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Chapter Twenty-Five
Revolution Gone Sour / 第二十五章 变质的革命

The Storming of the Bastille / 攻占巴士底狱

In some ways, the Australian澳大利亚的/ɔˈstreɪljən/ colony殖民地/ˈkɑləni/ was a little bit like the new United States. In both of these new places, poor贫穷的/pʊr/ people had a chance to own拥有/oʊn/ land土地/lænd/ even though they weren't noblemen贵族/ˈnoʊbəlmən/.
在某些方面，澳大利亚Australian - a country in the Southern Hemisphere殖民地colony - a territory controlled by another country有点像新成立的美国。在这两个新地方，贫穷的poor - having little money人们有机会拥有own - to possess土地land - ground or property，即使他们不是贵族noblemen - men of high social rank。
The nation国家/ˈneɪʃən/ of France watched the American revolt反叛/rɪˈvoʊlt/ against the English king with fascination迷恋/ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/. The French even joined in to help the Americans win their freedom自由/ˈfridəm/. But then they went home to an absolute专制的/ˈæbsəlut/ monarch君主/ˈmɑnərk/: Louis XVI.
法兰西国家nation - a country怀着迷恋fascination - intense interest的心情观看美国人对英国国王的反叛revolt - rebellion or uprising。法国人甚至加入其中帮助美国人赢得他们的自由freedom - liberty or independence。但随后他们回到家面对一位专制的absolute - having unlimited power君主monarch - a king or queen：路易十六。
France was an unhappy不幸的/ʌnˈhæpi/ country. Louis XIV had spent most of France's money金钱/ˈmʌni/ to build his huge palace宫殿/ˈpæləs/ of Versailles and to carry on long wars战争/wɔrz/. Both of these kings国王/kɪŋz/ had forced the poor people of France to pay more and more taxes税收/ˈtæksɪz/—while the rich paid almost nothing.
法国是一个不幸的unhappy - sad or troubled国家。路易十四花费了法国大部分的金钱money - currency or wealth来建造他巨大的凡尔赛宫殿palace - a royal residence并进行长期战争wars - armed conflicts。这两位国王kings - male monarchs都强迫法国的穷人缴纳越来越多的税收taxes - money paid to government——而富人几乎什么都不付。
The French thought of themselves as divided into three different parts, or estates等级/ɪˈsteɪts/. Roman Catholic priests牧师/prists/ were the First Estate. The noblemen贵族/ˈnoʊbəlmən/ of France were the Second Estate. They spent months at Versailles with the king and served as his generals将军/ˈdʒɛnərəlz/, ministers大臣/ˈmɪnɪstərz/, and ambassadors大使/æmˈbæsədərz/.
法国人认为自己分为三个不同的部分，或等级estates - social classes。罗马天主教牧师priests - religious leaders是第一等级。法国的贵族noblemen - people of high birth是第二等级。他们在凡尔赛与国王度过数月，担任他的将军generals - military commanders、大臣ministers - government officials和大使ambassadors - diplomatic representatives。
There were about thirty thousand people in the Second Estate. But there were twenty-six million people in the Third Estate. All of the merchants商人/ˈmɜrtʃənts/, shopkeepers店主/ˈʃɑpˌkipərz/, doctors医生/ˈdɑktərz/, farmers农民/ˈfɑrmərz/, lawyers律师/ˈlɔjərz/, and peasants农民/ˈpɛzənts/ of France belonged to the Third Estate.
第二等级大约有三万人。但第三等级有二千六百万人。法国所有的商人merchants - traders or businesspeople、店主shopkeepers - store owners、医生doctors - medical professionals、农民farmers - people who grow crops、律师lawyers - legal professionals和农民peasants - rural workers都属于第三等级。
They were poor, and they were hungry饥饿的/ˈhʌŋgri/; France was suffering from the worst wheat小麦/wit/ crops in hundreds of years, and there was no bread面包/brɛd/. An Englishman traveling in France was shocked at the hunger of the peasants. They looked, he said, like scarecrows稻草人/ˈskɛrˌkroʊz/.
他们贫穷，他们饥饿hungry - needing food；法国正遭受数百年来最糟糕的小麦wheat - a cereal grain歉收，没有面包bread - basic food made from grain。一位在法国旅行的英国人对农民的饥饿状况感到震惊。他说，他们看起来像稻草人scarecrows - figures to scare birds。
Meanwhile, the noblemen went on spending millions on parties, clothes, coaches, and gambling赌博/ˈgæmblɪŋ/. Louis XVI suggested that the Second Estate start to pay taxes. But the noblemen refused拒绝/rɪˈfjuzd/! His young queen王后/kwin/, Marie Antoinette, spent her time dancing at balls, buying expensive dresses, and playing cards.
