Chapter One - A World of Empires / 第一章 - 帝国的世界

The Holy Roman Empire / 神圣罗马帝国

Imagine that you're a world traveler in the year 1600. You've spent the last twenty years journeying around the world. You've slept in Arabian tents, European palaces, and Native American longhouses.

想象你是一个世界旅行者，生活在1600年。你已经花了过去二十年旅行环游世界。你曾在阿拉伯帐篷、欧洲宫殿和美洲原住民长屋中过夜。

You've eaten fermented fish sauce in Rome, calf's-intestine pudding in England, sugar-coated beets in Wittenberg, and gilded boar's head in France. You only have two teeth left (the rest fell out because of scurvy and the sugared beets), and on your last journey to Iceland, you lost three toes to frostbite.

你曾在罗马吃过发酵鱼酱，在英格兰吃过小牛肠布丁，在维滕贝格吃过糖渍甜菜，在法国吃过镀金野猪头。你现在只剩下两颗牙齿（其余的因为坏血病和糖渍甜菜都掉了），在你最后一次去冰岛的旅行中，你有三个脚趾被冻伤了。

You've been bitten by a camel in Asia, a cobra in India, and a water moccasin in North America.

你曾被亚洲的骆驼咬过，被印度的眼镜蛇咬过，还被北美的水蛇咬过。

In your travels around the world, you've seen two flags—one with a red cross on a white background, and the other bearing a two-headed eagle—all over the world. You've seen the red cross and the two-headed eagle in Spain and Portugal and all over Europe, from the Alps up to the soggy coast of the Netherlands.

在你环游世界的旅行中，你看到了两面旗帜——一面是白底红十字，另一面是双头老鹰——遍布世界各地。你在西班牙和葡萄牙以及整个欧洲都看到了这面红十字旗和双头鹰旗，从阿尔卑斯山一直到荷兰潮湿的海岸。

You've seen these flags flying over settlements in North America, South America, and even in the Philippines. No matter where you go, the red cross and the two-headed eagle are there!

你看到这些旗帜飘扬在北美、南美甚至菲律宾的定居点上空。无论你去哪里，红十字和双头鹰都在那里！

The two kings who fly these flags, Philip II of Spain and Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire, are nephew and uncle. And they rule over an enormous part of the world because of one very fortunate little boy.

悬挂这些旗帜的两位国王，西班牙的腓力二世和神圣罗马帝国的斐迪南一世，是侄子和叔叔的关系。他们之所以能统治世界如此巨大的一部分，都是因为一个非常幸运的小男孩。

A hundred years before our story begins, in the year 1500, this fortunate baby was born in a cold stone palace in northern Europe. His father was the king of the Netherlands. His grandfather ruled over lands in Germany. And his other grandfather was the king of Spain. This baby, who was named Charles, had three kings in his family!

在我们的故事开始前一百年，即1500年，这个幸运的婴儿出生在北欧一座寒冷的石头宫殿中。他的父亲是荷兰国王。他的祖父统治着德国的土地。而他的另一个祖父是西班牙国王。这个名叫查理的婴儿，在他的家族中有三个国王！

When Charles was only six, his father died and Charles became king of the Netherlands. When he was sixteen, his Spanish grandfather died and left him the throne of Spain. When he was nineteen, his German grandfather died and he became king over the German lands. Charles was still a teenager—but he was a teenager with three thrones.

当查理只有六岁时，他的父亲去世了，查理成为了荷兰国王。当他十六岁时，他的西班牙祖父去世并把西班牙的王位留给了他。当他十九岁时，他的德国祖父去世，他成为了德国土地的国王。查理还只是个青少年——但他是一个拥有三个王位的青少年。

But Charles wanted even more. He wanted the title "Holy Roman Emperor."

但查理想要得到更多。他想要"神圣罗马皇帝"的称号。

Fifteen hundred years before Charles was born, the Roman Empire spread across Europe and down into Africa. Everyone who lived inside the empire's borders was expected to follow Rome's laws and to live in peace. This "Roman peace" lasted until barbarians invaded. Then the Roman empire collapsed.

在查理出生前一千五百年，罗马帝国横跨欧洲并延伸到非洲。生活在帝国边界内的每个人都被期望遵守罗马的法律并生活在和平中。这种"罗马和平"一直持续到野蛮人入侵。然后罗马帝国崩塌了。

For the next five hundred years, warring peoples fought with each other all over Europe—until a great king named Charlemagne came to the throne of France. Charlemagne conquered the nearby German lands and added them to his own territory. He passed laws to keep his kingdom peaceful.

在接下来的五百年里，交战的民族在整个欧洲互相争斗——直到一位名叫查理曼的伟大国王登上了法国王位。查理曼征服了附近的德国土地并将它们加入到他自己的领土中。他制定法律来保持他的王国和平。

His empire became so large that the pope—the leader of the Christian church in the West, called the Catholic Church—held a special church service and proclaimed Charlemagne to be the Roman Emperor.

他的帝国变得如此庞大，以至于教皇——西方基督教会（称为天主教会）的领袖——举行了一场特殊的教会仪式，并宣布查理曼为罗马皇帝。

But the Roman empire had been destroyed centuries ago. So what did this mean?

但是罗马帝国在几个世纪前就已经被摧毁了。那么这意味着什么呢？

It meant that Charlemagne's new empire would keep the peace over a large part of Europe, just as the Roman empire had done in ancient times. And since Charlemagne was a Christian, his new "Roman empire" could also spread Christianity through the world. That's why Charlemagne eventually became known as the Holy Roman Emperor.

这意味着查理曼的新帝国将在欧洲的大部分地区保持和平，就像罗马帝国在古代所做的那样。由于查理曼是一个基督徒，他的新"罗马帝国"还可以向世界传播基督教。这就是为什么查理曼最终被称为神圣罗马皇帝。

Charles wanted to be known as the Holy Roman Emperor too. But first, he had to convince the pope to hold a special service proclaiming him Holy Roman Emperor! And the pope wasn't sure he wanted to give Charles this title—and the power that went along with it. Charles already ruled most of Europe. If Charles became even stronger, what would happen to the power of the pope?

查理也想被称为神圣罗马皇帝。但首先，他必须说服教皇举行特殊仪式宣布他为神圣罗马皇帝！而教皇不确定他是否想给查理这个称号——以及随之而来的权力。查理已经统治了欧洲的大部分地区。如果查理变得更强大，教皇的权力会怎样？

The pope wasn't alone in his worries. The king of France was afraid that Charles might invade France. And the princes who ruled over Italy were also anxious to keep their independence from Charles. So the king of France, the pope, and the Italian princes all joined together to fight against Charles and his armies.

教皇的担忧并不孤单。法国国王害怕查理可能会入侵法国。统治意大利的王子们也焦虑地想要保持他们相对于查理的独立。因此，法国国王、教皇和意大利王子们都联合起来对抗查理和他的军队。

Charles wasn't discouraged. If he couldn't convince the pope to crown him emperor willingly, he would resort to force.

查理并没有气馁。如果他不能说服教皇自愿加冕他为皇帝，他就会诉诸武力。

His strategy was simple—and shocking. For years, Charles had oppressed the Protestant Christians who lived in his territories. These Protestants believed that the Catholic church was corrupt and that the pope did not have the authority to tell all Christians how to worship and live.

他的策略很简单——也很令人震惊。多年来，查理一直压迫生活在他领土上的新教徒基督徒。这些新教徒认为天主教会是腐败的，教皇没有权威告诉所有基督徒如何崇拜和生活。

Charles had put Protestants in jail, taken away their land, and executed them. But Charles knew that these Protestants would be willing to fight against the Pope. So he hired an army of German Protestants and sent them, along with his own soldiers, to attack Rome!

查理曾把新教徒关进监狱，夺走他们的土地，并处决他们。但查理知道这些新教徒愿意对抗教皇。所以他雇佣了一支德国新教徒军队，连同他自己的士兵一起派遣去攻击罗马！

[原书插图：查理五世肖像画]

This angry army, called the "German Fury," marched down to Rome and surrounded it. The pope's soldiers were outnumbered. They fired a few shots from the walls with their old, battered cannons—but the invaders broke down the gates and streamed through the city.

这支愤怒的军队被称为"德国怒火"，他们进军罗马并包围了它。教皇的士兵在数量上处于劣势。他们用破旧的大炮从城墙上开了几炮——但入侵者冲破了城门，涌入了城市。

The pope and his soldiers retreated to a fortress inside the city and barred themselves in. For eight months, the pope remained a prisoner inside this fortress, while the German Fury stormed through Rome, burning, killing, and stealing treasure.

教皇和他的士兵撤退到城内的一个要塞中并把自己关在里面。八个月来，教皇一直是这个要塞里的囚犯，而德国怒火在罗马肆虐，烧杀抢掠财宝。

Meanwhile, Charles was still up in Spain, pretending that he knew nothing about the attack on Rome. He sent a message to the pope, claiming that the German Fury had acted without his permission. "I'm outraged!" Charles exclaimed. "How could such a thing happen?"

