Chapter 2 - Protestant Rebellions / 第二章 - 新教叛乱

The Dutch Revolt / 荷兰起义

If you were to go north along the coast of Spain and keep traveling north, along the coast of France, past the English Channel, you would come to a damp seaside country where the land slopes down to the ocean and water lies in pools all over the farmland.

如果你沿着西班牙的海岸向北方旅行，沿着法国海岸继续前进，穿过英吉利海峡，你会来到一个潮湿的海边国家，那里的土地向海洋倾斜，水在农田里形成了池塘。

To the people who lived in the large cities of Spain and Italy, this country seemed to be in the far reaches or "nether parts" of Europe. So they called it the Netherlands, or "far-away lands."

对住在西班牙和意大利大城市里的人们来说，这个国家似乎位于欧洲的远端或"下方地区"。所以他们称呼它为荷兰，或者"遥远的土地"。

When the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V gave Spain and the Netherlands to his son Philip, Philip also inherited a problem: a rebellious nobleman named William the Silent.

当神圣罗马皇帝查理五世把西班牙和荷兰交给他的儿子菲利普时，菲利普也继承了一个问题：一个名叫沉默的威廉的叛逆的贵族。

William was born when Philip was six years old. The two little boys were raised very differently. Philip lived in a palace in Spain and was brought up to be a faithful Catholic; William grew up in Germany and was taught by his parents to be a good Protestant.

威廉在菲利普六岁时出生。这两个小男孩的成长环境非常不同。菲利普住在西班牙的宫殿里，被培养成一个忠诚的天主教徒；威廉在德国长大，被他的父母教导成为一个好的新教徒。

When William was eleven, one of his cousins died and left him two large provinces, or areas of land, in Charles's empire: one in the south of France, and the other in the Netherlands. The emperor Charles realized that the eleven-year-old William would one day be a powerful nobleman.

当威廉十一岁时，他的一个表兄弟去世了，留给他两个大的省份，即土地区域，在查理的帝国里：一个在法国南部，另一个在荷兰。皇帝查理意识到十一岁的威廉将来会成为一个强大的贵族。

He didn't want William to grow up hostile to the Roman Catholic faith—and to the Holy Roman Emperor. So he ordered the young boy taken away from his mother and father and brought to live at the royal court. Charles hired tutors to teach William princely skills: how to speak French, how to plan battles and run a country, and (most important of all) how to be a good Catholic.

他不想让威廉长大后对罗马天主教信仰——以及神圣罗马皇帝产生敌意。所以他命令把这个年轻的男孩从他父母身边带走，带到王室宫廷居住。查理雇佣了家庭教师来教威廉王子般的技能：如何说法语，如何计划战斗和治理国家，以及（最重要的）如何成为一个好的天主教徒。

Soon, little William became the emperor's favorite page. He grew into a strong, thoughtful young man, loyal to Charles and his family. And when Charles rose from his throne to tell his followers that he had decided to give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor, he leaned on William's arm.

很快，小威廉成为了皇帝最喜欢的侍从。他长成了一个强壮、有思想的年轻人，对查理和他的家族非常忠诚。当查理从他的王座上起身告诉他的追随者他决定放弃神圣罗马皇帝的头衔时，他靠在威廉的手臂上。

Philip then became king of the Netherlands—and he gave William the job of governing a large part of the country for him. As William ruled, he discovered that the people of the Netherlands spent most of their time fighting, not against other countries, but against the sea. The Netherlands were also known as the Low Countries because they were below the level of the ocean.

菲利普随后成为了荷兰的国王——他给了威廉统治这个国家大部分地区的工作。在威廉统治期间，他发现荷兰人把大部分时间都花在战斗上，不是与其他国家作战，而是与海作战。荷兰也被称为低地国家，因为它们位于海平面以下。

Whenever the tide came in or a storm drove waves toward the land, water washed all over the Low Countries. But Low Country people were determined to drive back the sea. They pulled hundreds of bucketfuls of wet mud from the bottom of shallow lakes and swamps and piled this mud into huge earthen walls called dikes.

每当潮汐涌入或暴风雨把波浪推向陆地时，水就会冲刷整个低地国家。但低地国家的人民决心把海水赶回去。他们从浅湖和沼泽底部挖出数百桶湿泥土，把这些泥土堆成巨大的土墙，叫做堤坝。

These dikes kept the sea away from land. If you were in the Netherlands, you could stand next to a dike, look up—and see the ocean on the other side, higher than your head! If a dike broke, the sea would flood in and cover the land where houses, farms, and cities stood.

这些堤坝把海水挡在陆地外面。如果你在荷兰，你可以站在堤坝旁边，向上看——看到另一边的海洋比你的头还高！如果堤坝破了，海水就会淹没进来，覆盖有房子、农场和城市的土地。

William was determined to make the Netherlands prosperous and peaceful. But as time went on, he became unhappy with Philip's rule. Philip passed laws for the Netherlands without asking any of the leaders whether the laws would be good for their people. Many of those laws kept Protestants from preaching and from practicing their faith.

威廉决心让荷兰变得繁荣和和平。但随着时间的推移，他对菲利普的统治感到不满。菲利普为荷兰制定法律时，不询问任何领导者这些法律是否对他们的人民有好处。其中许多法律阻止新教徒传教和实践他们的信仰。

And William always remembered that he had been born a Protestant. Even though he had been taught Catholicism at Philip's court, William was sympathetic to Protestants who wanted to worship God in their own way.

威廉总是记得他生来就是一个新教徒。尽管他在菲利普的宫廷里被教导天主教，威廉对那些想要以自己的方式崇拜上帝的新教徒很同情。

William tried to remain loyal to Philip. But three years after Philip became king, William heard a horrifying secret. He was visiting the court of the French king—who, like Philip, was Catholic. The French king didn't know that William had been born a Protestant. He told William that Philip intended to destroy Protestantism in the Netherlands—and to massacre Protestants.

威廉试图保持对菲利普的忠诚。但在菲利普成为国王三年后，威廉听到了一个恐怖的秘密。他正在拜访法国国王的宫廷——法国国王和菲利普一样，也是天主教徒。法国国王不知道威廉生来就是新教徒。他告诉威廉，菲利普打算摧毁荷兰的新教，并屠杀新教徒。

But William didn't show his dismay. He didn't even answer back. He simply listened and nodded. Because he held his tongue, he later became known as "William the Silent."

但威廉没有表现出他的沮丧。他甚至没有回答。他只是静静地听着并点头。因为他保持了沉默（控制住了他的舌头），后来他被称为"沉默的威廉"。

When William returned to the Netherlands, he still seemed loyal to Philip. But he was already thinking about ways to protect his people from Philip's plans. When a group of his subjects banded together and declared that they would fight against Philip's authority, William agreed to meet with their leaders.

当威廉回到荷兰时，他仍然表面上对菲利普忠诚。但他已经在思考如何保护他的人民免受菲利普计划的伤害。当一群他的臣民团结起来并宣布他们将对抗菲利普的权威时，威廉同意与他们的领导者会面。

He convinced them to send a petition to Philip's court, asking that the laws against Protestantism be lifted. But when the petition arrived at the royal court, the noblemen standing around the throne laughed at the sight of it. "Why bother with such a rabble of beggars?" one of them sneered.

他说服他们向菲利普的宫廷发送一份请愿书，要求取消反对新教的法律。但当请愿书到达王室宫廷时，站在王座周围的贵族们看到它就笑了。"为什么要理会这样一群乞丐组成的乌合之众？"其中一人嘲笑道。

Leaders of the rebellion took this title as a compliment. They began to call themselves the Beggars—and to lead armed uprisings against Spanish rule. Mobs led by Beggars stormed through the countryside, burning Catholic churches and smashing statues of Catholic saints.

叛乱的领导者们把这个称呼当作赞美。他们开始称自己为乞丐——并领导武装起义对抗西班牙的统治。由乞丐们领导的暴民冲过乡村，焚烧天主教教堂，砸毁天主教圣人的雕像。

When Philip heard this news, he sent a Catholic soldier and nobleman, the Duke of Alba, to crush the revolt. The Duke of Alba invited William and two other leaders of the Netherlands to come and talk with him about his plans to restore peace. The two friends went—but William, suddenly uneasy, decided to take a trip to his family lands in Germany instead.

当菲利普听到这个消息时，他派了一个天主教士兵和贵族——阿尔巴公爵来镇压叛乱。阿尔巴公爵邀请威廉和荷兰的另外两个领导者来和他谈论恢复和平的计划。那两个朋友去了——但威廉突然感到不安，决定去德国的家族领地旅行。

When the two leaders arrived, the Duke of Alba arrested them and had them beheaded! He ordered William's lands in the Netherlands confiscated. William was now an enemy of the crown.

当那两个领导者到达时，阿尔巴公爵逮捕了他们，并将他们斩首！他下令没收威廉在荷兰的土地。威廉现在成了王室的敌人。

[原书插图：沉默的威廉肖像]

For the next ten years, the people of the Netherlands fought against the Spanish soldiers occupying their country. The Duke executed over a thousand people—some simply because they were Protestants. He gave his soldiers permission to burn towns and kill their inhabitants.

在接下来的十年里，荷兰人民与占领他们国家的西班牙士兵作战。公爵处死了一千多人——有些人仅仅因为他们是新教徒。他允许他的士兵焚烧城镇并杀死那里的居民。

Over in Germany, William raised an army and tried to march back into his country. The war went on and on. Two of William's brothers were killed in the fighting! But William and the Beggars continued to fight. The Beggars broke dikes, flooded the countryside, and sailed into cities besieged by Spanish soldiers, turning land battles into sea battles.

在德国，威廉组建了一支军队，试图行军回到他的国家。战争持续不断。威廉的两个兄弟在战斗中被杀！但威廉和乞丐们继续战斗。乞丐们破坏堤坝，淹没乡村，航行到被西班牙士兵围攻的城市，把陆地战斗变成海上战斗。

Finally, seven provinces in the north of the Netherlands announced their independence from Spain—and made William the Silent their new king. Philip was furious! He offered a large sum of money to anyone who would assassinate his one-time friend.

最终，荷兰北部的七个省份宣布脱离西班牙独立——并让沉默的威廉成为他们的新国王。菲利普愤怒极了！他悬赏大笔金钱给任何愿意暗杀他这位昔日朋友的人。

A young man named Balthazar Gerard volunteered to carry out this terrible task. He traveled to William's court, pretending to be a Protestant whose family had been executed in the war. William welcomed him and gave him some small tasks to do around the court.

一个名叫巴尔塔萨·热拉尔的年轻人自愿执行这个可怕的任务。他前往威廉的宫廷，假装是一个家人在战争中被处死的新教徒。威廉欢迎了他，并给了他一些在宫廷里做的小任务。

One evening, Balthazar wrapped himself in a long dark cloak and hid just outside William's dining room. After William finished eating, he rose and strolled out of the room. Balthazar sprang from the shadows and fired his pistol. "O my God, have mercy on this poor people!" William exclaimed, and collapsed.

一天晚上，巴尔塔萨用一件黑色的长斗篷包裹自己，躲在威廉餐厅外面。威廉吃完饭后，起身走出房间。巴尔塔萨从阴影中跳出来，开火射击他的手枪。"哦，我的上帝，请怜悯这些可怜的人民！"威廉喊道，然后倒下了。

The great champion of the Netherlands was dead just a few minutes later. But his country remained independent. Today, we call this country Holland and the people who live there the Dutch. And Queen Beatrix, who rules Holland today, is William's great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-granddaughter.

荷兰的伟大冠军几分钟后就死了。但他的国家保持了独立。今天，我们称这个国家为荷兰，住在那里的人为荷兰人。今天统治荷兰的女王贝娅特丽克丝，是威廉的十一世孙女。

The Queen Without a Country / 没有国家的女王

Holland wasn't the only country where Catholics and Protestants disagreed. Catholics and Protestants were fighting with each other all through Philip II's kingdom, all through the Holy Roman Empire—and even over in Scotland.

荷兰并不是天主教徒和新教徒发生分歧的唯一国家。天主教徒和新教徒在菲利普二世的整个王国、整个神圣罗马帝国——甚至在苏格兰都在相互斗争。

Today, England and Scotland are part of the same country, the United Kingdom (or Great Britain). But at the beginning of the seventeenth century, Scotland was an independent country with its own royal court, its own laws, and its own queen.

今天，英格兰和苏格兰是同一个国家的一部分，即联合王国（或大不列颠）。但在十七世纪初，苏格兰是一个独立的国家，有自己的王室宫廷、自己的法律和自己的女王。

Mary, Queen of Scots, inherited the throne when she was only five days old! Because she was so young, her mother, Mary of Guise, became her regent: Mary of Guise would rule Scotland until her daughter was old enough to take the throne.

苏格兰女王玛丽在她只有五天大的时候就继承了王位！因为她太年轻，她的母亲吉斯的玛丽成为她的摄政：吉斯的玛丽将统治苏格兰，直到她的女儿长大到可以登上王位。

Mary of Guise was a good regent. But she was Catholic, and many of the powerful Scottish noblemen, called Lords, were Protestants who didn't want a Catholic ruler. So they formed themselves into a Protestant Council and gave themselves the responsibility of governing Scotland until little Mary came of age.

吉斯的玛丽是一个好摄政。但她是天主教徒，而许多有权势的苏格兰贵族，被称为贵族，是不想要天主教统治者的新教徒。所以他们组成了一个新教议会，给自己承担起统治苏格兰的责任，直到小玛丽成年。

Mary of Guise was afraid that this Council would try to make the baby queen into a good Protestant. So when small Mary was five years old, her mother sent her to France, where she could be raised as a good Catholic among other Catholics. Mary of Guise remained in Scotland. She died a few years later—without ever seeing her daughter again.

吉斯的玛丽担心这个议会会试图把婴儿女王培养成一个好的新教徒。所以当小玛丽五岁时，她的母亲把她送到法国，在那里她可以和其他天主教徒一起被培养成一个好的天主教徒。吉斯的玛丽留在苏格兰。几年后她去世了——再也没有见过她的女儿。

Little Mary lived in France for the next thirteen years. Meanwhile, the Protestant Lords of Scotland grew more powerful. A Protestant preacher named John Knox traveled all through Scotland, preaching that no woman—especially a Catholic woman—should sit on the throne. "It is a thing repugnant to the order of nature that any woman be exalted to rule over men!" Knox declared.

小玛丽在法国生活了接下来的十三年。与此同时，苏格兰的新教贵族变得更加强大。一个名叫约翰·诺克斯的新教传教士走遍苏格兰，宣讲说没有女人——尤其是天主教女人——应该坐上王位。"任何女人被提升来统治男人，这是与自然秩序相抵触的事情！"诺克斯宣称。

But Mary didn't agree! When she was eighteen, she decided to return to Scotland and take back her throne. Some of the Catholics who lived in Scotland hoped that Mary would march into Scotland with a French army and throw out all of the Protestants. But Mary announced that she didn't want to kill Protestants or Catholics simply because of their faith. She wanted to rule in Scotland as a good Catholic queen, but she intended to let her Protestant subjects worship in their own way.

但玛丽不同意！当她十八岁时，她决定返回苏格兰并夺回她的王位。一些住在苏格兰的天主教徒希望玛丽带着法国军队进军苏格兰，赶走所有的新教徒。但玛丽宣布她不想仅仅因为信仰就杀死新教徒或天主教徒。她想作为一个好的天主教女王在苏格兰统治，但她打算让她的新教臣民以自己的方式崇拜。

One hot August day, Mary set sail from France in a royal ship, headed for Scotland. The Protestant Council of Lords met together at this alarming news. What would they do when the rightful Queen landed? If they tried to drive her away, the Catholics of Scotland might take up swords to defend Mary against the Protestant Lords. A civil war could begin!

在一个炎热的八月天，玛丽从法国乘坐王室船只启航，前往苏格兰。新教贵族议会在听到这个令人担忧的消息后聚会。当合法女王登陆时他们该怎么办？如果他们试图赶走她，苏格兰的天主教徒可能会拿起剑来保卫玛丽对抗新教贵族。内战可能会开始！

So when Mary's ship landed in Scotland, the Lords went out to meet her and told her that she was welcome. John Knox refused to go with them. On the morning of her arrival, a thick, dim fog had descended on the Scottish coast; Mary, Knox snapped, was already bringing "sorrow, dolour, and darkness" with her. But when the Lords met Mary, they were charmed. She was beautiful, intelligent, and sympathetic.