与此同时，贵族们继续在聚会、服装、马车和赌博gambling - betting money on games上花费数百万。路易十六建议第二等级开始缴税。但贵族们拒绝refused - said no了！他年轻的王后queen - king's wife玛丽·安托瓦内特把时间花在舞会上跳舞、购买昂贵的礼服和打牌上。
When the Declaration宣言/ˌdɛkləˈreɪʃən/ of Independence was published in America, it was translated into French and published in France as well. Millions of French people read its words about freedom自由/ˈfridəm/ and equality平等/ɪˈkwɑləti/. Wasn't a shopkeeper or farmer the equal平等的/ˈikwəl/ of a lazy aristocrat贵族/əˈrɪstəˌkræt/?
当《独立宣言Declaration - a formal statement》在美国发表时，它被翻译成法语并在法国发表。数百万法国人阅读了其中关于自由freedom - liberty和平等equality - being equal的话语。难道店主或农民不应该与懒惰的贵族aristocrat - person of noble rank平等equal - the same in status吗？
In May of 1789, delegates代表/ˈdɛləˌgeɪts/ from all over France came to Versailles to talk about taxes. One of those lawyers was named Maximilien马克西米连/ˌmæksɪˈmɪljən/ de Robespierre. The members of the Third Estate soon were fed up with the meeting. They were told that they could only wear black clothes, to show that they were less important than the members of the First and Second Estates.
在1789年5月，来自法国各地的代表delegates - representatives来到凡尔赛讨论税收问题。其中一位律师名叫马克西米连Maximilien - a French name·德·罗伯斯庇尔。第三等级的成员很快就受够了这次会议。他们被告知只能穿黑色衣服，以显示他们不如第一和第二等级的成员重要。
The Third Estate renamed the meeting The National国民/ˈnæʃənəl/ Assembly议会/əˈsɛmbli/ and begged the priests of the First Estate to join them. Many priests, who had spent years working in poor towns where the people were starving, agreed. So the new National Assembly met on a tennis网球/ˈtɛnɪs/ court and took an oath called the Tennis Court Oath, swearing to make a new Constitution宪法/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən/ for France.
第三等级将会议重新命名为国民National - relating to a nation议会Assembly - a gathering of representatives，并恳求第一等级的牧师加入他们。许多在贫困城镇工作多年、见证人民挨饿的牧师同意了。于是新的国民议会在网球tennis - a racket sport场上集会，宣誓制定网球场誓言，发誓要为法国制定新的宪法Constitution - fundamental law。
In Paris, only twelve miles away, word spread of the Third Estate's revolt. The common people of Paris began to arm武装/ɑrm/ themselves, ready to support the National Assembly. But to fight off the soldiers, they needed gunpowder火药/ˈgʌnˌpaʊdər/. Where could they find some? "The Bastille巴士底狱/bæˈstil/!" someone yelled.
在距离只有十二英里的巴黎，第三等级反叛的消息传开了。巴黎的平民开始武装arm - to provide with weapons自己，准备支持国民议会。但要打退士兵，他们需要火药gunpowder - explosive powder。他们能在哪里找到一些呢？"巴士底狱Bastille - a fortress prison in Paris！"有人喊道。
The Bastille, the royal prison监狱/ˈprɪzən/ of Paris, was an old fortress要塞/ˈfɔrtrəs/ with eight towers and walls fifteen feet thick. The mob started to push cannons大炮/ˈkænənz/ up and aim them at the walls. Only seven prisoners were inside, but the revolutionaries freed them, took the gunpowder, chopped off the keeper's head, and ran through the streets with it stuck on the edge of a pike.
巴士底狱，巴黎的皇家监狱prison - a place for confining criminals，是一座有八座塔楼和十五英尺厚城墙的古老要塞fortress - a fortified building。暴民开始推动大炮cannons - large guns并瞄准城墙。里面只有七名囚犯，但革命者释放了他们，取走了火药，砍下了狱卒的头，并把头挑在长矛尖上在街道上奔跑。
It was July 14th, 1789. The Bastille had fallen—and so had the power of the French king. The Fall of the Bastille is still a holiday节日/ˈhɑləˌdeɪ/ in France, just as July 4th is a holiday in the United States. Now the commoners ruled in Paris. Throughout the countryside, peasants revolted, invaded the mansions of the rich, and murdered the hated noblemen of the Second Estate.
