人来。在任何援助到达之前他就死了。

Instead, the English sailed into Saint Domingue's port, ready to help drive the French away. The surviving French commanders were forced to surrender. Jean-Jacques Dessaline declared the colony independent from France on January 1st, 1804. He renamed it "Haiti" and became its first ruler: Jacques I of Haiti.

相反，英国人驶入圣多明各港口，准备帮助驱逐法国人。幸存的法国指挥官被迫投降。让-雅克·德萨林在1804年1月1日宣布殖民地从法国独立。他将其重新命名为"海地"，成为其第一任统治者：海地的雅克一世。

And then he pulled down the French flag and ripped out its white center. The flag of Haiti would no longer contain any white—the color of French kings. Instead, a red and black flag would fly over the new country.

然后他扯下法国旗帜并撕掉其白色中心。海地的旗帜将不再包含任何白色——法国国王的颜色。相反，红黑旗帜将在这个新国家上空飘扬。

[原书插图：Britain and the United States During the Rise of Factories - 显示大英帝国和美国在工厂兴起时期的地图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

revolution

/ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

中文：革命
定义：政治制度或社会制度的根本性变化
例句：The French Revolution changed the course of history.

rebellion

/rɪˈbeljən/

中文：叛乱
定义：反抗权威或统治的行动
例句：The slaves planned a rebellion against their masters.

colony

/ˈkɑːləni/

中文：殖民地
定义：被其他国家控制和管理的领土
例句：Saint Domingue was a French colony in the Caribbean.

independence

/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/

中文：独立
定义：不受他人控制的状态
例句：Haiti won its independence from France in 1804.

slavery

/ˈsleɪvəri/

中文：奴隶制
定义：人被当作财产拥有和交易的制度
例句：The plantation system depended on slavery for labor.

plantation

/plænˈteɪʃən/

中文：种植园
定义：种植经济作物的大型农场
例句：Sugar plantations made the owners very wealthy.

人物和地理词汇 / People & Geography

Toussaint L'Ouverture

/tuːˈsæ̃ luːvərˈtyʊr/

中文：杜桑·卢维杜尔
定义：海地独立运动的领导者，前奴隶
例句：Toussaint L'Ouverture led the Haitian revolution.

Caribbean Sea

/kəˈrɪbiən siː/

中文：加勒比海
定义：位于中美洲的海域
例句：Many islands in the Caribbean Sea were colonized by Europeans.

Haiti

/ˈheɪti/

中文：海地
定义：位于加勒比海的岛国，原名圣多明各
例句：Haiti became the first independent nation in Latin America.

Antilles

/ænˈtɪliz/

中文：安的列斯群岛
定义：加勒比海中的岛屿群
例句：Cap-Francais was called the "Paris of the Antilles."

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

sugar

/ˈʃʊɡər/

中文：糖
定义：从甘蔗或甜菜中提取的甜味调料
例句：Sugar was the main export of Saint Domingue.

coffee

/ˈkɔːfi/

中文：咖啡
定义：从咖啡豆制成的饮料
例句：Coffee beans were harvested on the plantations.

freedom

/ˈfriːdəm/

中文：自由
定义：不受约束或控制的状态
例句：The slaves fought for their freedom.

work

/wɜːrk/

中文：工作
定义：为了某个目的而进行的活动
例句：Slaves worked in the sugar fields every day.

house

/haʊs/

中文：房屋
定义：人们居住的建筑
例句：The plantation owners lived in big houses.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭
定义：有血缘关系的人组成的群体
例句：Toussaint helped his master's family escape.

军事政治词汇 / Military & Political Terms

emperor

/ˈempərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：统治帝国的君主
例句：Napoleon was the Emperor of France.

army

/ˈɑːrmi/

中文：军队
定义：国家的武装力量
例句：Toussaint organized his own army of former slaves.

war

/wɔːr/

中文：战争
定义：国家或群体之间的武装冲突
例句：Spain declared war on Napoleon.

governor

/ˈɡʌvərnər/

中文：总督
定义：管理某个地区的官员
例句：Toussaint became Lieutenant Governor of Saint Domingue.

surrender

/səˈrendər/

中文：投降
定义：停止抵抗并承认失败
例句：Toussaint agreed to surrender to the French.

flag

/flæɡ/

中文：旗帜
定义：代表国家或组织的布制标志
例句：Haiti adopted a red and black flag.

健康疾病词汇 / Health & Disease Terms

malaria

/məˈleriə/

中文：疟疾
定义：由蚊子传播的传染病
例句：Malaria killed thousands of French soldiers.

fever

/ˈfiːvər/

中文：发烧
定义：体温异常升高
例句：Yellow fever caused high temperatures in victims.

doctor

/ˈdɑːktər/

中文：医生
定义：治疗疾病的专业人员
例句：The army doctor cared for the wounded soldiers.

illness

/ˈɪlnəs/

中文：疾病
定义：身体不健康的状态
例句：Many slaves died from illness and exhaustion.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 总段落数：33个段落
✅ 词汇标注总数：约120个关键词汇
✅ 词汇表分类：6个类别
✅ 词汇卡片数：30张卡片
✅ 特殊标记：时间标记4处，插图说明1处
✅ 音标格式：标准IPA音标格式
✅ 双语对照：完整英中对应
✅ 交互功能：悬停提示 + 点击发音

Chapter ThirtyFreedom in the Caribbean / 第三十章 加勒比海地区的自由

The Haitian Revolt / 海地起义

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

Chapter Thirty
Freedom in the Caribbean / 第三十章加勒比海地区的自由