与此同时，查理仍在西班牙，假装他对攻击罗马的事情一无所知。他给教皇发了一条消息，声称德国怒火的行动没有得到他的许可。"我很愤怒！"查理大声说道。"怎么会发生这样的事情？"

Did the pope believe this message? We don't know. But we do know that the pope agreed to hold the special service which would crown Charles "Holy Roman Emperor." In return, Charles helped the pope to fend off the Fury.

教皇相信这个消息吗？我们不知道。但我们确实知道教皇同意举行特殊仪式，加冕查理为"神圣罗马皇帝"。作为回报，查理帮助教皇抵御怒火军团。

Now Charles could describe himself as "King of the Romans; King of Spain, Sicily, Jerusalem, the Indies and the mainland on the far side of the Atlantic; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy and Athens; Count of Habsburg and Flanders; Lord of Asia and Africa." But despite his fancy titles, Charles had plenty of problems.

现在查理可以称自己为"罗马人之王；西班牙、西西里、耶路撒冷、印度群岛和大西洋彼岸大陆的国王；奥地利大公；勃艮第和雅典公爵；哈布斯堡和佛兰德斯伯爵；亚洲和非洲之主"。但尽管有这些华丽的头衔，查理还是有很多问题。

He had spent years and years of his reign fighting, and wars cost money. He was growing poorer and poorer. Within his own kingdoms, Catholics and Protestants were constantly battling with each other. And his Protestant subjects no longer wanted to obey Charles's decrees.

他在统治期间花了很多年打仗，而战争需要花钱。他变得越来越穷。在他自己的王国内，天主教徒和新教徒不断地相互战斗。他的新教徒臣民不再想要服从查理的法令。

Twenty-four years after the pope crowned him as emperor, Charles decided that he could no longer rule his empire. Dressed in black, leaning on the arm of one of his favorite noblemen, he rose from his throne and told his followers, "I have done my best to protect my country and my faith. But I am too weak and ill to continue the struggle. So I must resign my throne. I will give Spain, the Netherlands, and my Italian lands to my son, Philip."

在教皇加冕他为皇帝二十四年后，查理决定他不能再统治他的帝国了。他穿着黑衣，靠在他最喜欢的一位贵族的手臂上，从王座上站起来对他的追随者说："我已经尽我所能保护我的国家和我的信仰。但我太虚弱和病重，无法继续这场斗争。所以我必须辞去我的王位。我将把西班牙、荷兰和我的意大利土地给我的儿子腓力。"

All of Charles's followers wept as the emperor sank back onto his throne.

当皇帝重新沉回王座时，查理的所有追随者都哭泣了。

One year later, Charles V gave the rest of his empire to his brother Ferdinand, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in his place. Charles went to live in a monastery, where he spent his days praying and reading. He died less than two years later.

一年后，查理五世把他帝国的其余部分给了他的兄弟斐迪南，斐迪南代替他成为了神圣罗马皇帝。查理去一个修道院生活，在那里他把时间花在祈祷和阅读上。不到两年后他就去世了。

The fortunate little boy had lost his kingdoms. But his brother, Ferdinand, and his son, Philip, now ruled over the richest kingdoms in the West. And their actions would change the world.

这个幸运的小男孩失去了他的王国。但他的兄弟斐迪南和他的儿子腓力现在统治着西方最富有的王国。他们的行动将改变世界。

The Riches of Spain / 西班牙的财富

A young boy stands in a dark cave. A heavy sack leans against his bare legs. Beneath his feet, he feels damp, slick clay and rough ridges of stone. Sweat runs down his face. Ahead of him, dim torchlight flickers in the blackness. The hollow sound of metal picks, hacking away at mountain rock, rings through the dark.

一个年轻男孩站在黑暗的洞穴中。一个沉重的袋子靠在他光着的腿上。在他的脚下，他感到潮湿、光滑的黏土和粗糙的石头棱角。汗水从他脸上流下。在他前方，昏暗的火把光在黑暗中闪烁。金属镐凿击山石的空洞声音在黑暗中回响。

He turns around and sees a tunnel, sloping sharply up toward a far-away gleam of daylight. He bends down to lift the sack; needle-edged pieces of stone jut through its rough sides and scrape against his arms and back. He starts to struggle up the tunnel, bent almost double by the weight and gasping for breath.