那是1789年7月14日。巴士底狱倒下了——法国国王的权力也倒下了。巴士底狱的陷落至今仍是法国的节日holiday - a day of celebration，就像7月4日是美国的节日一样。现在平民在巴黎掌权了。在整个乡村，农民起义，入侵富人的宅邸，杀死了第二等级中被仇恨的贵族。

The Reign of Terror / 恐怖统治

The clergy and the well-off members of the Third Estate—the doctors, lawyers, and merchants—wanted to put Louis XVI back on the throne王座/θroʊn/, as long as the new Constitution gave him almost no power. But most of the Third Estate, led by Maximilien de Robespierre, insisted that France would be better off with no king at all.
神职人员和第三等级的富裕成员——医生、律师和商人——想让路易十六重新坐上王座throne - a ceremonial chair for a monarch，只要新宪法几乎不给他任何权力。但第三等级的大多数人，在马克西米连·德·罗伯斯庇尔的领导下，坚持认为法国没有国王会更好。
The Assembly declared that there would be no more titles in France. No Frenchman could be a duke or a baron. Instead, everyone would be given the title Citizen公民/ˈsɪtəzən/. Some of these Royalists保皇党/ˈrɔɪəlɪsts/ plotted with Louis XVI to sneak the royal family out of the palace so that they could flee to the north of France.
议会宣布法国将不再有头衔。没有法国人可以成为公爵或男爵。相反，每个人都将被授予公民Citizen - a member of a state的称号。一些保皇党Royalists - supporters of monarchy与路易十六密谋，要偷偷将王室家族带出宫殿，这样他们就可以逃到法国北部。
Then, the commander of the Prussian Army sent a message to the National Assembly. "Hurt the king or his family," the message warned, "and Prussia will invade France and destroy all of Paris." When the people of Paris heard about this threat, they shouted, "The king is a traitor叛徒/ˈtreɪtər/!" Twenty thousand men and women stormed the palace of Tuileries, killed the king's Swiss guard, and dragged the royal family to a dark dungeon called the Temple.
然后，普鲁士军队的指挥官向国民议会发送了一条消息。"伤害国王或他的家人，"消息警告说，"普鲁士将入侵法国并摧毁整个巴黎。"当巴黎人民听到这个威胁时，他们喊道："国王是叛徒traitor - one who betrays their country！"两万男女冲进杜伊勒里宫，杀死了国王的瑞士卫队，并将王室家族拖到一个叫圣殿的黑暗地牢。
On January 21st, 1793, Louis XVI was taken out of his cell. He was marched to the town square at the center of Paris, where the guillotine断头台/ˈgɪləˌtin/, a sharp blade that dropped down on the necks of its victims, waited. The executioner刽子手/ˈɛksəˌkjuʃənər/ cut his hair short so that the blade would slice cleanly. A soldier held up his head and shouted, "Long live the Republic共和国/rɪˈpʌblɪk/!"
在1793年1月21日，路易十六被带出他的牢房。他被押送到巴黎市中心的广场，那里等待着断头台guillotine - a device for execution，一把锋利的刀片会落在受害者的脖子上。刽子手executioner - person who carries out executions剪短了他的头发，这样刀片就能干净地切下。一名士兵举起他的头喊道："共和国Republic - a state without a monarch万岁！"
The National Convention formed a new committee called the Committee of Public Safety, and put Maximilien de Robespierre at its head. Robespierre was given the power to arrest anyone suspected被怀疑的/səˈspɛktɪd/ of disloyalty to the Republic—and put them to death. The Reign统治/reɪn/ of Terror恐怖/ˈtɛrər/ had begun.
国民公会成立了一个叫做公共安全委员会的新委员会，并任命马克西米连·德·罗伯斯庇尔为负责人。罗伯斯庇尔被赋予逮捕任何被怀疑的suspected - believed to be guilty对共和国不忠的人的权力——并将他们处死。恐怖Terror - extreme fear统治Reign - period of rule开始了。
On October 16th, nine months after her husband's death, Marie Antoinette was driven to the guillotine in a rough farm cart called a tumbril囚车/ˈtʌmbrəl/. She was only thirty-seven, but when the executioner held up her head, everyone could see that her hair had turned pure white. By the time that sixteen thousand French citizens had been guillotined, the National Convention started to worry about Robespierre.
在10月16日，她丈夫死后九个月，玛丽·安托瓦内特被用一辆叫做囚车tumbril - a cart for carrying condemned prisoners的粗糙农用车载到断头台。她只有三十七岁，但当刽子手举起她的头时，每个人都能看到她的头发已经变成了纯白色。到一万六千名法国公民被送上断头台时，国民公会开始担心罗伯斯庇尔。
Robespierre got wind of the Convention's doubts. He stormed before a meeting of the convention, yelling that a plot was being formed against him. The National Convention did not like to be threatened! The next day, Robespierre was arrested and dragged away to the guillotine where so many others had died. The Reign of Terror was over. France had no more king, no more Robespierre—and no more leaders.
罗伯斯庇尔察觉到了公会的怀疑。他冲到公会会议前，大喊有人正在策划对付他的阴谋。国民公会不喜欢被威胁！第二天，罗伯斯庇尔被逮捕并被拖到断头台，就是那么多其他人死去的地方。恐怖统治结束了。法国没有了国王，没有了罗伯斯庇尔——也没有了领导者。
[原书地图：凯瑟琳大帝统治时期的俄国地图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础政治词汇 / Basic Political Vocabulary
revolution
/ˌrɛvəˈluʃən/
中文：革命
定义：A complete change in government or political system
例句：The French Revolution changed the course of history.
monarch
/ˈmɑnərk/
中文：君主
定义：A king or queen who rules a country
例句：Louis XVI was an absolute monarch with unlimited power.
estates
/ɪˈsteɪts/
中文：等级
定义：Social classes or groups in French society
例句：France was divided into three estates before the revolution.
assembly
/əˈsɛmbli/
中文：议会
定义：A group of people gathered together for a common purpose
例句：The National Assembly represented the common people of France.
republic
/rɪˈpʌblɪk/
中文：共和国
定义：A country without a king or queen, governed by elected representatives
例句：France became a republic after executing the king.
constitution
/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən/
中文：宪法
定义：A set of fundamental laws that govern a country
例句：The revolutionaries wanted to write a new constitution for France.
历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms
Bastille
/bæˈstil/
中文：巴士底狱
定义：A fortress prison in Paris that became a symbol of royal oppression
例句：The storming of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
guillotine
/ˈgɪləˌtin/
中文：断头台
定义：A machine used for execution during the French Revolution
例句：The guillotine was considered a more humane method of execution.
terror
/ˈtɛrər/
中文：恐怖
定义：Extreme fear or the period of violence during the French Revolution
例句：The Reign of Terror claimed thousands of lives.
nobility
/noʊˈbɪləti/
中文：贵族阶层
定义：The class of people with high social rank
例句：The nobility enjoyed privileges that common people did not have.
peasants
/ˈpɛzənts/
中文：农民
定义：Poor farmers or agricultural workers
例句：The peasants suffered from heavy taxes and poor harvests.
traitor
/ˈtreɪtər/
中文：叛徒
定义：Someone who betrays their country or cause
例句：The people called the king a traitor for seeking foreign help.
行为动作词汇 / Actions & Activities
revolt
/rɪˈvoʊlt/
中文：反叛
定义：To rebel against authority or government
例句：The French watched the American revolt with fascination.
execute
/ˈɛksəˌkjut/
中文：处决
定义：To carry out a death sentence
例句：The revolutionaries decided to execute the king.
storm
/stɔrm/
中文：攻击
定义：To attack suddenly and with force
例句：The crowd stormed the Bastille to get gunpowder.
flee
/fli/
中文：逃跑
定义：To run away quickly to escape danger
例句：Many nobles tried to flee France during the revolution.
arrest
/əˈrɛst/
中文：逮捕
定义：To take someone into custody by legal authority
例句：Robespierre could arrest anyone suspected of disloyalty.
threaten
/ˈθrɛtən/
中文：威胁
定义：To express an intention to harm someone
例句：Prussia threatened to invade France if the king was harmed.
基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary
bread
/brɛd/
中文：面包
定义：A basic food made from flour and water
例句：There was no bread because of the poor wheat harvest.
hungry
/ˈhʌŋgri/
中文：饥饿的
定义：Feeling the need for food
例句：The poor people were hungry because they had no money for food.
taxes
/ˈtæksɪz/
中文：税收
定义：Money that people must pay to the government
例句：The Third Estate paid heavy taxes while the nobles paid nothing.
freedom
/ˈfridəm/
中文：自由
定义：The state of being free from oppression
例句：The French people wanted freedom from the king's rule.
equality
/ɪˈkwɑləti/
中文：平等
定义：The state of being equal in rights and opportunities
例句：The Declaration of Independence spoke about equality for all people.
palace
/ˈpæləs/
中文：宫殿
定义：A large, impressive building where royalty lives
例句：The Palace of Versailles was built by Louis XIV.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics