Chapter 15 - A New World in Conflict / 第十五章 - 新世界的冲突

War Against the Colonies: King Philip's War / 殖民地战争：菲利普王战争

While the kings of Europe fought and schemed to make their kingdoms larger, the English colonies in North America were growing larger all on their own. More and more men and women were making the long journey across the Atlantic Ocean. New settlements spread across Massachusetts, over into the land we now call Rhode Island and Connecticut.

当欧洲的国王们争斗和谋划着扩大他们的王国时，北美的英国殖民地正在自行发展壮大。越来越多的男男女女踏上了横跨大西洋的漫长旅程。新的定居点遍布马萨诸塞州，延伸到我们现在称为罗德岛和康涅狄格的土地上。

New settlers built more houses, cleared more fields, and chopped down more trees. They needed more space. And so they kept moving further west—and further into Native American lands—until the Wampanoag tribe decided to fight back.

新移民建造了更多房屋，开垦了更多田地，砍伐了更多的树木。他们需要更多的空间。于是他们不断向西迁移——深入印第安人的土地——直到万帕诺亚格部落决定反击。

At first, the Wampanoag and the English had been friends. When the English settlers first came to Massachusetts, the Wampanoag showed them how to fish, how to trap game, and how to survive the harsh northern winters. But as the Massachusetts colony grew larger, the colonists no longer needed the Wampanoag.

起初，万帕诺亚格人和英国人是朋友。当英国移民第一次来到马萨诸塞州时，万帕诺亚格人教他们如何捕鱼，如何捕猎野兽，以及如何在严酷的北方冬季生存。但随着马萨诸塞殖民地的发展壮大，殖民者们不再需要万帕诺亚格人了。

They grew their own crops, and traded their own goods to European merchant ships in exchange for the salt, weapons, and seeds that they needed. And they forced the Wampanoag to give them more land for their growing town.

他们种植自己的农作物，与欧洲商船进行贸易，用自己的货物换取他们需要的盐、武器和种子。他们强迫万帕诺亚格人给他们更多的土地来建设不断发展的城镇。

The king of the Wampanoag tribe, Metacom, saw that his kingdom was vanishing. When his people went to fish in their favorite streams, the banks were crowded with colonists. When they walked in their hunting grounds, English hunters lurked behind trees, waiting for deer. "I am resolved," Metacom announced to a friend, "that I will not see the day when I have no kingdom."

万帕诺亚格部落的酋长梅塔科姆看到他的王国正在消失。当他的人民去他们最喜欢的溪流捕鱼时，河岸上挤满了殖民者。当他们在自己的狩猎场行走时，英国猎人躲在树后，等待鹿群。"我决心，"梅塔科姆对朋友宣布，"绝不会看到我失去王国的那一天。"

One cold January morning, a young Wampanoag man left his tiny village and hurried down the icy dirt road, toward Plymouth Bay. He had grown up in Metacom's kingdom, but in his teens he had gone to the new little college built by the English to train Christian ministers. At this little college, which the English called Harvard, the Wampanoag boy had been given the English name John Sassamon.

一个寒冷的一月早晨，一个年轻的万帕诺亚格人离开了他的小村庄，匆忙走在结冰的土路上，朝普利茅斯湾走去。他在梅塔科姆的王国长大，但在十几岁时，他去了英国人建立的新小学院学习，培训基督教牧师。在这个英国人称为哈佛的小学院里，这个万帕诺亚格男孩被起了英文名字约翰·萨萨蒙。

John Sassamon knew Metacom well. Because John could read and write in English, Metacom had often asked him to carry messages to the English leaders. But now John Sassamon carried a warning.

约翰·萨萨蒙很了解梅塔科姆。因为约翰能用英语读写，梅塔科姆经常请他向英国领导人传递信息。但现在约翰·萨萨蒙带来的是警告。

John walked for hours, shivering in the grey winter air. His feet grew numb with cold. Finally, the tall wooden walls of the Plymouth fortress came into view. John Sassamon hurried through the gates. "Where is the governor?" he asked. "I must speak to him right away!"

约翰走了几个小时，在灰色的冬日空气中颤抖。他的脚被冻得失去了知觉。终于，普利茅斯堡垒的高大木墙出现在眼前。约翰·萨萨蒙匆忙穿过大门。"总督在哪里？"他问道。"我必须立刻和他谈话！"

The governor of Plymouth, Josiah Winslow, was busy with paperwork. But John Sassamon waited, anxiously glancing back at Plymouth's strong walls. When he was finally brought into the governor's office, he spoke so quickly that Winslow could barely understand him. "King Metacom is raising an army!" he blurted out. "He's asking every other tribe to join with him to fight against you. He plans to drive the English back to their home! I've come to warn you. But please, please don't send me back. He doesn't know I'm here, and if the warriors find out that I've warned you, they'll kill me!"

普利茅斯的总督约西亚·温斯洛正忙着处理文件。但约翰·萨萨蒙等待着，焦虑地回望普利茅斯坚固的城墙。当他终于被带进总督办公室时，他说话如此急促，以至于温斯洛几乎听不懂他的话。"梅塔科姆王正在组建军队！"他脱口而出。"他在请求其他每个部落加入他对抗你们。他计划把英国人赶回他们的家乡！我来警告你们。但请你们，请不要让我回去。他不知道我在这里，如果战士们发现我警告了你们，他们会杀了我！"

Winslow sighed. Like many English, he thought that the Wampanoag were stupid and not to be trusted. "You can hardly believe an Indian," he remarked to a friend, "even when they tell the truth." He turned to John Sassamon. "Go back home," he said. "Plymouth Plantation is safe."

温斯洛叹了口气。像许多英国人一样，他认为万帕诺亚格人很愚蠢，不值得信任。"你很难相信一个印第安人，"他对朋友说，"即使他们说的是真相。"他转向约翰·萨萨蒙。"回家去吧，"他说。"普利茅斯种植园是安全的。"

Sassamon pleaded to stay, but Winslow refused. When Sassamon left the fortress, his eyes were filled with tears. A week later, John Sassamon disappeared. His body was found, frozen into the ice of a pond. His neck was broken.

萨萨蒙恳求留下，但温斯洛拒绝了。当萨萨蒙离开堡垒时，他的眼中充满了泪水。一周后，约翰·萨萨蒙消失了。他的尸体被发现时，已经冻在池塘的冰里。他的脖子断了。

Josiah Winslow and the Plymouth Plantation leaders took alarm. Perhaps Sassamon's fears had been real! When two men came forward, claiming that they had seen three Wampanoag warriors kill Sassamon and throw him into the pond, the English decided to show Metacom who was really in charge of Massachusetts. English soldiers arrested the warriors and brought them to Plymouth. The Wampanoag warriors were tried, convicted of murder—and executed.

约西亚·温斯洛和普利茅斯种植园的领导人们感到了警觉。也许萨萨蒙的担心是真的！当两个人站出来，声称他们看到三个万帕诺亚格战士杀死了萨萨蒙并把他扔进池塘时，英国人决定向梅塔科姆展示谁才是马萨诸塞州真正的主人。英国士兵逮捕了那些战士并把他们带到普利茅斯。万帕诺亚格战士被审判，被判犯有谋杀罪——并被处死。

Metacom was furious! How dare the English invade his village and drag away his warriors? Three days after the execution, Metacom and his men attacked a little Plymouth settlement, burning houses and driving the settlers away. War had begun.

梅塔科姆愤怒了！英国人怎么敢入侵他的村庄并拖走他的战士？处决三天后，梅塔科姆和他的手下攻击了一个小的普利茅斯定居点，烧毁房屋，驱赶定居者。战争开始了。

The war between the English and the Wampanoag dragged on for months. The colonists had more guns—but the Native Americans were better at surprise attacks and ambushes. And Metacom convinced other Native American tribes nearby to join with him in his war against the English.

英国人和万帕诺亚格人之间的战争拖延了几个月。殖民者有更多的枪支——但印第安人更擅长突然袭击和伏击。梅塔科姆说服了附近其他印第安部落加入他对抗英国人的战争。

Native American warriors burned English settlements, killed English colonists, and took others captive, only releasing them in exchange for money and weapons. One of these captured women, Mary Rowlandson, wrote about the attack on her house. "It was the dolefulest day that ever mine eyes saw," she lamented.

印第安战士烧毁了英国定居点，杀死了英国殖民者，并俘虏了其他人作为俘虏，只有在交换金钱和武器后才释放他们。其中一位被俘虏的女性，玛丽·罗兰森，写下了对她房子的攻击。"这是我眼中见过的最悲伤的一天，"她哀叹道。

After eight months of war, thirteen hundred Englishmen from Plymouth banded together to make the strongest attack yet against Metacom's forces. Metacom and his warriors had joined together with another tribe, the Narragansett, and were camped out in the middle of a treacherous swamp. The Englishmen sloshed through the swamp and attacked Metacom's camp. The battle, which became known as the Great Swamp Fight, almost wiped out the Native American warriors!

经过八个月的战争，来自普利茅斯的一千三百名英国人联合起来，对梅塔科姆的部队发动了迄今为止最强烈的攻击。梅塔科姆和他的战士与另一个部落纳拉甘西特联合，在一个危险的沼泽中央扎营。英国人涉水穿过沼泽，攻击了梅塔科姆的营地。这场被称为大沼泽战斗的战斗，几乎消灭了所有印第安战士！

Metacom himself fled west, into the colony of New York, and tried to convince the Mohawk tribe to give him fresh warriors and weapons. When the Mohawks refused, Metacom tried to keep on fighting with his remaining men. But his shrinking war band could not resist forever. Eight months after the Great Swamp Fight, English soldiers surrounded Metacom's camp. Metacom escaped, but his wife and nine-year-old son were captured and sold as slaves to South America.

梅塔科姆本人逃到西部，进入纽约殖民地，试图说服莫霍克部落给他新的战士和武器。当莫霍克人拒绝时，梅塔科姆试图继续用他剩下的手下战斗。但他不断缩小的战斗队伍无法永远抵抗。大沼泽战斗八个月后，英国士兵包围了梅塔科姆的营地。梅塔科姆逃脱了，但他的妻子和九岁的儿子被俘虏并作为奴隶卖到南美洲。

Metacom evaded the English for ten more days—but was surrounded in the middle of a swamp, unable to get away. A Native American warrior who had joined the English forces shot Metacom. The English then cut off his head, paraded back to Plymouth in triumph, and put Metacom's head up on a pole in the middle of the settlement—where it remained for years!

梅塔科姆又躲避了英国人十天——但在沼泽中被包围，无法逃脱。一个加入英国军队的印第安战士射杀了梅塔科姆。英国人随后砍下了他的头，胜利地游行回到普利茅斯，并把梅塔科姆的头颅放在定居点中央的一根杆子上——在那里保留了数年！

Because the English called Metacom "King Philip," this war became known as King Philip's War. Twelve English towns had been burned to the ground. One out of every sixteen men had died. Crops had been destroyed and farms leveled. In the following winters, many colonists died of starvation.

因为英国人称梅塔科姆为"菲利普王"，这场战争被称为菲利普王战争。十二个英国城镇被烧为平地。每十六个男人中就有一个死亡。农作物被毁坏，农场被夷为平地。在接下来的冬天里，许多殖民者死于饥饿。

But more than three thousand Native Americans had died as well. Whole villages had been burned. Entire tribes had been killed; the few remaining members of those tribes scattered, many fleeing to the north. Now the English could continue to spread across North America, across land left empty by King Philip's War.

但是三千多名印第安人也死了。整个村庄被烧毁。整个部落被杀死；那些部落中剩下的少数成员四散而逃，许多人逃到北方。现在英国人可以继续在北美扩展，穿越因菲利普王战争而变得空旷的土地。

War Against the Colonies: Louis XIV Saves New France / 殖民地战争：路易十四拯救新法兰西

Up north of Massachusetts, the French colonies were also fighting with Native American enemies. The people of New France had done their best to be friends with the Native Americans nearby. Years before, Samuel Champlain had been careful to make friends with the nearest tribe, the Hurons. He gave them presents, slept and ate in their villages, and helped them fight against their enemies.

在马萨诸塞州北部，法国殖民地也在与印第安敌人作战。新法兰西的人民尽力与附近的印第安人做朋友。多年前，塞缪尔·尚普兰小心地与最近的部落休伦人建立友谊。他给他们礼物，在他们的村庄里睡觉和吃饭，帮助他们对抗敌人。

But the Hurons suffered from this friendship! The French gave the Hurons presents, but they also passed along a terrible new disease called smallpox. The Hurons had never been near smallpox before, so their bodies couldn't recognize the germs and fight them off. They began to grow ill. Rashes spread across their faces. They had trouble breathing and swallowing. Over half of the Huron tribe died from smallpox!

但是休伦人因这种友谊而受苦！法国人给休伦人礼物，但他们也传播了一种叫做天花的可怕新疾病。休伦人以前从未接触过天花，所以他们的身体无法识别细菌并抵抗它们。他们开始生病。皮疹遍布他们的脸部。他们呼吸和吞咽困难。超过一半的休伦部落死于天花！

Another Native American tribe that lived nearby, the Iroquois, saw that the Hurons had become weak from illness. The Iroquois had always been more warlike than the Hurons. So Iroquois armies invaded Huron land, burned Huron camps and longhouses, and killed hundreds of Huron men and women. The Huron tribe disintegrated, and the triumphant Iroquois claimed their land.

附近居住的另一个印第安部落易洛魁人看到休伦人因疾病而变得虚弱。易洛魁人一直比休伦人更好战。所以易洛魁军队入侵了休伦人的土地，烧毁了休伦人的营地和长屋，杀死了数百名休伦男女。休伦部落解体了，胜利的易洛魁人占领了他们的土地。

Then the Iroquois set out to destroy New France—because the French had been friends and allies of the Hurons. Small parties of Iroquois warriors raided farms in Quebec, burning houses and killing settlers. Other war bands laid siege to Montreal, the largest settlement in New France. The settlers fought back. But the fierce and determined Iroquois were experts at forest fighting.

然后易洛魁人开始摧毁新法兰西——因为法国人是休伦人的朋友和盟友。小股易洛魁战士袭击魁北克的农场，烧毁房屋，杀死定居者。其他战争团体对新法兰西最大的定居点蒙特利尔进行围攻。定居者进行反击。但凶猛而坚决的易洛魁人是森林战斗的专家。

They appeared and disappeared with bewildering speed, leaving death and destruction behind them. The attacks went on and on. More and more French settlers left the dangerous lands of New France and went home! The colony shrank until it had almost disappeared. But then the king of France, Louis XIV, stepped in to rescue New France.

他们以令人困惑的速度出现和消失，留下死亡和毁灭。攻击持续不断。越来越多的法国定居者离开了新法兰西的危险土地回到家乡！殖民地收缩到几乎消失。但是法国国王路易十四介入拯救新法兰西。

Louis XIV, the Sun King, had spent years fighting wars to expand his French empire. He didn't intend to lose his colonies in the New World! So he sent soldiers from the French army over to fight the Iroquois. He promised these soldiers that he would give them land in the New World if they would save New France.

路易十四，太阳王，多年来一直在打仗以扩大他的法国帝国。他不打算失去他在新世界的殖民地！所以他派法国军队的士兵去对抗易洛魁人。他承诺这些士兵，如果他们拯救新法兰西，他将在新世界给他们土地。

The French soldiers sailed to New France and marched off their ship, ready to fight. They had muskets and cannons. They had already fought bloody wars on the battlefields of Europe—and they were sure that they could defeat the "savages" of North America. They were wrong! The battlefields of Europe hadn't prepared them to fight in thick woods and tangled brush. Even with their bullets and cannonballs, the French soldiers weren't able to defeat the Iroquois nation.

法国士兵航行到新法兰西，从船上行军下来，准备战斗。他们有火枪和大炮。他们已经在欧洲的战场上打过血腥的战争——他们确信可以击败北美的"野蛮人"。他们错了！欧洲的战场没有让他们准备好在茂密的森林和纠缠的灌木中战斗。即使有子弹和炮弹，法国士兵也无法击败易洛魁民族。

But they did manage to protect the settlements of New France from attack. Finally, the Iroquois agreed to observe an uneasy peace. They retreated back to their own land, and the French soldiers settled down on their new land, ready to begin new lives.

但他们确实设法保护了新法兰西的定居点免受攻击。最终，易洛魁人同意遵守不安的和平。他们退回到自己的土地，法国士兵在他们的新土地上定居下来，准备开始新的生活。

Now they were faced with a different problem. Louis XIV had sent hundreds of soldiers—all men—to New France. These soldiers wanted to start families and raise lots of little French Canadians. But there were six men for every woman in New France! Once more, Louis XIV came to the rescue. He announced that he would pay young Frenchwomen large amounts of money if they would go and live in the colonies.

现在他们面临着一个不同的问题。路易十四派了数百名士兵——全是男人——到新法兰西。这些士兵想要组建家庭，抚养许多小法裔加拿大人。但新法兰西每六个男人只有一个女人！路易十四再次前来营救。他宣布，如果年轻的法国女性愿意去殖民地生活，他将支付她们大量金钱。

Many young women accepted the king's offer and sailed across the Atlantic to New France—where they were greeted with great joy by French soldiers looking for wives! These young women became known as filles du roi, or "daughters of the King."

许多年轻女性接受了国王的提议，航行穿越大西洋到新法兰西——在那里她们受到了寻找妻子的法国士兵的热烈欢迎！这些年轻女性被称为国王的女儿们，或"国王的女儿"。

Now that New France was a safer place to live, the colony began to grow once again. Farmers called habitants cultivated the fields of the New World. Fur traders called voyageurs sailed up and down the rivers, trading for furs. Ships from France came to the ports of New France, bringing French goods, newspapers, and more settlers.

现在新法兰西是一个更安全的居住地，殖民地开始再次发展。被称为居民的农民耕种新世界的田地。被称为航行者的毛皮商人在河流上航行，进行毛皮贸易。来自法国的船只到达新法兰西的港口，带来法国商品、报纸和更多定居者。

The towns of Quebec and Montreal grew larger and richer. The streets were laid with cobbles; stone houses stood proudly in the middle of each town. Silversmiths, wigmakers, and tailors worked hard on their crafts. The gentlemen and ladies of New France, like the courtiers of Louis XIV over in France, decked themselves with silk, lace, powdered wigs, and jewelry.

魁北克和蒙特利尔的城镇变得更大更富裕。街道铺着鹅卵石；石屋自豪地矗立在每个城镇的中央。银匠、假发师和裁缝努力从事他们的手工艺。新法兰西的绅士淑女们，就像法国路易十四的朝臣一样，用丝绸、蕾丝、扑粉假发和珠宝装扮自己。

But the Iroquois had not given up. Once again, they began to attack the rich towns and farms of New France. One October morning, the farm of François Jarret lay peacefully under the mellow fall sun. François Jarret was a seigneur, an army officer who had been rewarded with a large farm. Jarret's farm was called Verchères. Many farmers lived on the lands of Verchères, cultivating Jarret's fields for him.

但易洛魁人没有放弃。他们再次开始攻击新法兰西的富裕城镇和农场。十月的一个早晨，弗朗索瓦·雅雷的农场在温和的秋日阳光下静静地躺着。弗朗索瓦·雅雷是一位领主，一位因功绩而获得大农场奖励的军官。雅雷的农场叫做韦尔谢雷。许多农民住在韦尔谢雷的土地上，为雅雷耕种田地。

On this particular morning, François Jarret and his wife were both away from the fort, tending to business in the nearby town. Their fourteen-year-old daughter Marie-Madeleine was walking through the fields. She could just see the fort in the distance. Birds sang in the trees nearby, and the cool fall air moved against her face.

在这个特殊的早晨，弗朗索瓦·雅雷和他的妻子都离开了堡垒，在附近的城镇处理事务。他们十四岁的女儿玛丽-玛德莱娜正在田野里走着。她刚好能看到远处的堡垒。附近树上的鸟儿在歌唱，凉爽的秋风吹在她的脸上。

Suddenly, Marie-Madeleine heard gunshots in the distance. Then she heard a terrifying sound: the voices of farmers, screaming, "Save yourselves! The Iroquois are attacking!" She turned—and saw a band of fifty Iroquois warriors charging toward her. She ran toward the fort as fast as she could!

突然，玛丽-玛德莱娜听到远处的枪声。然后她听到了一个可怕的声音：农民们的声音，在尖叫，"救救你们自己！易洛魁人在攻击！"她转过身——看到一群五十个易洛魁战士向她冲来。她尽快跑向堡垒！

Later, Madeleine wrote down the events of that day. This is a simpler version of her story: The Iroquois who were chasing me found that I was too far ahead for them to capture. So they started to shoot at me. Bullets whizzed by me! As soon as I came close enough for the guards inside the fort to hear me, I started shouting, "Get your weapons! Please, come and save me!" But no one appeared at the walls!

后来，玛德莱娜写下了那天的事件。这是她故事的简化版本：追赶我的易洛魁人发现我跑得太远，他们无法抓住我。所以他们开始向我射击。子弹在我身边嗖嗖作响！当我足够接近堡垒内的守卫能听到我的声音时，我开始喊叫，"拿起你们的武器！请来救我！"但是没有人出现在墙上！

Just as I reached the gate, the fastest warrior caught me by the handkerchief around my neck. I yanked it off, leaving it in his hand, slipped through the gate—and pushed it closed! I looked around me. There were a few gaps in the walls of the fort. I started shouting at the others inside the fort, "Put posts across the gaps! Repair the walls!" I grabbed one of the posts myself and put it into place.

