Chapter Eight: The Middle of the East
第八章：中东地区

The Persian Puzzle / 波斯之谜

Imagine that you're putting together a huge puzzle-map of the world. Each country is a different color.

想象你正在拼接一个巨大的世界拼图地图。每个国家都是不同的颜色。

On the far right-hand side of the puzzle you fit together the white islands of Japan, just off the deep purple coast of China. You build India's orange shores and then decide to go up above the Mediterranean Sea and assemble Europe.

在拼图的最右边，你把日本的白色岛屿拼在中国深紫色海岸边。你构建了印度橙色的海岸线，然后决定上移到地中海上方组装欧洲。

Europe is full of different colors: England is scarlet, France pink, Spain golden, Holland grey.

欧洲充满了不同的颜色：英格兰是猩红色，法国是粉红色，西班牙是金色，荷兰是灰色。

You piece together the Atlantic Ocean and go to work on the continents of North and South America. But instead of the forest-green you expect, North and South America are rainbowed with the colors of Europe!

你拼接大西洋并开始处理北美和南美大陆。但你预期的森林绿色不见了，北美和南美都被欧洲的颜色染成彩虹色！

French pink, English scarlet, and Dutch grey line the coast of North America. The whole western coast of South America is golden, like Spain; the east part of the continent is the lime-green of Portugal.

法国粉色、英国猩红色和荷兰灰色沿着北美海岸排列。南美洲的整个西海岸都是金色的，就像西班牙一样；大陆的东部是葡萄牙的酸橙绿。

You move back across the ocean to assemble Africa. But what happened to Africa's sapphire blue? Africa is patched over with Portuguese lime, Dutch grey, and English scarlet. The colors of Europe have bled over into three other continents!

你穿越海洋回去组装非洲。但非洲的蓝宝石色蓝色去哪了？非洲被葡萄牙酸橙色、荷兰灰色和英国猩红色拼接覆盖。欧洲的颜色已经渗透到其他三个大陆！

Now it's time to assemble the blank area between Europe and China. You look around, wondering what color this part of the world will be, and notice something odd. A pile of pieces are splattered with patches of a dozen different colors: silver, olive, maroon, copper, primrose, saffron, emerald, indigo, violet, jade, with a top layer of thin chestnut brown.

现在是时候组装欧洲和中国之间的空白区域了。你四处张望，想知道世界这一部分会是什么颜色，注意到一些奇怪的东西。一堆拼图块溅满了十几种不同颜色的斑块：银色、橄榄色、栗色、铜色、樱草花色、藏红花色、翡翠色、靛蓝色、紫色、玉色，顶层是薄薄的栗棕色。

These aren't European colors. They're the colors of the Middle East. You fit them together and see a country that has been ruled by empire after empire after empire: the country of Persia, lying between the Tigris River and the edge of China.

这些不是欧洲的颜色。它们是中东的颜色。你把它们拼在一起，看到一个被一个又一个帝国统治过的国家：波斯国，位于底格里斯河和中国边缘之间。

The bottom layer on that puzzle piece is silver. It represents the Assyrian empire, which ruled this part of the world long ago. But then Assyria was conquered by the Babylonians (the olive layer), who were in turn defeated by the Persians.

那个拼图块的底层是银色的。它代表亚述帝国，很久以前统治着世界的这一部分。但后来亚述被巴比伦人（橄榄色层）征服，巴比伦人又被波斯人打败。

The Persians (the maroon color) gave this land their name—but they didn't keep their empire. They were conquered by Alexander the Great.

波斯人（栗色）给这片土地起了他们的名字——但他们没有保住自己的帝国。他们被亚历山大大帝征服了。

When Alexander died, his empire (copper, on your puzzle piece) was divided into three parts. His general Seleucus claimed Persia. But Seleucus and his descendants, called Seleucids (their empire is primrose-yellow), couldn't keep control of Persia.

当亚历山大死后，他的帝国（你拼图上的铜色）被分割成三部分。他的将军塞琉古占领了波斯。但塞琉古和他的后裔，被称为塞琉古王朝（他们的帝国是樱草花黄色），无法保持对波斯的控制。

One part of Persia, called Parthia, broke away from the Seleucids and set up a kingdom of their own.

波斯的一部分，叫做帕提亚，脱离了塞琉古王朝，建立了自己的王国。

The Parthians (the saffron layer on those Persian pieces) grew larger as the Seleucids lost power. They even managed to keep off the Roman invaders who came from the west. For a short time, Parthia became the strongest empire in the Middle East.

帕提亚人（波斯拼图块上的藏红花色层）随着塞琉古王朝失去权力而壮大。他们甚至成功抵御了来自西方的罗马入侵者。短时间内，帕提亚成为中东最强大的帝国。

Then the Parthian kings began to quarrel with their noblemen—and the empire shrank until one of those noblemen threw the Parthian ruler from his throne and took over. His descendants, the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, ruled in the central part of Persia for many years. (Their empire is emerald.)

然后帕提亚国王开始与他们的贵族争吵——帝国缩小了，直到其中一个贵族把帕提亚统治者从王座上推下并接管了政权。他的后裔，波斯的萨珊王朝，在波斯中部地区统治了很多年。（他们的帝国是翡翠色。）

But a wave of indigo was creeping across the map of the East. Down in the Arabian peninsula, a prophet named Muhammad was gathering Arab followers around him. These Muslims spread Muhammad's message all across the medieval world—and built the Islamic empire.

但一股靛蓝色的浪潮正在东方地图上蔓延。在阿拉伯半岛，一位名叫穆罕默德的先知正在聚集阿拉伯追随者。这些穆斯林将穆罕默德的信息传播到整个中世纪世界——并建立了伊斯兰帝国。

The Sassanid dynasty fell to Muslim invaders, and Persia became an Islamic nation.

萨珊王朝败给了穆斯林入侵者，波斯成为了一个伊斯兰国家。

Meanwhile, nomads from Asia, called Turks, were wandering into Muslim Persia and settling down. They were fierce fighters. Many of them became soldiers in the army of the Islamic empire. As time went on, the Turkish soldiers became just as powerful as their Arab masters!

与此同时，来自亚洲的游牧民，被称为突厥人，正漫游到穆斯林波斯并定居下来。他们是凶猛的战士。他们中的许多人成为伊斯兰帝国军队中的士兵。随着时间的推移，突厥士兵变得和他们的阿拉伯主人一样强大！

One group of Turks, the Ghaznavids, rejected Islamic rule and took over the land of Persia. (The violet color, splattered overtop the indigo, represents the Ghaznavids.)

一群突厥人，伽色尼王朝，拒绝伊斯兰统治并接管了波斯的土地。（紫色，溅在靛蓝色上面，代表伽色尼王朝。）

The Ghaznavids didn't have long to rule, though. Soon, Mongols invaded from the east, destroying Persian cities and leveling crops. Mongol khans, or warrior-chiefs, took over the rule of Persia; their conquest adds a layer of jade to your puzzle.

不过，伽色尼王朝没有统治太久。很快，蒙古人从东方入侵，摧毁了波斯城市并夷平了农作物。蒙古可汗，也就是战士首领，接管了波斯的统治；他们的征服为你的拼图增加了一层玉色。

Finally, a man named Ismail decided that the time had come to throw off the Mongol yoke. He gathered his kinsmen, who were called the Safavids, around him in an army, and attacked the Mongol khan. Ismail won! He crowned himself shah, or ruler of Iran.

最后，一个名叫伊斯梅尔的人决定是时候摆脱蒙古人的枷锁了。他聚集了他的亲族，被称为萨法维王朝，组成军队，攻击蒙古可汗。伊斯梅尔获胜了！他加冕自己为沙阿，也就是伊朗的统治者。

Finally, you've arrived at that top layer of color: the Safavid color, chestnut brown. Ten empires—ten layers of color—have ruled in this Middle Eastern country!

最终，你到达了顶层颜色：萨法维颜色，栗棕色。十个帝国——十层颜色——都曾统治过这个中东国家！

Abbas the Great / 阿巴斯大帝

The greatest Safavid shah, Abbas I, was Ismail's great-grandson. Abbas almost didn't survive to be Shah. When he was still a very young man, his uncle seized the Persian throne and ordered all other heirs to the throne executed!

最伟大的萨法维沙阿，阿巴斯一世，是伊斯梅尔的曾孙。阿巴斯几乎没能幸存下来当上沙阿。当他还是一个很年轻的人时，他的叔叔夺取了波斯王座，并下令处决所有其他王座继承人！

But before this ruthless command could be carried out, Abbas's uncle had a huge party to celebrate his new power—and drank himself to death.

但在这个无情的命令能够执行之前，阿巴斯的叔叔举办了一个盛大的聚会来庆祝他的新权力——结果喝酒过量而死。

Abbas came to the throne, determined to bring strength to a country almost destroyed by war. His first step was to make peace with another Turkish kingdom, the Ottomans. These warlike Turks lived to the west of Persia and kept trying to invade it.

阿巴斯登上王座，决心给一个几乎被战争摧毁的国家带来力量。他的第一步是与另一个突厥王国——奥斯曼人——媾和。这些好战的突厥人生活在波斯西边，一直试图入侵它。

Abbas knew that the Persian army was too weak to fight off the Ottomans. So he told the Ottomans that he would give them part of Persia, as long as they would leave the rest in peace.

阿巴斯知道波斯军队太弱，无法击退奥斯曼人。所以他告诉奥斯曼人，他会给他们一部分波斯，只要他们让其余部分保持和平。

The Ottoman Turks thought that Abbas was afraid to fight. But Abbas had a plan. He hired an English soldier, Sir Robert Sherley, to train the disorganized Persian army. Sherley taught Abbas's soldiers to use muskets and other European weapons.

奥斯曼突厥人认为阿巴斯害怕战斗。但阿巴斯有一个计划。他雇佣了一名英国士兵，罗伯特·雪莉爵士，来训练混乱的波斯军队。雪莉教阿巴斯的士兵使用火枪和其他欧洲武器。

He organized them into divisions: infantrymen, musketeers, artillerymen. He trained them to fight in formation. After several years of this training, the Persian army faced the Ottoman Turks—and crushed them in battle.

他把他们组织成师团：步兵、火枪手、炮兵。他训练他们按阵型作战。经过几年的训练，波斯军队面对奥斯曼突厥人——在战斗中粉碎了他们。

Abbas reclaimed all of his territory and even took some Turkish land for his own!

阿巴斯收回了他所有的领土，甚至夺取了一些突厥土地据为己有！

Now, Abbas turned to another project: making Persia into a great trading nation. The best port in Persia, an island in the Persian Gulf, had been claimed by the Portuguese. Abbas drove the Portuguese out and built his own trading post on the island.

现在，阿巴斯转向另一个项目：使波斯成为一个伟大的贸易国家。波斯最好的港口，波斯湾中的一个岛屿，已被葡萄牙人占领。阿巴斯赶走了葡萄牙人，在岛上建立了自己的贸易站。

Then he brought Chinese craftsmen into Persia to rebuild the trades of silk-making and carpet-weaving. He built new roads and bridges, so that goods could be carried through his empire. His new port, Bandar Abbas, became one of the busiest in the east!

然后他把中国工匠带到波斯来重建丝绸制作和地毯编织的行业。他建造了新的道路和桥梁，这样货物就可以在他的帝国中运输。他的新港口阿巴斯港，成为东方最繁忙的港口之一！

Today, we call Persia Iran. Bandar Abbas is still an important Iranian port.

今天，我们称波斯为伊朗。阿巴斯港仍然是一个重要的伊朗港口。

But as Abbas labored hard to make Persia secure, he became more and more fearful. He thought that his noblemen were plotting against him. He was afraid of his own brothers. He even suspected his own son of treachery and ordered him executed!

但随着阿巴斯努力工作使波斯安全，他变得越来越恐惧。他认为他的贵族在密谋反对他。他害怕自己的兄弟们。他甚至怀疑自己的儿子有背叛行为，并下令处决了他！

When he died at the age of seventy, Shah Abbas left behind him a strong and prosperous Persia—but he died overcome by grief and guilt.

当他七十岁时去世时，沙阿阿巴斯留下了一个强大而繁荣的波斯——但他死时被悲伤和内疚所压倒。

The Ottoman Turks / 奥斯曼突厥人

As Persia grew stronger, the Ottoman Turks, who lived to the west of Persia, grew weaker. But like Persia, the Ottoman empire was rescued by a great and cruel ruler: the Sultan Murad.

随着波斯变得更强大，生活在波斯西边的奥斯曼突厥人变得更弱。但像波斯一样，奥斯曼帝国被一个伟大而残酷的统治者拯救了：苏丹穆拉德。

When Murad was born, into a royal Ottoman family, Shah Abbas was already an old man, famous for his might.

当穆拉德出生在奥斯曼王室家庭时，沙阿阿巴斯已经是一个老人，以其威力而闻名。

As the young Murad grew, he learned the history of the empire he would someday rule. He learned that a single Turkish tribe, the Seljuk tribe, had wandered from central Asia into the Middle East, back in the days when the Islamic empire still ruled over Persian land.

随着年轻的穆拉德成长，他学习了他将来有一天要统治的帝国的历史。他得知一个突厥部落，塞尔柱部落，从中亚漫游到中东，那是在伊斯兰帝国仍然统治波斯土地的时代。

Just as the Ghaznavid Turks had rebelled against their Islamic rulers and taken control of the land of Persia, so the Seljuk tribe had rebelled and taken control of their own little piece of the Muslim empire.

正如伽色尼突厥人反叛他们的伊斯兰统治者并控制了波斯土地一样，塞尔柱部落也反叛并控制了他们自己在穆斯林帝国中的小块土地。

The Seljuk Turks were fearless, savage fighters and soon expanded their kingdom. They took part of Persia for their own. They took land away from the Byzantine Empire. They captured Syria and Palestine.

塞尔柱突厥人是无畏、野蛮的战士，很快扩张了他们的王国。他们夺取了波斯的一部分据为己有。他们从拜占庭帝国夺取了土地。他们占领了叙利亚和巴勒斯坦。

But the Turks had always been nomads. Although they could conquer an empire, they didn't do a very good job of collecting taxes, fixing roads, and passing laws. Their empire began to fall apart.

但突厥人一直都是游牧民。虽然他们能征服一个帝国，但他们在收税、修路和制定法律方面做得不是很好。他们的帝国开始分崩离析。

As it collapsed, one Turkish leader, a warrior named Osman, gathered his followers around himself and determined to save what he could. Osman and his followers lived just above the northwest corner of the Mediterranean Sea, in the country which we now call Turkey.

当它崩溃时，一个突厥领袖，一个名叫奥斯曼的战士，聚集了他的追随者并决心拯救他能拯救的。奥斯曼和他的追随者生活在地中海西北角上方，在我们现在称为土耳其的国家。

Turkey soon became the center of the new Turkish empire: the Ottoman empire. Now the two great empires of the Middle East—the Persian and the Ottoman—were both ruled by Turks.

土耳其很快成为新突厥帝国的中心：奥斯曼帝国。现在中东的两大帝国——波斯和奥斯曼——都被突厥人统治。

Under Osman's leadership, the Ottoman Turks captured a much larger kingdom than the Seljuks had ever ruled. They fought their way east, across the Tigris and the Euphrates, all the way to the borders of Persia. They captured most of Arabia—including the city of Baghdad. They took the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and renamed it Istanbul.

在奥斯曼的领导下，奥斯曼突厥人占领了一个比塞尔柱人曾经统治过的更大的王国。他们向东作战，越过底格里斯河和幼发拉底河，一直到波斯边境。他们占领了阿拉伯的大部分——包括巴格达城。他们夺取了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡，并重新命名为伊斯坦布尔。

They claimed Egypt and North Africa, just as the Muslim empire had before them. And then they did something that frightened the rest of the world. They crossed over the Bosporus Strait—the water that divided Asia from Europe. Now the Turks were invading European land!

他们占领了埃及和北非，就像之前的穆斯林帝国一样。然后他们做了一件让世界其他地方恐惧的事情。他们越过了博斯普鲁斯海峡——分隔亚洲和欧洲的水域。现在突厥人正在入侵欧洲土地！

The kings of Europe began to get nervous. How far would the Ottoman empire spread? While they watched, the Ottoman Turks conquered Greece, fought their way up into Russia, and kept on coming west! The sultan of the Ottomans now called himself "Sovereign of the Two Lands and of the Two Seas," because he ruled a kingdom that stretched over two continents: Asia and Europe!

欧洲的国王们开始紧张起来。奥斯曼帝国会扩张到多远？在他们的注视下，奥斯曼突厥人征服了希腊，向北进军俄国，并继续向西推进！奥斯曼的苏丹现在自称"两地两海的主权者"，因为他统治着一个横跨两大洲的王国：亚洲和欧洲！

[原书插图：奥斯曼硬币图片]

But like the ancient Roman empire, the Ottoman empire grew too large. The sultans began to spend too much money on feasts, palaces, and silks. So much Spanish gold had flooded into Europe from South America that no one wanted the silver coins of the Ottomans any more.

但就像古代罗马帝国一样，奥斯曼帝国变得过于庞大。苏丹们开始在宴会、宫殿和丝绸上花费太多钱。如此多的西班牙黄金从南美洲涌入欧洲，以至于没有人再想要奥斯曼的银硬币了。

One Ottoman writer remarked, "[The coins have become] as worthless as drops of dew." The Ottoman officials became corrupt and stole as much food and money as they wanted.

一位奥斯曼作家评论说："[硬币已经变成]像露珠一样毫无价值。"奥斯曼官员变得腐败，偷取他们想要的食物和金钱。

"The Empire," wrote an Englishman who lived during the days of the Ottomans, "has become like an old body, crazed through many vices." The Ottomans even lost control of Baghdad, their prized city!

"帝国，"一位生活在奥斯曼时代的英国人写道，"已经变得像一个老朽的身体，因为许多恶习而疯狂。"奥斯曼人甚至失去了对他们珍贵城市巴格达的控制！

But then Murad inherited the throne of the Ottomans.

但然后穆拉德继承了奥斯曼的王座。

No one expected great things of Murad. He was only eleven years old, plain, quiet, and fat. His mother insisted on helping him rule—for ten whole years! While she commanded Murad's armies, the Ottoman empire went on shrinking. So many Ottoman soldiers were captured in battle and sold as slaves that you could buy an Ottoman soldier in the Russian slave markets for the price of a drink of fermented grain juice!

没有人期待穆拉德做出伟大的事情。他只有十一岁，相貌平平，安静，而且肥胖。他的母亲坚持帮助他统治——整整十年！当她指挥穆拉德的军队时，奥斯曼帝国继续缩小。如此多的奥斯曼士兵在战斗中被俘并被卖为奴隶，以至于你可以在俄国奴隶市场用一杯发酵谷物汁的价格买到一个奥斯曼士兵！

Murad waited. He exercised, training with a bow until he could shoot an arrow through a metal sheet four inches thick. He threw spears until he could kill a raven sitting on the top of a mosque a mile away. He wrestled until he could pick up two grown men, one in each hand, and fling them in different directions.

穆拉德等待着。他锻炼，用弓训练直到他能射箭穿透四英寸厚的金属板。他投掷长矛直到他能杀死坐在一英里外清真寺顶上的乌鸦。他摔跤直到他能一手抓起一个成年人，把他们朝不同方向扔出去。

Finally, Murad's time came.

最终，穆拉德的时机到了。

When he was twenty-three years old, the Ottoman army revolted. They marched on the sultan's palace, announcing that they planned to run the empire from now on! "Hand over your Grand Vizier to us!" they demanded. "You should listen to us—not to him!"

当他二十三岁时，奥斯曼军队反叛了。他们向苏丹的宫殿进军，宣布他们计划从现在开始管理帝国！"把你的大维齐尔交给我们！"他们要求道。"你应该听我们的——而不是他的！"

Murad didn't want to hand over the Grand Vizier, who was his friend. But then the Vizier himself came forward. "Sultan," he said to Murad, "let a thousand slaves like me perish for the safety of your throne. I will die a martyr—and the guilt for my blood will be on their heads." He drew his sword and sprang forward, aiming a blow at the rebel leader. But the mob swarmed around him, stabbing him and then cutting off his head.

穆拉德不想交出大维齐尔，他是他的朋友。但然后维齐尔自己走了出来。"苏丹，"他对穆拉德说，"让一千个像我这样的奴隶为了你王座的安全而死亡。我将死作烈士——我血液的罪责将在他们头上。"他拔出剑向前跳跃，瞄准反叛领袖。但暴民围攻了他，刺伤他然后砍掉了他的头。

Murad realized that the soldiers would attack him next. So he pretended to agree to their demands. Finally they let Murad return to his own quarters, thinking that the young sultan would now do exactly as the army suggested.

穆拉德意识到士兵们接下来会攻击他。所以他假装同意他们的要求。最后他们让穆拉德回到自己的住处，以为年轻的苏丹现在会完全按照军队的建议行事。

But Murad quietly sent out his own household spies to find out who had started the riot. Soon, he discovered the ringleader: one of his own officials, Rejeb Pasha. Murad had already made Rejeb his new Grand Vizier! But now he realized that Rejeb hoped to rule the empire through telling Murad what to do.

但穆拉德悄悄派出他自己的家庭间谍去找出谁发动了暴乱。很快，他发现了头目：他自己的官员之一，雷杰布帕夏。穆拉德已经让雷杰布成为他的新大维齐尔！但现在他意识到雷杰布希望通过告诉穆拉德该做什么来统治帝国。

One morning, Rejeb was just leaving a meeting when a household servant approached him and bowed low. "Please," he said, "come to the palace. The sultan wishes to speak with you."

一天早上，雷杰布刚离开一个会议，一个家庭仆人走近他并深深鞠躬。"请，"他说，"来宫殿。苏丹希望与您谈话。"

Rejeb agreed and followed along. The servant escorted him to a door and opened it. Rejeb walked through—and found himself surrounded by the Sultan's personal force of assassins. He heard Murad's voice command, "Cut off the head of the traitor!" And immediately it was done.

雷杰布同意并跟着走。仆人护送他到一扇门前并打开它。雷杰布走了进去——发现自己被苏丹的个人刺客部队包围。他听到穆拉德的声音命令："砍掉叛徒的头！"立即就执行了。

Murad then ordered Rejeb's body flung from the palace gates—right out into a group of army leaders! Terrified, the leaders ran away. Then Murad sent his own spies out through the city, telling them to find—and kill on the spot—anyone involved in the rebellion. Knowing that rebels often formed their plans while drinking together in taverns, late at night, he closed all the taverns—permanently! Anyone found drinking wine was instantly put to death. Soon the word spread: Murad was no longer a weak child. He would not tolerate rebellion!

穆拉德然后命令把雷杰布的尸体从宫门扔出去——直接扔到一群军队领袖中！惊恐的领袖们逃跑了。然后穆拉德派他自己的间谍穿过城市，告诉他们找到——并当场杀死——任何参与反叛的人。知道反叛者经常在深夜在酒馆一起喝酒时制定计划，他永久关闭了所有酒馆！任何被发现喝酒的人都会立即被处死。很快消息传开：穆拉德不再是一个弱小的孩子。他不会容忍反叛！

Murad's power grew—and so did his ruthlessness. When his chief musician began to play him a Persian song, he beheaded the man instantly. When one of his doctors didn't cure him quickly enough, he forced the doctor to drink a dose of poison! Soon, whenever he approached, everyone would freeze completely, afraid to move or speak in case they might accidentally sound rebellious!

穆拉德的权力增长了——他的无情也增长了。当他的首席音乐家开始为他演奏波斯歌曲时，他立即砍掉了这个人的头。当他的一个医生没有足够快地治愈他时，他强迫医生喝一剂毒药！很快，每当他接近时，每个人都会完全僵住，害怕移动或说话，以免他们可能意外地听起来像反叛！

But Murad's cruelty stopped the decay of the Ottoman empire. With his army and his advisors too frightened to disobey him, he set out on a quest to recapture Ottoman land. He took back land that the Persians had claimed. He recaptured the city of Baghdad. He spread the empire back toward its old borders once more. The decline of the Ottoman Empire had been halted.

但穆拉德的残酷阻止了奥斯曼帝国的衰败。由于他的军队和顾问太害怕而不敢违抗他，他开始了收复奥斯曼土地的探索。他夺回了波斯人声称的土地。他重新夺回了巴格达城。他再次将帝国扩展回其旧边界。奥斯曼帝国的衰落已经被阻止了。

Shortly afterward, Murad fell ill. He lay in bed for two weeks, growing steadily worse. At the age of twenty-eight, he died—leaving behind him an empire rescued.

不久之后，穆拉德病倒了。他在床上躺了两周，病情逐渐恶化。在二十八岁时，他死了——留下了一个被拯救的帝国。

[原书地图：三十年战争各国地图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

world

/wɜːrld/

中文：世界
定义：The earth and all its countries and peoples
例句：The puzzle showed the entire world in different colors.

country

/ˈkʌntri/

中文：国家
定义：A nation or territory
例句：Each country on the map was a different color.

color

/ˈkʌlər/

中文：颜色
定义：A visual property of objects
例句：Europe was full of different colors on the puzzle.

build

/bɪld/

中文：建造
定义：To construct or create
例句：You build India's orange shores on the puzzle.

soldiers

/ˈsoʊldʒərz/

中文：士兵
定义：People who serve in an army
例句：Many Turkish nomads became soldiers in the Islamic army.

peace

/piːs/

中文：和平
定义：A state without war or conflict
例句：Abbas made peace with the Ottoman Turks.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：A large political unit controlling many territories
例句：Ten empires had ruled over the land of Persia.

dynasty

/ˈdaɪnəsti/

中文：王朝
定义：A series of rulers from the same family
例句：The Sassanid dynasty ruled Persia for many years.

conquered

/ˈkɑːŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：Defeated and took control of
例句：Assyria was conquered by the Babylonians.

throne

/θroʊn/

中文：王座
定义：The ceremonial chair of a ruler
例句：Abbas came to the throne after his uncle died.

shah

/ʃɑː/

中文：沙阿
定义：The title of Persian kings
例句：Ismail crowned himself shah of Iran.

sultan

/ˈsʌltən/

中文：苏丹
定义：The ruler of the Ottoman Empire
例句：The sultan called himself ruler of two continents.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Middle East

/ˌmɪdəl ˈiːst/

中文：中东
定义：Region between Europe and Asia
例句：These were the colors of the Middle East.

Persia

/ˈpɜːrʒə/

中文：波斯
定义：Ancient name for Iran
例句：Persia lay between the Tigris River and China.

continents

/ˈkɑːntɪnənts/

中文：大陆
定义：Large landmasses on Earth
例句：The colors spread over three continents.

islands

/ˈaɪləndz/

中文：岛屿
定义：Land surrounded by water
例句：You fit together the white islands of Japan.

Mediterranean Sea

/ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən siː/

中文：地中海
定义：Sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia
例句：Europe was above the Mediterranean Sea.

Persian Gulf

/ˈpɜːrʒən ɡʌlf/

中文：波斯湾
定义：Body of water near Persia
例句：The best port was an island in the Persian Gulf.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

nomads

/ˈnoʊmædz/

中文：游牧民
定义：People who move from place to place
例句：Turkish nomads wandered into Muslim Persia.

Muslims

/ˈmʌzləmz/

中文：穆斯林
定义：Followers of Islam
例句：Muslims spread Muhammad's message across the world.

prophet

/ˈprɑːfət/

中文：先知
定义：A religious messenger
例句：Muhammad was a prophet who gathered Arab followers.

craftsmen

/ˈkræftsmən/

中文：工匠
定义：Skilled workers who make things by hand
例句：Chinese craftsmen rebuilt the silk-making trade.

trading

/ˈtreɪdɪŋ/

中文：贸易
定义：Buying and selling goods
例句：Abbas wanted to make Persia a great trading nation.

rebellion

/rɪˈbeljən/

中文：反叛
定义：Fighting against authority
例句：Murad would not tolerate rebellion in his empire.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

assemble

/əˈsembəl/

中文：组装
定义：To put pieces together
例句：You assemble the puzzle pieces of Europe.

ruled

/ruːld/

中文：统治
定义：Governed or controlled
例句：Many empires had ruled over Persia.

invade

/ɪnˈveɪd/

中文：入侵
定义：To attack and enter by force
例句：The Ottomans kept trying to invade Persia.

survive

/sərˈvaɪv/

中文：幸存
定义：To continue living despite danger
例句：Abbas almost didn't survive to become Shah.

reclaimed

/rɪˈkleɪmd/

中文：收回
定义：To get back what was lost
例句：Abbas reclaimed all of his territory from the Ottomans.

exercised

/ˈeksərsaɪzd/

中文：锻炼
定义：Practiced physical training
例句：Murad exercised by training with a bow and arrow.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics