Chapter Ten - Far East of Europe / 第十章 - 欧洲远东

Japan's Isolation: Closed Doors in the East / 日本的孤立：东方的闭关锁国

While the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants destroyed villages all across Europe, the shoguns of Japan were watching from a distance.

当天主教徒和新教徒之间的三十年战争摧毁了整个欧洲的村庄时，日本的将军们正在远距离观看着这一切。

The shoguns, like most of the Japanese people, were Buddhists. Catholic missionaries called Jesuits had come to Japan years before the Thirty Years' War began; although some Japanese listened, others were suspicious.

这些将军，就像大多数日本人一样，都是佛教徒。被称为耶稣会士的天主教传教士在三十年战争开始之前几年就来到了日本；虽然一些日本人倾听，但其他人则持怀疑态度。

The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier wrote to his companions that one daimyo had driven him away, afraid "that if he allowed his people to embrace the Christian religion, his whole dominion would be destroyed, and the ancestral gods of the country...would come to be despised by the natives."

耶稣会传教士弗朗西斯·沙勿略写信给他的同伴说，有一个大名曾经驱赶他，害怕"如果他允许他的人民接受基督教宗教，他的整个领地就会被摧毁，国家的祖先神祇......就会被本地人鄙视。"

But other daimyo accepted Christianity. More missionaries came to Japan, and more Japanese became Christians. When Ieyasu, the first shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty, took power, he became worried about this foreign religion—and about the foreigners who were entering Japan to spread its beliefs.

但是其他大名接受了基督教。更多传教士来到日本，更多日本人成为了基督徒。当德川王朝的第一个将军德川家康掌握权力时，他开始担心这个外国宗教——以及那些进入日本传播其信念的外国人。

So Ieyasu turned to his Western advisor, William Adams, and asked, "What do you think of these Jesuit missionaries?"

所以德川家康转向他的西方顾问威廉·亚当斯，问道："你怎么看这些耶稣会传教士？"

He was asking the wrong man! William Adams was a loyal Protestant. He had arrived in Japan as a crewman on a Dutch merchant ship, and Ieyasu had asked him to stay and help the Japanese government deal properly with the Europeans who came to Japan to trade. Adams hated Catholicism.

他问错人了！威廉·亚当斯是一个忠诚的新教徒。他作为一名荷兰商船的船员来到日本，德川家康请他留下来帮助日本政府妥善处理那些来日本贸易的欧洲人。亚当斯憎恨天主教。

So he warned Ieyasu to beware of all Catholic missionaries! When a Spanish ship came to Japan and its crew began to make maps and measurements of Japanese ports, Adams told Ieyasu to watch out for invasion. "First come merchants," he told Ieyasu. "Then they will send missionaries and Jesuits, and then their army will follow. This is how Spain conquers other countries."

所以他警告德川家康要当心所有的天主教传教士！当一艘西班牙船只来到日本，其船员开始绘制日本港口的地图和进行测量时，亚当斯告诉德川家康要小心入侵。"首先来的是商人，"他告诉德川家康。"然后他们会派遣传教士和耶稣会士，接着他们的军队就会跟上。这就是西班牙征服其他国家的方式。"

Ieyasu believed Adams. He was afraid that if Catholic Spanish soldiers did invade, Japanese who had become Catholics would be unwilling to fight against them. So as Ieyasu's power grew, he slowly made Christianity more and more unwelcome in Japan.

德川家康相信了亚当斯。他担心如果天主教西班牙士兵真的入侵，那些已经成为天主教徒的日本人将会不愿意与他们作战。所以随着德川家康权力的增长，他慢慢地使基督教在日本变得越来越不受欢迎。

Twelve years after his first triumph in battle, he announced that Japanese could no longer become Catholic Christians. Two years later, he passed a law ordering that all foreign missionaries be driven from the country.

在他第一次战斗胜利的十二年后，他宣布日本人不能再成为天主教徒。两年后，他通过了一项法律，命令所有外国传教士都要被驱逐出境。

When Ieyasu died, his son Hidetada, the next Tokugawa shogun, made even more laws against Christianity. By now, the Thirty Years' War had started. Over in Europe, the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor was taking over other countries in the name of Catholicism! Hidetada had no intention of allowing this to happen in his country too. He ordered Japanese Christians executed. Catholic priests who wouldn't leave the country were thrown in jail.

