Chapter Thirty-Three
The End of Napoleon
第三十三章拿破仑的末日

Napoleon's Wars (and 1812 Too) / 拿破仑的战争（以及1812年）

While settlers were beginning to trickle west, a different kind of invasion was taking place in Europe. The Emperor Napoleon was pushing the border of his empire further and further out—until most of Europe was forced to salute the French flag.

当移民开始向西部渗透时，欧洲正在发生一种不同性质的入侵。皇帝拿破仑正在将他的帝国边界越推越远——直到欧洲大部分地区都被迫向法国国旗致敬。

After Napoleon lost the Battle of Trafalgar to the British navy, the British asked Austria and Russia to join with Britain in defying Napoleon. The two countries agreed.

拿破仑在特拉法加战役中败给英国海军后，英国请求奥地利和俄国与英国联合对抗拿破仑。两国都同意了。

Just a month after Trafalgar, the Austrian and Russian armies gathered together to fight Napoleon's great army. But Napoleon avenged his defeat at Trafalgar. His soldiers smashed through the combined lines of the Russians and Austrians. Austria was forced to give up all its land in Italy!

特拉法加战役仅一个月后，奥地利和俄国军队聚集起来对抗拿破仑的强大军队。但拿破仑为特拉法加的失败进行了报复。他的士兵击破了俄奥联军的阵线。奥地利被迫放弃所有在意大利的领土！

Napoleon gave the city of Naples to his brother Joseph to rule. The Prussian army marched against Napoleon and was defeated. The Russians retreated and then attacked again—and lost.

拿破仑把那不勒斯城交给他的兄弟约瑟夫统治。普鲁士军队向拿破仑进军，结果被击败。俄国人撤退后再次进攻——又败了。

The czar of Russia, Alexander I, was Catherine the Great's grandson. But he didn't have Catherine's stubborn will! He was tired of fighting Napoleon. He signed a treaty, promising to give Napoleon part of Poland in exchange for peace.

俄国沙皇亚历山大一世是叶卡捷琳娜大帝的孙子。但他没有叶卡捷琳娜那种顽固的意志！他厌倦了与拿破仑作战。他签署了一份条约，承诺将波兰的一部分给拿破仑，以换取和平。

Now Napoleon had Europe under his thumb. But England still irritated him. Why couldn't he beat the British?

现在拿破仑将欧洲置于他的控制之下。但英格兰仍然激怒着他。为什么他就是打不败英国人呢？

Napoleon knew better than to try to invade Britain again. So he decided to starve the British instead. He announced that no British ships could dock at any European port. No country in Europe would be permitted to buy English goods.

拿破仑明智地没有再次尝试入侵英国。于是他决定让英国人挨饿。他宣布任何英国船只都不能在欧洲任何港口停靠。欧洲任何国家都不允许购买英国商品。

Any ship from any country that went to Britain with food or supplies would be seized and its captain accused of treachery against France!

任何国家运送食物或补给品到英国的船只都会被扣押，其船长将被指控对法国犯有叛国罪！

The little country of Portugal, on the coast of Spain, objected. Portugal made a lot of money trading with the English. If Britain starved, the Portuguese might starve too!

位于西班牙海岸的小国葡萄牙反对。葡萄牙通过与英国人贸易赚取了大量金钱。如果英国挨饿，葡萄牙人也可能会挨饿！

Napoleon wasn't going to let tiny Portugal defy him. But in order to attack Portugal by land, he had to go through Spain. So he marched into Spain, removed the Spanish king, gave Spain to his brother Joseph too, and headed toward Portugal with his army.

拿破仑不会让小小的葡萄牙违抗他。但要从陆地攻击葡萄牙，他必须经过西班牙。于是他进军西班牙，驱逐了西班牙国王，也把西班牙给了他的兄弟约瑟夫，然后率军前往葡萄牙。

But Napoleon never managed to conquer Portugal. The Spanish, who hated Joseph, occupied his army with rebellions and revolts. And then Alexander I, the czar of Russia, changed his allegiance.