他转过身，看到一条隧道，急剧向上倾斜通向远处的日光。他弯下腰举起袋子；针尖般锋利的石头片从袋子粗糙的侧面刺出，擦刮着他的胳膊和背部。他开始艰难地向隧道上方挣扎，被重量压得几乎弯成两折，气喘吁吁。

But the air is so warm and foul that he can barely pull it into his lungs. He isn't much older than you. And he works in a South American mine, collecting gold for Philip II, the king of Spain.

但是空气如此温暖和污浊，他几乎无法将它吸入他的肺中。他并不比你大多少。他在南美的矿中工作，为西班牙国王腓力二世收集金子。

The Spanish came to South America the very first time by accident. For hundreds of years, traders from Spain and other European countries had traveled east (right on your map) to India, where they bought cloves, nutmeg, and pepper. But the long and difficult road to India lay through dry deserts and over steep mountain ridges.

西班牙人第一次来到南美是因为意外。数百年来，来自西班牙和其他欧洲国家的商人向东旅行（在你的地图上向右）到印度，在那里他们购买丁香、肉豆蔻和胡椒。但通往印度的漫长而困难的道路要穿过干燥的沙漠，翻越陡峭的山脊。

So an adventurer named Christopher Columbus set sail from Europe and went west (left on your map), hoping to go all the way around the world and reach India from the other side. When he caught sight of land, he was sure that he had reached the islands near India. He named the people who came out to meet him Indians. And he claimed the land for Spain, because the queen of Spain had given him money to buy his ships.

所以一个名叫克里斯托弗·哥伦布的冒险家从欧洲启航向西航行（在你的地图上向左），希望环游世界并从另一边到达印度。当他看到陆地时，他确信他已经到达了印度附近的岛屿。他把出来迎接他的人称为印第安人。他为西班牙声称拥有这片土地，因为西班牙女王给了他钱买船。

After Columbus returned home, other Spanish adventurers, called conquistadores, followed his sea route to "India." They realized that Columbus hadn't reached India at all. He had found an entirely new land! And this new land held something more exciting than spices. The native people of South America wore gold jewelry. They offered the conquistadores gold and silver ornaments.

哥伦布回国后，其他西班牙冒险家，被称为征服者，沿着他的海路前往"印度"。他们意识到哥伦布根本没有到达印度。他发现了一块全新的土地！这块新土地拥有比香料更令人兴奋的东西。南美的原住民戴着金首饰。他们向征服者提供金银装饰品。

And they told stories about a king called El Dorado (or, in English, the "Man of Gold"), who was so rich that he wallowed in gold dust every day.

他们讲述关于一个名叫黄金人（英语中叫"黄金人"）的国王的故事，他非常富有，每天都在金粉中打滚。

When Philip II heard these stories, he decided that Spain needed this gold. So he granted Spanish conquistadores special contracts, called encomiendas. The encomiendas gave the conquistadores permission to sail to South America and take all its gold.

当腓力二世听到这些故事时，他决定西班牙需要这些黄金。所以他给西班牙征服者颁发特殊合同，称为委托制。委托制给征服者许可去南美并夺取所有黄金。

Of course, South America wasn't a big empty country filled with gold. Native South American tribes called Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas already lived there. But Philip II announced that Spain could claim South America because the tribes who lived there were not Christians. "God has given all of the world to the pope," one royal decree explained, "and the pope has given these new lands to the King of Spain."

当然，南美不是一个充满黄金的巨大空国。名为阿兹特克人、玛雅人和印加人的南美原住民部落已经住在那里。但腓力二世宣布西班牙可以声称拥有南美，因为住在那里的部落不是基督徒。"上帝把整个世界都给了教皇，"一个王室法令解释道，"教皇把这些新土地给了西班牙国王。"

Not everyone in Spain agreed that God wanted Spain to have South America's gold. Many Christian priests preached sermons against Philip's encomiendas. But the conquistadores ignored these priests. At first, they took jewelry away from the native tribes. Then they learned that bits of gold were mixed into the sand of the cold mountain streams.

并非西班牙的每个人都同意上帝想要西班牙拥有南美的黄金。许多基督教牧师发表反对腓力委托制的布道。但征服者无视这些牧师。起初，他们从原住民部落夺走首饰。然后他们了解到金块混合在寒冷山溪的沙子中。

So they began to pan gold out of these streams. They crouched over the icy water with metal pans and dipped the pans down into the sand beneath the stream's surface, filling them about half full. Then they held the pans in the current, letting water run over the sand while they shook the pans gently up and down. The rushing water washed the sand out, while the heavy gold sank to the bottom.

所以他们开始从这些溪流中淘洗黄金。他们蹲在冰冷的水边，用金属盘子把盘子浸入溪流表面下的沙子中，装满大约一半。然后他们把盘子放在水流中，让水流过沙子，同时轻轻上下摇动盘子。奔流的水冲走了沙子，而沉重的黄金沉到底部。

[原书插图：征服者骑马图]

But panning for gold didn't make the conquistadores rich enough. So the Spanish began to dig mines into the ground, looking for a rock called quartz that often has little lines of gold running through it. Miners hacked quartz out of the mines with iron axes, carried the rocks up to the surface, crushed them into powder, and heated the powder over a fire. The gold melted and ran off into molds, where it hardened into coins or gold bars called ingots.

但淘金并不能让征服者足够富有。所以西班牙人开始在地下挖矿，寻找一种叫做石英的岩石，它经常有小的金线穿过。矿工用铁斧从矿井中砍出石英，把岩石运到地面，压成粉末，在火上加热粉末。黄金融化并流入模具，在那里硬化成硬币或称为金锭的金条。

The mines started to pour out gold—and silver as well. In all, the Spanish took five hundred billion dollars' worth of gold and silver out of South America.

矿井开始大量出产黄金——还有白银。总共，西班牙从南美取走了价值五千亿美元的金银。

Think for a moment about the number five billion. If you could count day and night, it would take you a hundred and fifty years to count to five billion. And if you could lay five billion pennies side by side, you would have a line of pennies that wrapped all the way around the earth more than seven times! Now imagine a hundred times as many. It would take you fifteen thousand years to count to five hundred billion—counting day and night. And your line of five hundred billion pennies would wrap around the earth over seven hundred times.

想一下五十亿这个数字。如果你能日夜不停地数数，你需要一百五十年才能数到五十亿。如果你能把五十亿枚便士并排放置，你会有一条环绕地球七圈多的便士线！现在想象一百倍的数量。你需要一万五千年才能数到五千亿——日夜不停地数。你的五千亿便士线将环绕地球七百多圈。

If you had five hundred billion dollars, you could buy a ten-speed bicycle for every single person in the world!

如果你有五千亿美元，你可以为世界上每一个人买一辆十速自行车！

Spanish law declared that the king got a share of every load of gold brought from the New World. South American gold made Philip II the richest king in the world! And his people prospered too. Thousands and thousands of poor Spanish men and women traveled to South America and grew rich. "God has given me silver!" one Spanish settler wrote home from South America. "I am rich and honored here. Who would make me go back to Spain and live in poverty?" So many Spanish came to South America that parts of the continent became known as New Spain.

西班牙法律宣布国王从新大陆运来的每批黄金中都得到一份。南美黄金使腓力二世成为世界上最富有的国王！他的人民也繁荣起来。成千上万贫穷的西班牙男女前往南美并变得富有。"上帝给了我白银！"一个西班牙定居者从南美写信回家。"我在这里富有而受尊敬。谁会让我回到西班牙过贫穷的生活？"如此多的西班牙人来到南美，以至于这个大陆的部分地区被称为新西班牙。

But while the Spanish prospered, the native South Americans suffered. The Spanish forced them to work long, miserable hours mining gold. Men spent months in the damp darkness of the mines. Women panned for gold and pounded quartz into powder. Even children spent their days gathering rocks and carrying them up to the surface of the mines. And the Spanish also brought slaves from Africa to work in the South American mines.

但是当西班牙人繁荣的时候，南美原住民却遭受痛苦。西班牙人强迫他们长时间艰苦地挖金矿。男人在矿井的潮湿黑暗中度过数月。女人淘金并把石英捣成粉末。甚至儿童也整天收集石头并把它们运到矿井表面。西班牙人还从非洲带来奴隶在南美矿井中工作。

Working hard, eating little, catching diseases from the conquistadores, thousands of Africans and native South Americans grew sick and died. "Dead slaves are buried every day in big piles," one Spanish onlooker wrote home. South American gold brought riches and power to Spain and to Philip—but it brought misery to South America.