就在我到达大门时，跑得最快的战士抓住了我脖子上的手帕。我把它扯掉，留在他手中，滑过大门——并推上了门！我环顾四周。堡垒的墙上有几个缝隙。我开始对堡垒内的其他人喊叫，"在缝隙上放上柱子！修补墙壁！"我自己抓起一根柱子把它放到位。

When the others saw me carrying a post, they began to fix the walls themselves. So I went to find the guards. I found one hiding. Another was inside the room where the ammunition and powder was kept. He was holding a lighted fuse! "What are you doing?" I shouted. He answered, "It's hopeless. We should blow ourselves up so that the Iroquois can't capture us." "Miserable man!" I screamed. "Give me that!"

当其他人看到我扛着柱子时，他们开始自己修补墙壁。所以我去找守卫。我发现一个人在躲藏。另一个在存放弹药和火药的房间里。他拿着一根点燃的导火索！"你在做什么？"我喊道。他回答，"没有希望了。我们应该炸死自己，这样易洛魁人就抓不到我们了。""可怜的人！"我尖叫道。"把那个给我！"

He gave me the fuse. I could see that no one else would lead us—so I took off my bonnet, put on a hat, and grabbed a gun. I found my two little brothers, who were twelve and ten. "Come on," I said. "Let's fight to the death for our country!" We loaded the cannons and shot them from the walls. The Iroquois were frightened by this and fell back a little.

他把导火索给了我。我可以看出没有其他人会领导我们——所以我摘下女帽，戴上男帽，抓起一把枪。我找到了我的两个小弟弟，分别十二岁和十岁。"来吧，"我说。"让我们为国家战斗到死！"我们装填大炮并从墙上射击。易洛魁人被这吓到了，稍微后退了一点。

Inside the fort, women were crying. I ordered them to be shut up in an inside room, so that our enemies would not know that we were frightened. The sun was setting. The sky was filling with clouds; snow and ice had begun to fall. I knew that the enemy would attack again as soon as the night grew dark. All night, we stood on the walls, guarding the fort against the invaders. I took one corner. My two brothers took two more. The last corner was guarded by a man of eighty years old! For eight days, we held the fort against our enemy.

在堡垒内，女人们在哭泣。我命令她们被关在内室，这样我们的敌人就不会知道我们害怕了。太阳正在下山。天空布满了云彩；雪和冰开始下降。我知道敌人会在夜幕降临时再次攻击。整夜，我们站在墙上，守卫堡垒抵抗入侵者。我守一个角落。我的两个弟弟守另外两个。最后一个角落由一个八十岁的老人守护！八天来，我们守住堡垒抵抗敌人。

Finally, French soldiers from a nearby settlement arrived and drove off the attackers. For her bravery, Marie-Madeleine de Vercheres became a French Canadian heroine. Her statue still stands in Quebec today.

最终，来自附近定居点的法国士兵到达并赶走了攻击者。因为她的勇敢，玛丽-玛德莱娜·德·韦尔谢雷成为了法裔加拿大女英雄。她的雕像今天仍矗立在魁北克。

William Penn's Holy Experiment / 威廉·佩恩的神圣实验

While the colonies in New France and New England fought for survival, a man named William Penn was working hard to build a different kind of colony. Penn wanted this new colony, Pennsylvania, to be a place of peace, brotherhood, and love—not a place of war. But the history of Pennsylvania was filled with trouble!

当新法兰西和新英格兰的殖民地为生存而战斗时，一个名叫威廉·佩恩的人正努力建立一种不同类型的殖民地。佩恩希望这个新殖民地宾夕法尼亚成为一个和平、兄弟情谊和爱的地方——而不是战争的地方。但宾夕法尼亚的历史充满了麻烦！

The story of Pennsylvania began in 1660, when William Penn was just sixteen and studying at the University of Oxford. The English had just decided to invite Charles II back to England. William's father, an officer in the English navy, commanded the ship that brought Charles II back to England. In gratitude, Charles II made William's father an admiral and a knight.

宾夕法尼亚的故事始于1660年，当时威廉·佩恩只有十六岁，在牛津大学学习。英国人刚决定邀请查理二世回到英国。威廉的父亲，英国海军的一名军官，指挥着载查理二世回英国的船。出于感激，查理二世让威廉的父亲成为海军上将和骑士。

And when Charles II was crowned in London, Admiral Penn loaned him sixteen thousand pounds for his treasury—more money than a farmer or merchant might earn in his entire lifetime! Admiral Penn wanted William to have a position at the new royal court—perhaps as an ambassador or army officer.

当查理二世在伦敦加冕时，佩恩海军上将借给他一万六千英镑作为国库资金——比农民或商人一生可能赚到的钱还要多！佩恩海军上将希望威廉在新的王室宫廷有一个职位——也许作为大使或军官。

But in Oxford, William had started going to the meetings of a religious group called the Society of Friends of the Truth. The Friends were nicknamed "Quakers" because people whispered that they "quaked," or shook, in the presence of God. Quakers refused to belong to the Church of England. Instead they gathered together in plain meetinghouses where they sat and prayed quietly, waiting for God's words to come directly into their hearts.

但在牛津，威廉开始参加一个叫做真理之友协会的宗教团体的聚会。朋友们被昵称为"贵格会教徒"，因为人们窃窃私语说他们在上帝面前会"颤抖"或摇动。贵格会教徒拒绝属于英国教会。相反，他们聚集在朴素的聚会所里，静静地坐着祈祷，等待上帝的话语直接进入他们的心中。

Quakers believed that every man and woman should be equal. So they refused to use the word "you" because, in those days, people used the word "you" when talking to superiors and the word "thee" when talking to equals. Quakers used "thee" when speaking to everyone. They wouldn't even take their hats off in the presence of the king! This looked a lot like rebellion—so Quakers were often arrested and put in jail.

贵格会教徒相信每个男人和女人都应该是平等的。所以他们拒绝使用"you"这个词，因为在那个时代，人们对上级说话时用"you"，对平等的人说话时用"thee"。贵格会教徒对每个人都用"thee"。他们甚至不愿意在国王面前脱帽！这看起来很像反叛——所以贵格会教徒经常被逮捕和关进监狱。

Admiral Penn didn't want William to become a Quaker. So he ordered William to come home from Oxford, and sent him to France instead. In France, William met Louis XIV and learned French dress and French manners at the glittering, beautiful, French court. When he returned, he seemed content to lead the life of a wealthy aristocrat. He went to parties and balls. He decided to become a soldier and had his portrait painted in a full suit of armor!

佩恩海军上将不希望威廉成为贵格会教徒。所以他命令威廉从牛津回家，并把他送到法国。在法国，威廉见到了路易十四，在光彩夺目、美丽的法国宫廷学会了法式服装和法式礼仪。当他回来时，他似乎满足于过富有贵族的生活。他参加聚会和舞会。他决定成为一名士兵，并让人为他画了一幅穿着全套盔甲的肖像！

But while William was playing the part of a fashionable young man, he was still thinking about Quaker ideas. Soon, William Penn was going to Quaker meetings once more. At the age of twenty-two, sitting in a Quaker meeting, William Penn was suddenly filled with joy. "The Lord visited me," he later said, "with a certain sound and testimony of his Eternal Word." Now William could no longer be a soldier; Quakers believed that fighting was wrong.

但当威廉扮演时尚年轻人的角色时，他仍在思考贵格会的思想。很快，威廉·佩恩再次参加贵格会聚会。在二十二岁时，坐在贵格会聚会中，威廉·佩恩突然充满了喜悦。"主拜访了我，"他后来说，"用他永恒话语的确定声音和见证。"现在威廉不能再当士兵了；贵格会教徒相信战斗是错误的。

And he certainly wouldn't be a royal ambassador; Quakers were not in favor at court. When Admiral Penn found out that his son had become a Quaker, he was so furious that he threw William out of the house and told him not to come back! William Penn went to live with friends in London. He wrote tracts defending Quaker beliefs, preached in public, and was thrown into jail.

他当然也不会成为王室大使；贵格会教徒在宫廷中不受欢迎。当佩恩海军上将发现他的儿子成为了贵格会教徒时，他如此愤怒，以至于把威廉赶出了家门，告诉他不要回来！威廉·佩恩去与伦敦的朋友们同住。他写小册子为贵格会信仰辩护，在公众场合传教，并被投入监狱。

When he was released, he learned that his father was dying. William Penn hurried home to sit by his father's side. Ten days later, Admiral Penn died. William spent the next three years writing and thinking about Quaker ideas. Meanwhile, all over England, Quakers were put in jail because of their beliefs. William Penn knew that, over in North America, Puritans had formed colonies where they could worship as they pleased. Why couldn't Quakers have a colony as well?

当他被释放时，他得知他的父亲正在死去。威廉·佩恩匆忙回家坐在父亲身边。十天后，佩恩海军上将去世了。威廉花了接下来的三年时间写作和思考贵格会思想。与此同时，在整个英国，贵格会教徒因为他们的信仰而被关进监狱。威廉·佩恩知道，在北美，清教徒建立了殖民地，可以按照他们的意愿崇拜。为什么贵格会教徒不能也有一个殖民地呢？

So William wrote to Charles II, reminding the king that he still owed the Penn family sixteen thousand pounds. He asked for the king to pay him back, not with money, but with land in North America. Charles II agreed—and he insisted that the land be called Pennsylvania in honor of William's father. In 1681, he gave William Penn a piece of land on the western bank of the Delaware River for his very own. The land was almost as big as the country of England!

所以威廉写信给查理二世，提醒国王他仍欠佩恩家族一万六千英镑。他要求国王还他，不是用金钱，而是用北美的土地。查理二世同意了——他坚持这块土地要叫宾夕法尼亚，以纪念威廉的父亲。在1681年，他给了威廉·佩恩一块位于特拉华河西岸的土地作为他自己的财产。这块土地几乎和英国一样大！

William Penn planned to use this land for a colony where Quaker ideas would be followed. He wanted the settlers to be like brothers, all equal to each other. The capital city would be called the City of Brotherly Love—in Greek, Philadelphia. The colonists would govern themselves! To help them, he wrote out directions, called the Frame of Government, that explained how the colony would run.

威廉·佩恩计划用这块土地建立一个遵循贵格会思想的殖民地。他希望定居者像兄弟一样，彼此平等。首都将被称为兄弟之爱之城——用希腊语说就是费城。殖民者将自治！为了帮助他们，他写了称为政府框架的指导原则，解释殖民地如何运作。

Colonists would vote to elect three groups of leaders: a council, an assembly, and a governor. The council would make laws, the assembly would vote on whether or not the laws should be passed, and the governor would make sure that laws were followed. That way, no one group of people would have all the power. Later, this Frame of Government would be a model for the American Constitution.

殖民者将投票选举三组领导人：议会、大会和总督。议会制定法律，大会投票决定是否应该通过法律，总督确保法律得到遵守。这样，没有一个群体会拥有所有权力。后来，这个政府框架成为美国宪法的模板。

William Penn didn't forget about the Native Americans either. He sent them a message promising to pay them for any land that the colonists used. In the directions for his new colony, he wrote, "No man shall by any ways or means, in word or deed, affront or wrong any Indian….The Indians shall have liberty to do all things…that any of the [colonists] shall enjoy."

威廉·佩恩也没有忘记印第安人。他给他们发了一条信息，承诺为殖民者使用的任何土地向他们付款。在他新殖民地的指导原则中，他写道："任何人都不得以任何方式或手段，在言语或行为上，冒犯或伤害任何印第安人……印第安人应有自由做所有事情……就像任何[殖民者]应享有的一样。"

In 1682, William Penn himself came over to Pennsylvania, bringing a hundred colonists with him. In the next year, twenty-three different ships arrived, one at a time, bringing new settlers—two thousand in all! But the governor of Maryland, the colony just south of Pennsylvania, watched Pennsylvania's growth with alarm. He thought that the Pennsylvania colonists were settling on land that ought to belong to Maryland.

在1682年，威廉·佩恩本人来到宾夕法尼亚，带来了一百名殖民者。在第二年，二十三艘不同的船只陆续到达，带来了新定居者——总共两千人！但马里兰州的总督，这个刚好在宾夕法尼亚南部的殖民地，惊恐地看着宾夕法尼亚的发展。他认为宾夕法尼亚殖民者正在本应属于马里兰的土地上定居。

Just two years after William Penn's arrival, the Maryland governor announced that he was going to sail to England and ask the king to give him part of Pennsylvania's land. William Penn didn't want to leave his colony so soon. But he had no choice. He had to follow the Maryland governor back over to England and defend Pennsylvania's right to its land! So, sadly, he boarded a ship and set out on the long journey across the Atlantic. He would not return for fifteen long years!

威廉·佩恩到达仅两年后，马里兰总督宣布他将航行到英国，要求国王给他一部分宾夕法尼亚的土地。威廉·佩恩不想这么快就离开他的殖民地。但他别无选择。他必须跟随马里兰总督回到英国，为宾夕法尼亚的土地权利辩护！所以，悲伤地，他登上了一艘船，开始了横跨大西洋的漫长旅程。他将有十五年不会回来！

When he arrived in England, he found that Charles II was too ill to see him. Not long after, Charles II died—without leaving a son behind him. His brother, James II, claimed the throne. But James II was Catholic. The people of England were horrified. Did this mean that England would become a Catholic country? And then something even more alarming happened: James II and his wife had a son. They planned to raise this little boy to be a good Catholic—and James's heir. Now, England might be facing a whole dynasty of Catholic kings!

当他到达英国时，他发现查理二世病得太重，无法见他。不久之后，查理二世去世了——没有留下儿子。他的兄弟詹姆斯二世声称王位。但詹姆斯二世是天主教徒。英国人民感到恐惧。这是否意味着英国将成为一个天主教国家？然后发生了更令人担忧的事情：詹姆斯二世和他的妻子有了一个儿子。他们计划将这个小男孩培养成一个好的天主教徒——和詹姆斯的继承人。现在，英国可能面临着整个天主教国王王朝！

The English Protestants revolted. They sent a message to James's older daughter, Mary, who lived in Holland. Mary was a Protestant, and she had married a Dutch nobleman, William III of Orange. Both were Protestants. "Come to England and seize the throne!" the English Protestants pleaded. "Be king and queen and deliver us from Catholic rule!"

英国的新教徒起义了。他们给住在荷兰的詹姆斯的大女儿玛丽发了一条信息。玛丽是新教徒，她嫁给了荷兰贵族奥兰治的威廉三世。两人都是新教徒。"来英国夺取王位！"英国新教徒恳求道。"做国王和王后，把我们从天主教统治中解救出来！"

William and Mary agreed to come. They also agreed to sign a paper, promising that they would not try to pass any laws without the approval of Parliament. In November of 1688, they sailed to England along with 14,000 Protestant soldiers. As soon as they landed, James's royal army deserted him and welcomed the new Protestant rulers! James, like his brother before him, had to flee to France.

威廉和玛丽同意前来。他们也同意签署一份文件，承诺他们不会试图在没有议会批准的情况下通过任何法律。在1688年11月，他们与14,000名新教士兵一起航行到英国。他们一登陆，詹姆斯的王室军队就抛弃了他，欢迎新的新教统治者！詹姆斯，就像他之前的兄弟一样，不得不逃到法国。

The Protestants of England were delighted. They now had a Protestant king and queen who had promised not to be tyrants. The English called this takeover the Glorious Revolution. Their new monarchs, Mary II and William III, would never try to seize power from Parliament.

英国的新教徒很高兴。他们现在有了一个承诺不做暴君的新教国王和王后。英国人称这次接管为光荣革命。他们的新君主，玛丽二世和威廉三世，永远不会试图从议会夺取权力。

But the Revolution wasn't so glorious for William Penn. He was arrested three times because he was suspected of loyalty to the king. Each time he was released, he tried to get a ship to take him back to Philadelphia—and failed. Finally, he was forced to go into hiding. He stayed in hiding for years and years! Finally, when fears of James II's return began to die down, William was able to come out of hiding and buy passage on a ship to North America.

但对威廉·佩恩来说，革命并不那么光荣。他被逮捕了三次，因为他被怀疑忠于国王。每次被释放后，他试图找一艘船带他回费城——但都失败了。最终，他被迫躲藏起来。他躲藏了很多年！最终，当对詹姆斯二世回归的恐惧开始消退时，威廉能够走出藏身之地，买船票前往北美。

When he walked down its gangplank in the harbor of Philadelphia, he could hardly believe his eyes. In fifteen years, Philadelphia had grown to be the second largest town in all of North America! The city was filled with shops, tall brick houses, wide streets, and thousands of people. The Holy Experiment had succeeded. Today, a statue of William Penn stands on top of Philadelphia's City Hall. The statue is thirty-seven feet tall! For many years, no building in Philadelphia was allowed to be taller than the brim of the statue's hat, so that William Penn would always be the highest spot in the city that he planned.

当他走下费城港口的舷梯时，他几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛。在十五年中，费城已经发展成为整个北美第二大城镇！这个城市充满了商店、高大的砖房、宽阔的街道和成千上万的人。神圣实验成功了。今天，威廉·佩恩的雕像矗立在费城市政厅的顶部。这座雕像有三十七英尺高！多年来，费城没有建筑被允许比雕像帽子的边缘更高，这样威廉·佩恩永远是他规划的城市中的最高点。

[原书插图：梅塔科姆瞄准弓箭]

[原书插图：威廉·佩恩肖像]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

house

/haʊs/

中文：房屋
定义：居住的建筑物
例句：The settlers built new houses for their families.

friends

/frɛndz/

中文：朋友
定义：友好关系的人
例句：The Wampanoag and English were friends at first.

land

/lænd/

中文：土地
定义：地面，领土
例句：The colonists needed more land for farming.

fish

/fɪʃ/

中文：捕鱼
定义：抓捕水中的鱼类
例句：The Wampanoag taught the English how to fish.

village

/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/

中文：村庄
定义：小的居住社区
例句：John Sassamon left his tiny village to warn the English.

equal

/ˈiːkwəl/

中文：平等的
定义：地位相同的
例句：Quakers believed all people should be equal.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

colonies

/ˈkɒləniːz/

中文：殖民地
定义：移民建立的新领土
例句：The English colonies in North America were growing rapidly.

kingdom

/ˈkɪŋdəm/

中文：王国
定义：国王统治的领土
例句：Metacom saw that his kingdom was vanishing.

tribe

/traɪb/

中文：部落
定义：印第安人的社会群体
例句：The Wampanoag tribe decided to fight back.

warriors

/ˈwɔːriərz/

中文：战士
定义：战斗的勇士
例句：Native American warriors were experts at forest fighting.

empire

/ˈɛmpaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：大型的统治领土
例句：Louis XIV fought wars to expand his French empire.

Glorious Revolution

/ˈɡlɔːriəs ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

中文：光荣革命
定义：1688年英国的政治变革
例句：The English called this takeover the Glorious Revolution.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

Quakers

/ˈkweɪkərz/

中文：贵格会教徒
定义：基督教的一个教派
例句：William Penn joined the Society of Friends, called Quakers.

Philadelphia

/ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/

中文：费城
定义：希腊语意为兄弟之爱
例句：The capital city would be called Philadelphia, the City of Brotherly Love.

disease

/dɪˈziːz/

中文：疾病
定义：使人生病的病毒
例句：Smallpox was a terrible disease that killed many Native Americans.

rebellion

/rɪˈbeljən/

中文：反叛
定义：对抗权威
例句：Not taking off their hats looked like rebellion to the English.

ambassador

/æmˈbæsədər/

中文：大使
定义：代表国家的外交官
例句：Admiral Penn wanted William to become a royal ambassador.

council

/ˈkaʊnsəl/

中文：议会
定义：小型的决策团体
例句：The council would make laws for Pennsylvania.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

survive

/sərˈvaɪv/

中文：生存
定义：活下来，度过困难
例句：The Wampanoag taught the English how to survive the harsh winters.

attack

/əˈtæk/

中文：攻击
定义：暴力袭击
例句：The Iroquois began to attack the settlements of New France.

arrested

/əˈrestɪd/

中文：逮捕
定义：抓捕，拘留
例句：English soldiers arrested the Wampanoag warriors.

disappeared

/ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

中文：消失
定义：不见了，失踪了
例句：A week later, John Sassamon disappeared mysteriously.

warning

/ˈwɔːrnɪŋ/

中文：警告
定义：危险的提醒
例句：John Sassamon carried a warning to the English governor.

trusted

/ˈtrʌstɪd/

中文：信任
定义：相信，依赖
例句：The English thought the Wampanoag could not be trusted.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics

总段落数：58 / Total Paragraphs: 58
标注词汇数：87 / Annotated Vocabulary: 87
词汇表收录：36 / Vocabulary Cards: 36
词汇分类：4类 / Categories: 4
历史时间标记：4处 / Time Markers: 4
插图标记：2处 / Illustrations: 2
处理完整度：100% / Completion: 100%