但拿破仑始终没能征服葡萄牙。憎恨约瑟夫的西班牙人，用叛乱和起义让他的军队疲于应付。接着俄国沙皇亚历山大一世改变了他的忠诚。

He declared that he was no longer Napoleon's friend and ally.

他宣布不再是拿破仑的朋友和盟友。

Napoleon's huge empire was acting like a bucket of fish—all caught, but still trying to wiggle out over the edge of the bucket! Napoleon decided that the Russian fish needed to be caught and shoved back in! So he massed his army all together and, in June of 1812, marched over half a million men into Russia.

拿破仑庞大的帝国就像一个装鱼的桶——鱼都被抓住了，但仍在试图从桶边挣扎出去！拿破仑认为俄国这条鱼需要被抓住并塞回去！于是他将军队全部集结起来，在1812年6月，率领五十多万人进军俄国。

Instead of standing up and fighting, the Russians retreated. Napoleon's army marched further into Russia. The Russians retreated some more. By late summer, the French army was spread across seven hundred miles! Napoleon kept marching, ordering his troops to burn and destroy the countryside as they went.

俄国人没有起身应战，而是撤退了。拿破仑的军队向俄国内地进军。俄国人继续撤退。到了夏末，法军已经分散在七百英里的战线上！拿破仑继续进军，命令他的部队一路烧毁和摧毁乡村。

In the second week of September, he arrived at Moscow. The beautiful city was mostly empty. Napoleon ordered his army to burn it to the ground! Then he sent word to Alexander I, offering to sign a treaty with him. No answer came.

九月的第二周，他到达了莫斯科。这座美丽的城市几乎是空的。拿破仑命令他的军队将其烧成平地！然后他向亚历山大一世送信，提议与他签订条约。没有回音。

Alexander had planned all along to lure Napoleon into Russia. "We have vast spaces to retreat in," he had told his advisors. "We will leave it to winter to wage our war for us." Napoleon had been caught in the same trap as the Swedish army years before.

亚历山大一直在计划引诱拿破仑进入俄国。"我们有广阔的空间可以撤退，"他对顾问们说。"我们要让冬天来为我们作战。"拿破仑陷入了和多年前瑞典军队同样的陷阱。

While he waited in Moscow for word that Alexander would surrender, the air grew colder and colder. Far away, Alexander remarked, "Before I sign a peace treaty, I'll go eat potatoes in Siberia." And he let Napoleon wait some more.

当他在莫斯科等待亚历山大投降的消息时，空气变得越来越寒冷。在远方，亚历山大说道："在我签署和平条约之前，我宁愿去西伯利亚吃土豆。"他让拿破仑继续等待。

Finally Napoleon ordered the French army home. But it was already October. The French were marching home through the country they had burned on the march in. There was no food anywhere in the shattered countryside. They were wearing summer uniforms. Snow started to flake gently down from the sky. The temperature fell—to thirty degrees below zero.

最终拿破仑命令法军回国。但已经是十月了。法军正穿过他们进军时烧毁的国土回家。在这片被摧毁的乡村到处都没有食物。他们穿着夏季军装。雪花开始从天空轻柔地飘落。温度下降到——零下三十度。

Soldiers began to freeze in their tracks. "The road is covered with our men, frozen to death," one of Napoleon's generals wrote. "We have thrown away our guns; they are too cold to hold. We step over the dead as we walk."

士兵们开始在行进中冻死。"道路上遍布我们的士兵，都冻死了，"拿破仑的一位将军写道。"我们已经扔掉了枪支；它们太冷拿不住。我们走路时踩着死人前进。"

When the French army reached the Berezina River, the border between Russia and Poland, they discovered that the Russians had burned all of the bridges. Finally, Napoleon's army struggled across the freezing water to the other side. Six hundred thousand men had died. Only forty thousand soldiers remained!