努力工作，吃得很少，从征服者那里染上疾病，成千上万的非洲人和南美原住民生病并死亡。"死去的奴隶每天都被成堆埋葬，"一个西班牙旁观者写信回家。南美黄金给西班牙和腓力带来了财富和权力——但它给南美带来了痛苦。

[原书地图：苏格兰和荷兰地图]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

world

/wɜːrld/

中文：世界
定义：地球上所有的地方和人
例句：The traveler went around the world.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家族
定义：有血缘关系的人群
例句：Charles had three kings in his family.

teeth

/tiːθ/

中文：牙齿
定义：用于咀嚼食物的硬质结构
例句：You only have two teeth left.

house

/haʊs/

中文：房子
定义：人们居住的建筑
例句：Native Americans lived in longhouses.

baby

/ˈbeɪbi/

中文：婴儿
定义：刚出生的小孩
例句：This fortunate baby was born in 1500.

gold

/ɡoʊld/

中文：黄金
定义：贵重的金属
例句：The boy collected gold in the mine.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：统治广大领土的政治组织
例句：The Roman Empire spread across Europe.

emperor

/ˈempərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：比国王更高级的统治者
例句：Charles wanted to be Holy Roman Emperor.

conquistadores

/kənˌkɪstəˈdɔːreɪz/

中文：征服者
定义：西班牙的征服者和探险家
例句：Spanish conquistadores came to South America.

barbarians

/bɑːrˈberiənz/

中文：野蛮人
定义：未开化的部族
例句：Barbarians invaded the Roman Empire.

Protestant

/ˈprɑːtəstənt/

中文：新教徒
定义：反对天主教会的基督教徒
例句：Charles oppressed Protestant Christians.

encomiendas

/ɛnkoʊmiˈɛndəs/

中文：委托制
定义：西班牙殖民制度
例句：Philip granted special encomiendas.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

palace

/ˈpæləs/

中文：宫殿
定义：王室居住的豪华建筑
例句：He was born in a cold stone palace.

mine

/maɪn/

中文：矿井
定义：挖掘矿物的地方
例句：He works in a South American mine.

continent

/ˈkɑːntɪnənt/

中文：大陆
定义：大块的陆地
例句：Parts of the continent became New Spain.

tribes

/traɪbz/

中文：部落
定义：原始社会群体
例句：Aztec, Mayan, and Inca tribes lived there.

fortress

/ˈfɔːrtrəs/

中文：要塞
定义：防御性的建筑
例句：The pope retreated to a fortress.

monastery

/ˈmɑːnəsteri/

中文：修道院
定义：僧侣居住和祈祷的地方
例句：Charles went to live in a monastery.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

Christian

/ˈkrɪstʃən/

中文：基督徒
定义：信仰基督教的人
例句：Charlemagne was a Christian emperor.

pope

/poʊp/

中文：教皇
定义：天主教会的最高领袖
例句：The pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor.

slaves

/sleɪvz/

中文：奴隶
定义：被强迫劳动的人
例句：Spanish brought slaves from Africa.

nobility

/noʊˈbɪləti/

中文：贵族
定义：有爵位的上层人士
例句：He leaned on the arm of a nobleman.

poverty

/ˈpɑːvərti/

中文：贫穷
定义：缺乏财富的状态
例句：Who would make me live in poverty?

jewelry

/ˈdʒuːəlri/

中文：首饰
定义：装饰性的贵重饰品
例句：Native people wore gold jewelry.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

conquered

/ˈkɑːŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：通过战争占领
例句：Charlemagne conquered German lands.

proclaimed

/prəˈkleɪmd/

中文：宣布
定义：正式公开宣告
例句：The pope proclaimed him emperor.

oppressed

/əˈprest/

中文：压迫
定义：严厉控制和虐待
例句：Charles oppressed Protestant Christians.

resigned

/rɪˈzaɪnd/

中文：辞职
定义：放弃职位或权力
例句：Charles resigned his throne.

suffered

/ˈsʌfərd/

中文：遭受痛苦
定义：经历痛苦或困难
例句：Native South Americans suffered.

prospered

/ˈprɑːspərd/

中文：繁荣
定义：变得富有和成功
例句：Spanish people prospered from gold.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

章节：第一章 - 帝国的世界 / Chapter 1 - A World of Empires
段落数：47个双语段落 / 47 bilingual paragraphs
标注词汇：75个重点词汇 / 75 key vocabulary words
词汇卡片：36个详细卡片 / 36 detailed cards
词汇分类：5个主要类别 / 5 main categories
特殊元素：3个插图标记，2个时间标记 / 3 illustration notes, 2 time markers
发音功能：已启用点击发音 / Click pronunciation enabled
处理质量：100%完整度，符合模板要求 / 100% complete, template compliant