所以当玛丽的船在苏格兰靠岸时，贵族们出去迎接她并告诉她她是受欢迎的。约翰·诺克斯拒绝和他们一起去。在她到达的那个早晨，浓密昏暗的雾降临到苏格兰海岸；诺克斯厉声说，玛丽已经带来了"悲伤、痛苦和黑暗"。但当贵族们见到玛丽时，他们被迷住了。她美丽、聪明、有同情心。

They believed her when she said that she would never persecute the Protestants of Scotland. Mary even married a Protestant nobleman, Lord Darnley. For a little while, her reign went smoothly.

当她说她永远不会迫害苏格兰的新教徒时，他们相信了她。玛丽甚至嫁给了一个新教贵族达恩利勋爵。有一段时间，她的统治进行得很顺利。

[原书插图：苏格兰女王玛丽]

But then Lord Darnley decided that he wanted more power. He began to scheme with some of the Protestant Lords who still hated Mary's Catholicism. They planned to shut Mary up as a prisoner in her own house and put Lord Darnley on the throne, to rule in her place. Then Lord Darnley and the Protestant Lords would make Catholicism illegal!

但后来达恩利勋爵决定他想要更多权力。他开始与一些仍然憎恨玛丽天主教信仰的新教贵族密谋。他们计划把玛丽关在她自己家里作为囚犯，让达恩利勋爵登上王位，代替她统治。然后达恩利勋爵和新教贵族会让天主教成为非法的！

When Mary found out about this plot, she crept out of the palace late at night through a tiny side door. She rode by horseback through the night to another castle, where soldiers loyal to her gathered into an army. When the Lords who were plotting against her found out about this army, they fled the country. And what about Lord Darnley? He decided to blame the whole scheme on the absent Lords.

当玛丽发现这个阴谋时，她在深夜通过一扇小侧门悄悄溜出宫殿。她骑马穿过夜晚到达另一座城堡，那里忠于她的士兵聚集成一支军队。当密谋反对她的贵族们发现这支军队时，他们逃离了国家。那么达恩利勋爵呢？他决定把整个阴谋的责任推给那些不在场的贵族。

When Elizabeth, queen of England, heard about Lord Darnley's treachery, she remarked, "Had I been Mary, I would have stabbed Darnley with his own dagger!" But Mary decided to pardon her husband. She was expecting a baby—and she wanted Lord Darnley by her side. But she never truly forgave her husband.

当英格兰女王伊丽莎白听说达恩利勋爵的背叛时，她说："如果我是玛丽，我会用他自己的匕首刺死达恩利！"但玛丽决定原谅她的丈夫。她正在怀孕——她希望达恩利勋爵在她身边。但她从未真正原谅她的丈夫。

One cold February night, after Mary's baby was born, Lord Darnley and his valet were staying in a small house in the Scottish city of Edinburgh. Mary, her new baby son, and the rest of the royal court were staying at a larger house in the same city. At two o'clock in the morning, Edinburgh was still and dark—until an enormous explosion shattered the quiet.

在玛丽的婴儿出生后的一个寒冷二月夜晚，达恩利勋爵和他的贴身男仆住在苏格兰城市爱丁堡的一间小房子里。玛丽、她刚出生的儿子和其他王室成员住在同一城市的一座大房子里。凌晨两点，爱丁堡寂静而黑暗——直到一次巨大的爆炸打破了宁静。

Bits of stone and brick rained down on Edinburgh's streets. Lord Darnley's house had blown up! When Mary and her attendants rushed over to see what had happened, they found Lord Darnley's body in the garden. He had been strangled. Who had arranged for Lord Darnley to die? No one knew. But plenty of people suggested that Mary herself had planned the murder.

石头和砖块碎片如雨点般落在爱丁堡的街道上。达恩利勋爵的房子被炸毁了！当玛丽和她的侍从赶过去看发生了什么时，他们在花园里发现了达恩利勋爵的尸体。他被勒死了。谁安排了达恩利勋爵的死？没人知道。但很多人暗示玛丽自己策划了这起谋杀。

Mary became less and less popular. And as she lost influence, the Protestant Lords tried again to take control of Scotland. They announced that her baby son, James, should become king of Scotland in Mary's place. Mary tried to assemble another army to fight against the rebels. But when most of her soldiers deserted her, she had to walk out on foot and surrender to the Lords.

玛丽变得越来越不受欢迎。随着她失去影响力，新教贵族再次试图控制苏格兰。他们宣布她的婴儿儿子詹姆斯应该代替玛丽成为苏格兰国王。玛丽试图组建另一支军队对抗叛乱者。但当她的大部分士兵背叛她时，她不得不步行出来向贵族们投降。

The Lords took Mary to a far-away castle in a wild and lonely spot. They visited her every day, telling her that she had to sign a paper that would make little James king in her place. Finally, with one of the Lords holding her arm to force her to write, Mary, Queen of Scots signed the papers. Her baby James was crowned King of Scotland—at thirteen months of age. John Knox preached at the ceremony!

贵族们把玛丽带到一个偏远荒凉地点的城堡。他们每天拜访她，告诉她必须签署一份让小詹姆斯代替她成为国王的文件。最后，在一个贵族抓住她的胳膊强迫她写字的情况下，苏格兰女王玛丽签署了文件。她的婴儿詹姆斯在十三个月大时被加冕为苏格兰国王。约翰·诺克斯在仪式上布道！

Mary fled to England, hoping that her cousin, Queen Elizabeth, would help her. But Elizabeth, who had no children, knew that Mary was her closest relation—and the next heir to the English throne. She was afraid that Mary might arrange to have her assassinated and claim the crown of England.

玛丽逃到英格兰，希望她的表姐伊丽莎白女王会帮助她。但没有孩子的伊丽莎白知道玛丽是她最近的亲戚——也是英格兰王位的下一个继承人。她担心玛丽可能会安排暗杀她并声称拥有英格兰王冠。

So she sent a band of soldiers to meet Mary and had Mary taken to a comfortable house in the north of England. Mary remained a prisoner of the Queen of England for the next nineteen years. Poor Mary! She had very little to do. She kept dozens of little dogs and birds as pets. She did a lot of needlework and even sent some to Elizabeth as presents—along with indignant letters.

所以她派了一队士兵去接玛丽，把玛丽带到英格兰北部的一座舒适房子里。玛丽在接下来的十九年里一直是英格兰女王的囚犯。可怜的玛丽！她几乎无事可做。她养了几十只小狗和鸟作为宠物。她做了大量针线活，甚至把一些作为礼物送给伊丽莎白——还有愤慨的信件。

As time went on, she began to plot her escape. Elizabeth's spies kept track of every letter she wrote—and every message she sent. Finally, the spies brought Elizabeth letters that Mary had written to a group of English Catholics. In these letters, she spoke of becoming Queen of England if they could set her free. This could only mean that she was planning Elizabeth's death. Mary insisted that she would never harm Elizabeth. But Elizabeth, afraid for her life, signed Mary's death warrant for treason.

随着时间的推移，她开始策划逃跑。伊丽莎白的间谍跟踪她写的每一封信——以及她发送的每一条消息。最后，间谍们带给伊丽莎白一些玛丽写给一群英格兰天主教徒的信件。在这些信中，她谈到如果他们能释放她，她就成为英格兰女王。这只能意味着她在策划伊丽莎白的死亡。玛丽坚持说她永远不会伤害伊丽莎白。但为了自己的生命安全而害怕的伊丽莎白，以叛国罪签署了玛丽的死刑令状。

On a cold February morning, Mary walked to the scaffold. She knelt down at the execution block—and was beheaded. When the executioner held up her head, everyone could see that beneath her cap, her hair had turned pure white. Mary, Queen of Scots, was dead, and a Protestant king ruled in Scotland.

在一个寒冷的二月早晨，玛丽走向断头台。她在处决台前跪下——被斩首。当刽子手举起她的头时，每个人都能看到在她的帽子下面，她的头发已经变成了纯白色。苏格兰女王玛丽死了，一个新教国王在苏格兰统治。

[原书地图：英格兰及其第一个殖民地]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

地理词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：陆地与海洋相接的边缘地带
例句：The Netherlands has a long coast along the North Sea.

Netherlands

/ˈnɛðərləndz/

中文：荷兰
定义：欧洲西北部的低地国家
例句：The Netherlands is also known as the Low Countries.

dikes

/daɪks/

中文：堤坝
定义：防止水流的土墙或石墙
例句：The Dutch built dikes to keep the sea away from their land.

Scotland

/ˈskɑtlənd/

中文：苏格兰
定义：大不列颠岛北部的国家
例句：Scotland was once an independent kingdom.

历史人物 / Historical Figures

William the Silent

/ˈwɪljəm ðə ˈsaɪlənt/

中文：沉默的威廉
定义：荷兰独立战争的领导者
例句：William the Silent led the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule.

Philip

/ˈfɪlɪp/

中文：菲利普
定义：西班牙国王菲利普二世
例句：Philip inherited Spain and the Netherlands from his father.

Mary, Queen of Scots

/ˈmɛri kwin əv skɑts/

中文：苏格兰女王玛丽
定义：16世纪苏格兰的天主教女王
例句：Mary, Queen of Scots, became queen when she was only five days old.

John Knox

/dʒɑn nɑks/

中文：约翰·诺克斯
定义：苏格兰新教改革领袖
例句：John Knox preached against Catholic rule in Scotland.

宗教词汇 / Religious Terms

Catholic

/ˈkæθəlɪk/

中文：天主教徒
定义：信仰天主教的基督徒
例句：Philip was raised to be a faithful Catholic.

Protestant

/ˈprɑtəstənt/

中文：新教徒
定义：信仰新教的基督徒
例句：William was born a Protestant in Germany.

worship

/ˈwɜrʃɪp/

中文：崇拜
定义：对神表示敬意和敬拜
例句：Mary wanted to let Protestants worship in their own way.

preaching

/ˈpritʃɪŋ/

中文：传教
定义：公开讲述宗教教义
例句：The laws kept Protestants from preaching their faith.

政治权力词汇 / Political Power Vocabulary

emperor

/ˈɛmpərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：统治帝国的最高君主
例句：Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor.

nobleman

/ˈnoʊbəlmən/

中文：贵族
定义：有贵族头衔的人
例句：William was a rebellious nobleman.

throne

/θroʊn/

中文：王座
定义：君主坐的象征权力的椅子
例句：Mary inherited the throne when she was five days old.

authority

/əˈθɔrəti/

中文：权威
定义：控制和命令的权力
例句：The rebels fought against Philip's authority.

冲突与战争词汇 / Conflict & War Vocabulary

rebellion

/rɪˈbɛljən/

中文：叛乱
定义：反对统治者的武装斗争
例句：The Dutch rebellion lasted for many years.

beggars

/ˈbɛɡərz/

中文：乞丐（起义者自称）
定义：荷兰起义者的自称
例句：The rebels proudly called themselves the Beggars.

assassinate

/əˈsæsəˌneɪt/

中文：暗杀
定义：秘密杀死重要人物
例句：Philip offered money to anyone who would assassinate William.

surrender

/səˈrɛndər/

中文：投降
定义：停止战斗并认输
例句：Mary had to surrender to the Protestant Lords.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

governing

/ˈɡʌvərnɪŋ/

中文：统治
定义：管理和控制一个地区
例句：Philip gave William the job of governing part of the Netherlands.

protect

/prəˈtɛkt/

中文：保护
定义：使安全，免受伤害
例句：William wanted to protect his people from Philip's plans.

executed

/ˈɛksəˌkjutəd/

中文：处死
定义：依法杀死罪犯
例句：The Duke executed over a thousand people.

plotting

/ˈplɑtɪŋ/

中文：密谋
定义：秘密计划做某事
例句：Mary began plotting her escape from prison.

📊 本章处理统计 / Chapter Processing Statistics

📄 总段落数：32个段落
🔤 标注词汇总数：78个不同词汇
📚 词汇表收录：32个重点词汇
🎯 词汇分类：6个主要类别
🔊 发音功能：已启用（点击任意标注词汇）
📱 响应式设计：支持手机和平板设备
⚡ 处理完成时间：2024年章节处理