当法军到达俄国和波兰边界的别列津纳河时，他们发现俄国人已经烧毁了所有的桥梁。最终，拿破仑的军队艰难地穿过冰冷的河水到达对岸。六十万人死亡了。只剩下四万士兵！

The conquered states of Europe took heart. The French-ruled countries of Prussia, Germany, Austria, and Italy began to chant, "Down with France!" Even in France itself, Napoleon's subjects were growing tired of war, blood, and destruction. In the streets of Paris, people grumbled about Napoleon. A few voices murmured, "Down with the emperor!"

欧洲被征服的国家振作起来。被法国统治的普鲁士、德意志、奥地利和意大利开始高喊"打倒法国！"甚至在法国本土，拿破仑的臣民也开始厌倦战争、流血和毁灭。在巴黎的街头，人们抱怨拿破仑。少数声音低语道："打倒皇帝！"

The murmur grew louder. Napoleon, hearing of these mutterings, hurried the shattered remnants of his army back to Paris. Europe was about to slip from his grasp!

这种抱怨声越来越大。拿破仑听到这些抱怨声，急忙带着他那支破碎的军队残余赶回巴黎。欧洲即将从他的掌控中溜走！

The War of 1812 / 1812年战争

The Americans chose that exact moment to pick a fight with the British. For several years, American sea captains had been complaining about the way they were treated by the English. British ships always needed more seamen to help fight the long war against Napoleon—so their captains had taken to stopping United States ships at sea, announcing that the American sailors were English deserters, and taking them on board to serve in the royal navy.

美国人选择了这个确切的时刻与英国人发生冲突。多年来，美国海上船长一直抱怨英国人对待他们的方式。英国船只总是需要更多的船员来帮助对抗拿破仑的长期战争——所以他们的船长习惯在海上拦截美国船只，声称美国水手是英国逃兵，并将他们带上船在皇家海军服役。

Americans were also angry that British soldiers had come down from Canada to help Tecumseh and his Shawnee warriors attack American settlers. So on June 18th, 1812, the United States declared war on Britain.

美国人还愤怒于英国士兵从加拿大南下帮助特库姆塞和他的肖尼族战士攻击美国定居者。因此在1812年6月18日，美国向英国宣战。

Britain didn't want to turn around and fight the United States. It had its hands full with Napoleon! But while Napoleon rushed back to Paris to defend his power, the British sent part of their navy over to America. English ships sailed into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan and landed British soldiers on the shore, ready to invade Ohio.

英国不想转身与美国作战。它正忙于对付拿破仑！但当拿破仑匆忙赶回巴黎保卫自己的权力时，英国派遣了部分海军前往美国。英国船只驶入伊利湖和密歇根湖，在岸上登陆英国士兵，准备入侵俄亥俄州。

At that, Tecumseh saw one more chance to fight against the United States. He declared that the Shawnee were allies with the British in the War of 1812. He and his warriors helped the British soldiers invade the Northwest Territory and capture the city of Detroit. For a full year, Tecumseh's Shawnee warriors fought alongside the British.

看到这一点，特库姆塞看到了再次对抗美国的机会。他宣布肖尼族与英国在1812年战争中结成盟友。他和他的战士帮助英国士兵入侵西北领地并占领了底特律市。整整一年，特库姆塞的肖尼族战士与英国人并肩作战。

Then William Henry Harrison, now a general commanding part of the American army, marched against Tecumseh once more. In a huge battle, Harrison defeated the combined British–Native American army and drove them back out of the Northwest. Tecumseh was killed. His body disappeared from the battlefield; his warriors took it away and buried it in a secret spot.

然后威廉·亨利·哈里森，现在是指挥美军一部分的将军，再次向特库姆塞进军。在一场激烈的战斗中，哈里森击败了英国-美洲原住民联军，将他们赶出了西北地区。特库姆塞被杀死了。他的尸体从战场上消失了；他的战士把它带走并埋在一个秘密地点。

The Americans had won in the Northwest, but the British were still fighting. The following summer, British ships landed on the shores of Washington, D.C. President James Madison fled, just ahead of soldiers who stormed into Washington and set fire to the Capitol Building. The Library of Congress and all its books went up in bright, hot flame.