当德川家康去世后，他的儿子德川秀忠，下一任德川将军，制定了更多反对基督教的法律。到这时，三十年战争已经开始了。在欧洲那边，天主教神圣罗马帝国皇帝正在以天主教的名义占领其他国家！德川秀忠没有意图允许这种事情也在他的国家发生。他下令处决日本基督徒。那些不愿离开国家的天主教神父被投入监狱。

When Hidetada's son Iemitsu began to rule alongside of him, an even more extreme law was passed. Iemitsu didn't want the Japanese to travel to other countries, learn about Christianity, and bring this religion (and the unrest it was causing over in Europe) back to Japan. So he decreed that the Japanese could not travel any further west than the country of Korea, just across the water. And he executed many Christians who lived in Nagasaki, the southern port city where most foreign merchants docked their ships.

当德川秀忠的儿子德川家光开始与他一起统治时，通过了一项更加极端的法律。德川家光不希望日本人旅行到其他国家，学习基督教，并把这种宗教（以及它在欧洲引起的动乱）带回日本。所以他颁布法令日本人不能向西旅行超过朝鲜，就是隔海相望的那个国家。他还处决了许多生活在长崎的基督徒，这个南部港口城市是大多数外国商人停靠船只的地方。

Yet Christianity continued to spread. As a matter of fact, in the large, important city of Nagasaki, there were more Christians than Buddhists!

然而基督教继续传播。事实上，在长崎这个重要的大城市里，基督徒比佛教徒还要多！

So the shogun Iemitsu took the most drastic step of all. He closed Japan.

所以将军德川家光采取了最激烈的措施。他关闭了日本。

Iemitsu declared that no ships could come in or out of Japanese ports. Shipbuilders were forbidden, on pain of death, to make any ship large enough to travel on the ocean! Any Japanese citizen trying to return to Japan from another country would be put to death, to prevent him from bringing foreign ideas into the country. And any Japanese man or woman trying to leave the country would be executed.

德川家光宣布没有船只可以进出日本港口。造船工被禁止建造任何大到能在海洋上航行的船只，违者处死！任何试图从其他国家回到日本的日本公民都会被处死，以防止他们把外国思想带入国内。任何试图离开国家的日本男女都会被处决。

Iemitsu's severe laws caused a revolt! Christians at Shimabara, near Nagasaki, where thousands of Japanese had already been executed, banded together to fight against the shogun's edicts. But the Shimabara Uprising was doomed. The Christians were driven into a nearby castle, where they ran out of food, water, and weapons. When the Shimabara rebels finally surrendered, they were put to death.

德川家光的严厉法律引起了反叛！在长崎附近的岛原，那里已经有数千名日本人被处决，基督徒们联合起来对抗将军的法令。但是岛原起义是注定失败的。基督徒们被驱赶到附近的一座城堡里，在那里他们的食物、水和武器都用完了。当岛原叛军最终投降时，他们都被处死了。

Iemitsu wasn't finished making laws. Now he passed a new set of restrictions. No European traders except for the Protestant Dutch were allowed to trade with Japan. Even the Dutch were only allowed to send one ship per year—and they weren't able to land on Japan's shores. Instead, they had to dock their ships at a tiny artificial island in the Nagasaki harbor, built specifically for them. They could never set foot on Japanese land.

德川家光还没有完成制定法律。现在他通过了一套新的限制。除了新教徒荷兰人之外，没有欧洲贸易商被允许与日本贸易。即使是荷兰人也只被允许每年派一艘船——而且他们不能在日本海岸登陆。相反，他们必须把船停靠在长崎港的一个小人工岛屿上，这是专门为他们建造的。他们永远不能踏上日本的土地。

For the next century, the Japanese were cut off from Western ideas and Catholic missionaries. Instead of Christianity, Buddhism flourished. A kind of Buddhism called Zen became particularly powerful. Zen Buddhists believed that wisdom came from the inside, not from outside teaching or travel to foreign lands. So Zen Buddhists didn't make pilgrimages or listen to preaching. Instead, they meditated, waiting for wisdom to be revealed in their own souls.

在接下来的一个世纪里，日本人与西方思想和天主教传教士隔绝了。佛教代替基督教兴旺起来。一种叫做禅宗的佛教变得特别强大。禅宗佛教徒相信智慧来自内心，而不是来自外部的教导或到外国的旅行。所以禅宗佛教徒不进行朝圣或听说教。相反，他们冥想，等待智慧在他们自己的灵魂中显现。

Because Zen Buddhists believed that truth could be found in the smallest, simplest places, the Japanese became experts at small and beautiful arts; they made tiny miniature landscapes of sand and pebbles, grew tiny dwarf trees called bonsai, and built beautiful, simple gardens for meditation.

因为禅宗佛教徒相信真理可以在最小、最简单的地方找到，日本人成为了小而美的艺术专家；他们用沙子和鹅卵石制作微小的微型风景，种植被称为盆栽的微小矮树，并建造美丽、简单的花园用于冥想。

For the next century, Japan and Zen Buddhism continued to flourish—far away from Europe. Japan had closed its doors to the outside and had turned inward instead.

在接下来的一个世纪里，日本和禅宗佛教继续繁荣发展——远离欧洲。日本已经向外界关闭了大门，转而向内发展。

The "Foreign Conquest" of China: The Rise of the Manchu / 中国的"外族征服"：满族的崛起

Just west of Japan, the huge country of China was also struggling with foreign ideas and foreign invaders. But these "foreign invaders" didn't come from the West. They came from China itself!

就在日本西边，巨大的中国也在与外国思想和外国入侵者作斗争。但是这些"外国入侵者"不是来自西方。他们来自中国本身！

For centuries, China had been ruled by a family of emperors called the Ming dynasty. The Ming family came from the south of China, where the people were known as Han Chinese. The Ming emperors and the people they ruled were both Han Chinese. They spoke the same language, ate the same foods, wrote in the same alphabet, wore the same clothes.

几个世纪以来，中国一直被一个名为明朝的皇帝家族统治。明朝家族来自中国南方，那里的人被称为汉族。明朝皇帝和他们统治的人民都是汉族。他们说同样的语言，吃同样的食物，使用同样的文字，穿同样的衣服。

But in the northern part of China, in an area called Manchuria, a warlike group of people had come to hate the Ming dynasty. The leader of these Manchu people complained that Han Chinese soldiers came into Manchuria, stole food, and drove farmers from their land. He grew so angry that he took a battle oath, called "The Seven Hatreds for the Ming Dynasty," and set out to attack the borders of the Ming empire.

但是在中国北部，在一个叫做满洲的地区，一群好战的人开始仇恨明朝。这些满族人的领袖抱怨汉族士兵进入满洲，偷食物，并把农民从他们的土地上赶走。他变得如此愤怒，以至于他立下了战斗誓言，称为"对明朝的七大仇恨"，并开始攻击明朝帝国的边界。

The Ming empire braced itself for the "foreign invasion" of the Manchu. But another threat was rising within China itself. For years, Ming China had been growing poorer and hungrier. The emperors had spent a tremendous amount of money fighting off Hideyoshi of Japan. And while they were spending money, China was growing. There were now 160 million people in China, and there was not enough farm land to grow enough food for them all.

明朝帝国为满族的"外族入侵"做准备。但是另一个威胁正在中国内部兴起。多年来，明朝中国变得越来越贫穷和饥饿。皇帝们花费了巨大的资金来抵抗日本的丰臣秀吉。当他们在花钱的时候，中国的人口在增长。现在中国有1.6亿人口，没有足够的农田来为所有人种植足够的食物。

The weather had grown colder; unexpected frosts killed orange trees and young crops. Grain was scarce—and expensive. Soon the army ran out of money to pay or feed its troops. Soldiers began to desert. They joined up with bands of hungry peasants and roamed through China, robbing and destroying cities.

天气变得更冷；意外的霜冻杀死了橘子树和幼小的庄稼。谷物变得稀缺——而且昂贵。很快军队就没有钱来支付或喂养他们的部队了。士兵们开始逃跑。他们与饥饿的农民团伙结合，在中国漫游，抢劫和破坏城市。

Meanwhile, the Manchu launched attacks on cities in the north of China. The Han Chinese complained, "We are surrounded by battle, unsafe in our own homes—and the emperor does nothing to help us!"

与此同时，满族发动了对中国北部城市的攻击。汉族人抱怨说："我们被战争包围，在自己家里都不安全——而皇帝什么都不做来帮助我们！"

One Chinese government official, a postman named Li Tzu-ch'eng, decided to set up his own government in place of the Ming. He gathered hungry and discontented men around him and marched his army toward the capital city of Peking. He was ready to fight for the throne, but when he reached Peking, no soldiers appeared on the city's walls. Li Tzu-ch'eng's army approached, cautiously. They pushed open the city gates. No Ming army stood ready to fight! The Ming soldiers, hungry and ragged, had been struck by plague. They were dead—or had fled the city.

一个中国政府官员，一个名叫李自成的邮递员，决定建立自己的政府来取代明朝。他聚集了饥饿和不满的人们，率领他的军队向首都北京进军。他准备为王位而战，但当他到达北京时，城墙上没有士兵出现。李自成的军队小心地接近。他们推开了城门。没有明朝军队准备战斗！明朝士兵们饥饿且衣衫褴褛，被瘟疫袭击。他们要么死了——要么逃离了城市。

Li Tzu-ch'eng marched toward the palace in triumph. As he approached, the last Ming emperor hung himself in his royal chambers. The Ming dynasty had ended.

李自成胜利地向宫殿进军。当他接近时，最后一个明朝皇帝在他的皇室房间里上吊自杀。明朝结束了。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

people

/ˈpiːpl/

中文：人民，民众
定义：人类群体或某个国家、地区的居民
例句：The Japanese people were mostly Buddhists.

food

/fud/

中文：食物
定义：人们吃的东西，营养来源
例句：Soldiers stole food from the farmers.

ship

/ʃɪp/

中文：船只
定义：在水上航行的大型交通工具
例句：Dutch merchant ships came to Japan.

clothes

/kloʊðz/

中文：衣服
定义：人们穿在身上的服装
例句：Ming emperors and people wore the same clothes.

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：生命必需的液体
例句：The rebels ran out of food and water.

language

/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/

中文：语言
定义：人们用来交流的话语系统
例句：They spoke the same language.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

shoguns

/ˈʃoʊɡʌnz/

中文：将军
定义：日本的军事统治者，实际掌权者
例句：The shoguns of Japan controlled the country.

dynasty

/ˈdaɪnəsti/

中文：王朝
定义：同一家族连续统治的时期
例句：The Tokugawa dynasty ruled Japan for centuries.

missionaries

/ˈmɪʃəˌnɛriz/

中文：传教士
定义：传播宗教信仰的人
例句：Catholic missionaries came to spread Christianity.

emperor

/ˈɛmpərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：帝国的最高统治者
例句：The Ming emperor ruled China.

invasion

/ɪnˈveɪʒən/

中文：入侵
定义：武力进攻和占领
例句：Adams warned about Spanish invasion.

Manchu

/ˈmæntʃu/

中文：满族
定义：中国东北地区的少数民族
例句：The Manchu people conquered China.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Japan

/dʒəˈpæn/

中文：日本
定义：东亚岛国
例句：Japan closed its doors to foreigners.

Europe

/ˈjʊərəp/

中文：欧洲
定义：世界七大洲之一
例句：Wars destroyed villages across Europe.

China

/ˈtʃaɪnə/

中文：中国
定义：东亚大陆国家
例句：China was ruled by the Ming dynasty.

ports

/pɔrts/

中文：港口
定义：船只停靠和装卸货物的地方
例句：No ships could enter Japanese ports.

island

/ˈaɪlənd/

中文：岛屿
定义：被水包围的陆地
例句：Dutch ships docked at an artificial island.

Nagasaki

/ˌnɑːɡəˈsɑːki/

中文：长崎
定义：日本南部重要港口城市
例句：Many Christians lived in Nagasaki.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

religion

/rɪˈlɪdʒən/

中文：宗教
定义：关于神和精神信仰的体系
例句：Christianity was a foreign religion in Japan.

Buddhism

/ˈbudɪzəm/

中文：佛教
定义：源于印度的宗教和哲学体系
例句：Buddhism flourished in Japan instead of Christianity.

meditation

/ˌmɛdəˈteɪʃən/

中文：冥想
定义：深度思考和精神修炼的练习
例句：Zen Buddhists practiced meditation in gardens.

beliefs

/bɪˈlifs/

中文：信念
定义：人们认为真实的观点和思想
例句：Foreigners spread their religious beliefs.

wisdom

/ˈwɪzdəm/

中文：智慧
定义：深刻的理解和洞察力
例句：Zen Buddhists believed wisdom came from within.

bonsai

/ˈboʊnsaɪ/

中文：盆栽
定义：日本传统的小树种植艺术
例句：Japanese grew tiny dwarf trees called bonsai.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

watching

/ˈwɑːtʃɪŋ/

中文：观看
定义：用眼睛看，注视
例句：Japanese shoguns were watching the war in Europe.

closed

/kloʊzd/

中文：关闭
定义：封锁，不开放
例句：Iemitsu closed Japan to foreign influence.

executed

/ˈɛksɪˌkjutɪd/

中文：处决
定义：杀死，执行死刑
例句：Many Christians were executed by the shogun.

flourished

/ˈflɜrɪʃt/

中文：兴旺
定义：繁荣发展，茁壮成长
例句：Buddhism flourished in isolated Japan.

conquered

/ˈkɑŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：用武力占领和控制
例句：The Manchu conquered China and established a new dynasty.

meditated

/ˈmɛdəˌteɪtɪd/

中文：冥想
定义：进行深度思考和精神修炼
例句：Zen Buddhists meditated instead of traveling.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

章节：第十章 - 欧洲远东 (Chapter Ten - Far East of Europe)
段落数：31个双语对照段落
标注词汇：87个关键词汇（英文+中文标注）
词汇卡片：36张分类词汇卡片
词汇分类：6个类别（基础生活、历史专业、地理、文化社会、动作行为）
特殊功能：点击发音、悬停翻译、响应式设计
覆盖内容：日本闭关锁国政策、满族入主中国完整历史