美国人在西北地区取得了胜利，但英国人仍在战斗。第二年夏天，英国船只登陆华盛顿特区的海岸。总统詹姆斯·麦迪逊逃离了，就在士兵们冲进华盛顿并放火烧国会大厦之前。国会图书馆和所有藏书都在明亮炽热的火焰中烧毁。

The soldiers looted the President's House, stole its treasures, piled up its red-velvet chairs, and lit them. Soon the whole house was wreathed in fire and smoke. But the British didn't really want to occupy America; they had too much work to do fighting Napoleon. So finally the two countries signed a treaty. They agreed to behave as if the war had never happened. The War of 1812 had achieved absolutely nothing.

士兵们抢劫了总统府，偷走了其中的珍宝，堆起红天鹅绒椅子并点燃了它们。很快整座房子都被火焰和烟雾包围。但英国人并不真正想要占领美国；他们有太多工作要做来对付拿破仑。所以最终两国签署了一项条约。他们同意表现得好像战争从未发生过。1812年战争绝对没有取得任何成果。

Waterloo! / 滑铁卢！

By 1814, France was demanding that Napoleon make peace! Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain swore together to stay united until Napoleon was defeated. Once more, Napoleon rallied his army. He marched out of France, toward the combined armies of Europe.

到了1814年，法国要求拿破仑媾和！奥地利、俄国、普鲁士和大不列颠共同发誓要保持团结直到拿破仑被击败。拿破仑再次集结了他的军队。他走出法国，向欧洲联军进军。

While he was gone, a French official announced that the emperor no longer ruled. Messengers had been sent to Louis XVIII, the brother of the guillotined king. Louis, who had been living in England, was a fat, slow-witted man, almost sixty years old. He agreed to come back to France as its king.

当他离开时，一位法国官员宣布皇帝不再统治。信使被派去找路易十八，即被断头台处死国王的兄弟。一直住在英格兰的路易是个肥胖、反应迟钝的人，快六十岁了。他同意回到法国做国王。

Facing a huge army, without the support of his own country, Napoleon finally admitted defeat. The British, Russian, Austrian, and Prussian allies met together and decided that Napoleon should be taken to the tiny, rocky island of Elba, in the Mediterranean Sea.

面对庞大的军队，没有自己国家的支持，拿破仑最终承认了失败。英国、俄国、奥地利和普鲁士盟军聚集在一起，决定将拿破仑送到地中海中的小岩石岛厄尔巴岛。

Here, Napoleon was told, he could still have the title emperor—the Emperor of Elba. He could still have an army—with four hundred men in it. Napoleon would spend the rest of his life on an island seven miles wide, watching the sardine boats float by and the olives grow.

在这里，拿破仑被告知，他仍然可以拥有皇帝的头衔——厄尔巴皇帝。他仍然可以拥有一支军队——里面有四百人。拿破仑将在这个七英里宽的岛上度过余生，看着沙丁鱼船漂过和橄榄生长。

Napoleon Bonaparte, the "monster of Europe," now spent his days in exile. He was made the ruler of Elba, which had a few people on it, and given a staff so that he could form a little island government. He had a small palace. His mother and sister came to live with him. And the French government had agreed to send him money every year so that he could run his island.

拿破仑·波拿巴，这个"欧洲怪物"，现在在流放中度日。他被任命为厄尔巴的统治者，岛上有一些人，并得到一个工作团队，这样他就可以组建一个小岛政府。他有一座小宫殿。他的母亲和姐姐来和他一起生活。法国政府同意每年给他寄钱，这样他就可以管理他的岛屿。

Napoleon bustled around his island, working in his garden and adding rooms onto his palace. He improved the roads, built bridges, and tried to make the fields bear better crops. But the man who had once ruled Europe was bored. He was angry. He was humiliated; tourists sailed to Elba just to see the famous Napoleon in his prison.

拿破仑在他的岛上忙碌，在花园里工作并为他的宫殿增建房间。他改善了道路，建造了桥梁，试图让田地产出更好的庄稼。但这个曾经统治欧洲的人感到无聊。他愤怒。他感到屈辱；游客们航行到厄尔巴只是为了看看著名的拿破仑在他的监狱里。

And as time went on, he got poorer. France never sent a single penny of the money it had promised. Back in France, Louis XVIII was not making himself popular. He was determined that people would treat him with the same respect that the Bourbon kings of France had always been given, just as if the Revolution had never happened.

随着时间的推移，他变得越来越穷。法国从未寄过一分钱承诺的钱。回到法国，路易十八并不受欢迎。他坚持要求人们以法国波旁王朝国王一直受到的同样尊重来对待他，就好像大革命从未发生过一样。

In his first big public appearance, he fell down and was too fat to get up without help. He wouldn't allow anyone to help him up but the most important of all the palace officials, so he had to lie on the ground until the official could be found! The common people of France began to fear that the king would once again become a tyrant.

在他第一次重大公开露面时，他跌倒了，太胖了以至于没有帮助无法起身。他不允许任何人帮助他起来，除了所有宫廷官员中最重要的那个，所以他不得不躺在地上直到找到那个官员！法国普通人开始担心国王会再次成为暴君。

Napoleon watched his country from a distance. He wrote letters to the soldiers who remained in France. Many of them wrote back, telling him that he should return to France and chase the Bourbon king away. Napoleon knew that the leaders of Europe were discussing sending him much further away, to some distant island in the Atlantic Ocean. Once that happened, he would never escape.

拿破仑从远处观察着他的国家。他给留在法国的士兵们写信。他们中的许多人回信，告诉他应该回到法国，把波旁国王赶走。拿破仑知道欧洲领导人正在讨论将他送到更远的地方，大西洋中的某个遥远岛屿。一旦那样发生，他就永远无法逃脱了。

On February 26th, 1815, Napoleon arranged for a ship with soldiers, gold, guns, and ammunition to dock at Elba. He told his mother that he was leaving to go fight again. "Good," she said. "Go die with your sword in your hand, not sitting here in exile."

在1815年2月26日，拿破仑安排了一艘载有士兵、黄金、枪支和弹药的船只停靠厄尔巴。他告诉母亲他要离开再次去战斗。"好，"她说。"去死在你的剑下，而不是坐在这里流放。"

Napoleon boarded the ship and was away before anyone in Europe realized what was happening. He landed at Cannes, France, with his little guard. "I am the emperor of Elba!" he announced. "I've come with my six hundred men to attack the King of France and his army of six hundred thousand. But I'll conquer!"

拿破仑登上船只，在欧洲任何人意识到发生了什么之前就离开了。他带着他的小卫队在法国戛纳登陆。"我是厄尔巴皇帝！"他宣布。"我带着我的六百人来攻击法国国王和他的六十万军队。但我会征服！"

He started toward Paris. The peasants, remembering the bad old days of the monarchy, flocked to welcome him. The nearest division of the French army was sent to arrest him. When Napoleon saw them approaching, he told his own men to play the French national song, the "Marseillaise."

他开始向巴黎进发。农民们回忆起君主制的糟糕旧日子，纷纷欢迎他。法军最近的一个师被派去逮捕他。当拿破仑看到他们接近时，他让自己的人演奏法国国歌"马赛曲"。

Then he walked forward, holding open his coat. "I am your emperor!" he shouted. "Do you recognize me? If any one of you would like to kill your own emperor, here I am! Forty-five of your own leaders have invited me back. Three European countries stand behind my return!" The soldiers lowered their weapons. Someone cheered. Soon, the soldiers were shouting, "Long live the emperor!"

然后他走向前去，敞开外套。"我是你们的皇帝！"他喊道。"你们认识我吗？如果你们中任何人想要杀死你们自己的皇帝，我就在这里！你们自己的四十五位领导人邀请我回来。三个欧洲国家支持我的归来！"士兵们放下了武器。有人欢呼。很快，士兵们高喊："皇帝万岁！"

Hearing the terrible news, Louis XVIII sent his top general to stop Napoleon. But when this general met Napoleon, he found himself unable to arrest his former emperor. He had fought by Napoleon's side too many times. Instead, he joined in the parade. Louis ran from Paris. Just three weeks after landing, Napoleon arrived in the city and took back his throne. Not a single shot had been fired!

听到这个可怕的消息，路易十八派他的最高将军去阻止拿破仑。但当这位将军遇到拿破仑时，他发现自己无法逮捕他的前皇帝。他曾多次在拿破仑身边战斗。相反，他加入了游行队伍。路易从巴黎逃走了。登陆仅三周后，拿破仑到达城市并夺回了他的王座。一枪未发！

"I am here in the spirit of the Revolution!" Napoleon announced. "I have come to free the people of France from the slavery of the priests and nobles!" Does this sound familiar? Napoleon used the same line twice before—once in Italy, and once in Egypt. But he didn't bring freedom either time—and he didn't bring freedom this time either.

"我是带着革命精神来到这里的！"拿破仑宣布。"我来是为了将法国人民从牧师和贵族的奴役中解放出来！"这听起来熟悉吗？拿破仑之前用过同样的话两次——一次在意大利，一次在埃及。但他那两次都没有带来自由——这次他也没有带来自由。

The excitement soon began to fade. Soon, everyone could see that the common people of France were no better off than they had been under Louis XVIII. As soon as England, Austria, and Prussia heard about Napoleon's return, they moved their armies toward the French border. They were not going to let the "monster of Europe" eat their countries one more time!

兴奋很快开始消退。很快，每个人都能看出法国普通人的境况并不比在路易十八统治下好。英格兰、奥地利和普鲁士一听到拿破仑归来的消息，就将军队向法国边境移动。他们不会再让这个"欧洲怪物"吞噬他们的国家！

Napoleon managed to raise an army of 72,000 soldiers. He marched to meet the English army at Waterloo, a village just south of the Belgian town of Brussels. The English army, commanded by the Duke of Wellington, had almost as many men as Napoleon's army.

拿破仑设法招募了72,000名士兵的军队。他行军在比利时城镇布鲁塞尔以南的村庄滑铁卢与英军会战。由威灵顿公爵指挥的英军拥有几乎与拿破仑军队一样多的兵力。

The battle raged evenly for hours. Thousands of men died on both sides. The English fought bravely; so did the French surrounding Napoleon. Finally, Prussian soldiers arrived to reinforce the English. Napoleon was defeated and his soldiers scattered. The general who had joined him instead of arresting him was captured—and shot. Napoleon's "Hundred Days" of power were over.

战斗激烈进行了数小时。双方都有数千人死亡。英国人勇敢战斗；围绕拿破仑的法国人也是如此。最后，普鲁士士兵到达增援英军。拿破仑被击败，他的士兵四散。那个加入他而不是逮捕他的将军被俘——并被枪毙。拿破仑的"百日"权力结束了。

Even from exile, with an unprepared army, Napoleon had come close to defeating Wellington's men. As he walked through the battlefield, the Duke of Wellington kept repeating, "A close thing. A very close thing." Many of his own friends lay dead.

即使从流放中，带着一支毫无准备的军队，拿破仑也差点击败威灵顿的军队。当他走过战场时，威灵顿公爵不断重复着："太险了。非常险。"他的许多朋友都躺着死了。

Napoleon went back to Paris and wrote out a paper, giving up the throne of France again. Then he quietly left the city. For a few weeks, no one was quite sure where Napoleon was. He was actually hiding in the homes of old friends, deciding what to do next. He thought he would like to go to the United States and study botany. But the British shut down the ports of France to keep any ships from leaving until Napoleon was found.

拿破仑回到巴黎写了一份文件，再次放弃法国王位。然后他悄悄离开了城市。几周来，没有人确切知道拿破仑在哪里。他实际上躲在老朋友的家中，决定下一步做什么。他想他愿意去美国学习植物学。但英国人封锁了法国港口，阻止任何船只离开，直到找到拿破仑。

Finally Napoleon gave up and surrendered to the British. Now, the British had to decide what do with him. They didn't want him in the United States, stirring up trouble, or back on Elba, where he might escape again. If they executed him, the French who had welcomed him back might revolt. The British would have been very happy for France to offer to execute him—but the French didn't suggest such a plan.

最终拿破仑放弃并向英国人投降。现在，英国人必须决定如何处置他。他们不想让他去美国搅起麻烦，也不想让他回到厄尔巴，在那里他可能再次逃跑。如果他们处决他，欢迎他回来的法国人可能会反抗。英国人很乐意法国提出处决他——但法国人没有提出这样的计划。

Finally the British announced that they were going to send Napoleon to Saint Helena, far off in the Atlantic—twelve hundred miles west of Africa. The little island was only ten miles long and six miles wide. It was even smaller and barer than Elba!

最终英国人宣布他们要将拿破仑送到圣赫勒拿岛，在大西洋远处——非洲以西一千二百英里。这个小岛只有十英里长，六英里宽。它甚至比厄尔巴更小更荒凉！

On October 15th, 1815, Napoleon arrived at his exile. Even on this tiny little island, he wasn't allowed to go anywhere without an English officer following him, so he spent most of his time in the study of his house. He wrote a book about his life, read books in French and English, played cards, and sometimes gave small parties.

在1815年10月15日，拿破仑到达了他的流放地。即使在这个微小的岛屿上，没有英国军官跟随他就不允许他去任何地方，所以他大部分时间都在他房子的书房里度过。他写了一本关于他生活的书，阅读法文和英文书籍，玩纸牌，有时举办小型聚会。

Even though he was far from Europe, tourists still came to look at him. One English writer, William Makepeace Thackeray, remembered seeing Napoleon. When Thackeray was five, his ship stopped at St. Helena and a servant took him to see a man walking in a garden. "There's Bonaparte!" the servant whispered. "He eats three sheep every day, and as many small children as he can get hold of!"

尽管他远离欧洲，游客仍然来看他。一位英国作家威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷记得见过拿破仑。当萨克雷五岁时，他的船在圣赫勒拿岛停靠，一个仆人带他去看一个在花园里走路的人。"那是波拿巴！"仆人低语道。"他每天吃三只羊，还吃尽可能多的小孩！"

Two years after arriving on St. Helena, Napoleon began to complain about stomach aches. He became worse and worse. Doctors could do nothing to make him better. By 1821, Napoleon could no longer get out of his bed. He asked for paper to write his last will. At the end of it, he wrote, "I wish my ashes to rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of that French people which I have loved so much."

到达圣赫勒拿岛两年后，拿破仑开始抱怨胃痛。他变得越来越糟。医生们无法让他好转。到了1821年，拿破仑再也无法下床。他要纸写他的遗嘱。在最后，他写道："我希望我的骨灰安息在塞纳河岸边，在我如此热爱的法国人民中间。"

He also wrote, "I am not dying a natural death. I have been killed by the English and their hired assassins!" Napoleon thought he had been poisoned, but he was probably dying of stomach cancer. A few hours later, Napoleon died. He was buried on the island, but his stone had no name. It merely read "Here Lies," as though the name of Napoleon were too frightening to be spoken out loud.

他还写道："我不是自然死亡。我被英国人和他们雇佣的刺客杀死了！"拿破仑认为他被下毒了，但他可能是死于胃癌。几小时后，拿破仑死了。他被埋在岛上，但他的墓石上没有名字。它只是写着"这里躺着"，就好像拿破仑这个名字太可怕而不能大声说出来。

[原书插图：玻利瓦尔时代的南美洲地图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

house

/haʊs/

中文：房子，住宅
定义：人类居住的建筑物
例句：He spent most of his time in the study of his house.

food

/fuːd/

中文：食物，粮食
定义：供人食用的物质
例句：There was no food anywhere in the shattered countryside.

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：无色无味的液体
例句：Napoleon's army struggled across the freezing water.

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家，家乡
定义：居住的地方
例句：Finally Napoleon ordered the French army home.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭，家族
定义：有血缘关系的人群
例句：His mother and sister came to live with him.

money

/ˈmʌni/

中文：金钱，货币
定义：交换媒介和价值存储
例句：Portugal made a lot of money trading with the English.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：由皇帝统治的大型政治实体
例句：The Emperor Napoleon was pushing the border of his empire further out.

emperor

/ˈempərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：帝国的最高统治者
例句：I am your emperor!

treaty

/ˈtriːti/

中文：条约，协议
定义：国家间的正式协议
例句：He signed a treaty, promising to give Napoleon part of Poland.

revolution

/ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

中文：革命
定义：政治制度的根本变革
例句：I am here in the spirit of the Revolution!

monarchy

/ˈmɑːnərki/

中文：君主制
定义：由国王或女王统治的政府形式
例句：The peasants, remembering the bad old days of the monarchy.

exile

/ˈeɡzaɪl/

中文：流放，放逐
定义：被迫离开祖国
例句：Napoleon Bonaparte now spent his days in exile.

军事相关词汇 / Military Vocabulary

army

/ˈɑːrmi/

中文：军队
定义：有组织的武装力量
例句：Napoleon marched over half a million men into Russia.

battle

/ˈbætəl/

中文：战役，战斗
定义：军队间的武力冲突
例句：The battle raged evenly for hours.

defeat

/dɪˈfiːt/

中文：击败，战败
定义：在战斗中失败
例句：Napoleon avenged his defeat at Trafalgar.

surrender

/səˈrendər/

中文：投降，屈服
定义：停止抵抗并认输
例句：Finally Napoleon gave up and surrendered to the British.

invasion

/ɪnˈveɪʒən/

中文：入侵，侵略
定义：武装力量进入他国领土
例句：A different kind of invasion was taking place in Europe.

weapons

/ˈwepənz/

中文：武器
定义：用于战斗的工具
例句：The soldiers lowered their weapons.

地理位置词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Europe

/ˈjʊrəp/

中文：欧洲
定义：世界七大洲之一
例句：Most of Europe was forced to salute the French flag.

Russia

/ˈrʌʃə/

中文：俄国，俄罗斯
定义：欧亚大陆的大国
例句：Alexander had planned all along to lure Napoleon into Russia.

Britain

/ˈbrɪtən/

中文：英国，不列颠
定义：欧洲岛国
例句：The United States declared war on Britain.

island

/ˈaɪlənd/

中文：岛屿
定义：被水环绕的陆地
例句：The little island was only ten miles long and six miles wide.

border

/ˈbɔːrdər/

中文：边界，边境
定义：国家或地区的分界线
例句：When the French army reached the border between Russia and Poland.

countryside

/ˈkʌntrisaɪd/

中文：乡村，农村
定义：城市以外的地区
例句：There was no food anywhere in the shattered countryside.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

march

/mɑːrtʃ/

中文：行军，进军
定义：军队有序前进
例句：Napoleon marched over half a million men into Russia.

retreat

/rɪˈtriːt/

中文：撤退，后退
定义：军队战术性后撤
例句：Instead of standing up and fighting, the Russians retreated.

escape

/ɪˈskeɪp/

中文：逃脱，逃跑
定义：摆脱束缚或危险
例句：Once that happened, he would never escape.

conquer

/ˈkɑːŋkər/

中文：征服，攻克
定义：通过武力获得控制
例句：But Napoleon never managed to conquer Portugal.

destroy

/dɪˈstrɔɪ/

中文：摧毁，破坏
定义：完全损坏或毁灭
例句：Ordering his troops to burn and destroy the countryside.

capture

/ˈkæptʃər/

中文：俘获，占领
定义：通过武力控制
例句：Help the British soldiers invade the Northwest Territory and capture Detroit.

📊 处理统计 / Processing Statistics