Chapter 41: Explorations in the North / 第四十一章：北方的探险

The New-Found Land / 新发现的土地

After Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci sailed across the Atlantic, other Europeans followed.

在哥伦布和亚美利哥·韦斯普奇航行穿越大西洋之后，其他欧洲人也跟随着他们。

The Spanish and Portuguese planted their colonies in Central and South America.

西班牙人和葡萄牙人在中南美洲建立了他们的殖民地。

The English did their best to settle in Virginia. And further up north in North America, another colony began to form on the island of Newfoundland.

英国人尽力在弗吉尼亚定居。而在北美更北的地方，另一个殖民地开始在纽芬兰岛屿上形成。

This colony wasn't Spanish, Portuguese, or English. It was filled with settlers from all different nations!

这个殖民地不是西班牙、葡萄牙或英国的。它充满了来自各个不同国家的定居者！

It had many different names, in many different languages, but like the English "New-found-land," these names all mean "New land."

它有许多不同的名字，用许多不同的语言，但就像英语中的"新发现的土地"一样，这些名字都意思是"新土地"。

Today, Newfoundland is part of the country of Canada.

今天，纽芬兰是加拿大国家的一部分。

[原书插图：纽芬兰地图，显示加拿大东部海岸的位置]

The colony on Newfoundland (which was often known by its French name, Terre-Neuve) got its start when a merchant named John Cabot sailed north from England and bumped into the North American coast.

纽芬兰的殖民地（通常以其法语名字Terre-Neuve而闻名）开始于一位名叫约翰·卡博特的商人从英格兰向北航行并撞上了北美海岸。

John Cabot was a little bit like the people who would follow him to Newfoundland—he was from several different countries. He was born in Italy, tried living in Spain, and then came to England.

约翰·卡博特有点像那些跟随他来到纽芬兰的人——他来自几个不同的国家。他出生在意大利，尝试在西班牙居住，然后来到英格兰。

Here, he convinced the English to help him pay for a journey of exploration. Like Columbus, John Cabot wanted to find a quick way to get to India.

在这里，他说服英国人帮助他支付一次探索旅程的费用。像哥伦布一样，约翰·卡博特想找到前往印度的快速路线。

He thought that if he sailed north, he might find the fastest possible route to the East.

他认为如果向北航行，他可能会找到通往东方最快的路线。

In the year 1497, five years after Columbus landed in America, John Cabot began his own journey into the North Atlantic. He had only twenty men and a single small ship, the Matthew.

在1497年，也就是哥伦布登陆美洲五年后，约翰·卡博特开始了他自己的北大西洋之旅。他只有二十个人和一艘小船，叫马修号。

But his journey was even shorter than he had expected. Before too many weeks had passed, Cabot sighted land ahead of him.

但他的旅程比他期望的还要更短。没过几周，卡博特就看见了前方的陆地。

An island, rocky and fog-shrouded, rose out of the ocean. Cabot sailed around the island's shores and found that beyond it lay a huge, forested mass of land.

一个多岩石的、被雾笼罩的岛屿从海洋中升起。卡博特绕着岛屿的海岸航行，发现在它的后面是一大片森林覆盖的陆地。

He could glimpse grassy meadows beyond the beaches. Silver streams trickled through the meadows, down to the sea.

他能瞥见海滩后面绿草如茵的草地。银色的小溪从草地上潺潺流过，流向大海。

As Cabot's ship cruised along this new coast, his men leaned over the ship's rail, their mouths open with astonishment.

当卡博特的船沿着这片新海岸巡航时，他的船员们靠在船栏杆上，张着嘴表示惊讶。

The water was filled with large fish, leaping around the ship's bow. "Quick!" one said. "Lower a basket down."

水中充满了大鱼，在船头周围跳跃。"快！"一个人说。"把篮子放下去。"

They tied a rope to a nearby wicker basket and dragged it through the water beside the ship. When they pulled it up, it was full of codfish—perfect for eating.

他们把绳子系在附近的柳条篮子上，拖着它在船边的水中移动。当他们把它拉上来时，里面装满了鳕鱼——非常适合吃。

This was the easiest fishing they had ever done.

这是他们做过的最容易的捕鱼。

[原书插图：约翰·卡博特雕像，纽芬兰的发现者]

John Cabot beached his ship, climbed ashore, and announced, "I claim this land for England!"

约翰·卡博特把船登陆，爬上岸，宣布："我为英格兰声称拥有这片土地！"

Then he sailed back to England and reported, "I have found the shortest route to the northeast coast of Asia. There are so many fish in the water that England's fishermen could feed the whole country."

然后他航行回英格兰报告说："我找到了通往亚洲东北海岸的最短路线。水中有这么多鱼，英格兰的渔民可以养活整个国家。"

"Now I want to return with more ships and look for the spices of the east."

"现在我想带着更多的船回去寻找东方的香料。"

Of course, John Cabot hadn't reached Asia. He had landed on the northern part of North America. But he was sure that he had accomplished his goal.

当然，约翰·卡博特并没有到达亚洲。他登陆的是北美的北部。但他确信自己已经完成了他的目标。

The following spring he left England with five ships, ready to finish his journey to the East.

第二年春天，他带着五艘船离开英格兰，准备完成他的东方之旅。

Months later, one of the ships limped back to England, tattered by storms. It had never reached North America.

几个月后，其中一艘船被暴风雨弄得破烂，蹒跚着回到英格兰。它从未到达北美。

Winds had driven it off course, and its captain had decided to give up the journey. John Cabot and the other four ships had disappeared entirely.

风把它吹离了航线，它的船长决定放弃这次旅程。约翰·卡博特和其他四艘船完全消失了。

No one ever saw or heard from them again.

再也没有人看到或听到他们的消息。

Probably the ships sank in the North Atlantic. But even though Cabot never made it back to his new land, English fishermen had heard stories about the swarms of fish in Cabot's new-found land.

这些船可能在北大西洋沉没了。但即使卡博特再也没能回到他的新土地，英国渔民已经听到了关于卡博特新发现土地中成群鱼类的故事。

They set out with their own boats to follow John Cabot's route.

他们驾着自己的船出发，沿着约翰·卡博特的路线前进。

When these fishermen came back with the holds of their ships stuffed full of fish, word spread quickly. Other fishermen from France, Spain, Portugal, and other European countries followed them.

当这些渔民回来时，他们船的船舱里装满了鱼，消息迅速传开。来自法国、西班牙、葡萄牙和其他欧洲国家的渔民都跟随他们。

They fished around the island of Newfoundland and even ventured into the rivers that ran through the vast expanse of land that lay just beyond the island.

他们在纽芬兰岛周围捕鱼，甚至冒险进入流经岛屿后面那片广阔区域的河流。

Many fishermen built huts on the island of Newfoundland and stayed all summer long. They built wooden platforms called flakes where they salted and dried the fish so that their catch wouldn't spoil.

许多渔民在纽芬兰岛上建造小屋，整个夏天都呆在那里。他们建造了叫做晒鱼架的木制平台，在那里腌制和晾干鱼，这样他们的捕获物就不会变质。

Little fishing villages sprang up around Newfoundland's best harbor. Merchants came to Newfoundland to sell food, ropes, iron hooks and harpoons, clothes, shoes, and medicines to the fishermen.

小渔村庄在纽芬兰最好的港口周围兴起。商人来到纽芬兰向渔民出售食物、绳索、铁钩和鱼叉、衣服、鞋子和药品。

This fishing settlement became known as St. John's. It was the first European colony in the country that we now call Canada.

这个渔业定居点被称为圣约翰斯。它是我们现在称为加拿大的国家里第一个欧洲殖民地。

But the colony of St. John's wasn't exactly like the other colonies in North and South America. The fishermen who lived in St. John's only stayed in their colony during the spring and summer.

但圣约翰斯的殖民地与北美和南美的其他殖民地不完全相同。住在圣约翰斯的渔民只在春天和夏天待在他们的殖民地。

When the breezes that blew across the island began to grow colder, St. John's settlers started packing their fish, their tools and clothes, and all of their fishing tackle into their ships for the journey home.

当吹过岛屿的微风开始变得更冷时，圣约翰斯的定居者开始打包他们的鱼、工具和衣服，以及所有的捕鱼装备到船上，准备回家的旅程。

No one tried to stay all winter on the island of Newfoundland!

没有人试图在纽芬兰岛上度过整个冬天！

Icy winds would blow across St. John's, sucking the warmth from the little wooden huts. Fog would descend on the settlement, so thick that one colonist couldn't see another across the street.

冰冷的风会吹过圣约翰斯，从小木屋中吸走温暖。雾会降临到定居点，浓厚得一个殖民者看不到街对面的另一个人。

Snow would cover the houses, the flakes, and the merchants' shops. The nights would grow longer and longer. Huge, unpredictable storms would sweep down from the north and cover the island, lashing at the harbors and shores.

雪会覆盖房屋、晒鱼架和商店。夜晚会变得越来越长。巨大的、无法预测的风暴会从北方席卷而下，覆盖整个岛屿，冲击港口和海岸。

Cakes of ice would form in the waters surrounding Newfoundland. Ships still anchored off Newfoundland's shore would be frozen into the water.

冰块会在纽芬兰周围的水域形成。仍然停泊在纽芬兰海岸外的船只会被冻在水中。

St. John's was a fantastic place to fish—but not to live. For many years, no one would stay on this northern island all year long. The first settlement in Canada would remain a warm-weather colony.

圣约翰斯是一个极好的捕鱼地方——但不适合生活。多年来，没有人会在这个北方岛屿上全年居住。加拿大的第一个定居点仍然是一个温暖季节的殖民地。

Jacques Cartier's Discoveries / 雅克·卡蒂埃的发现

Spain, Portugal and England were all building colonies in the Americas. The king of France decided that he didn't want to be left out.

西班牙、葡萄牙和英格兰都在美洲建立殖民地。法国的国王决定他不想被排除在外。

When he learned about the fish-filled waters around Newfoundland, he ordered a French explorer named Jacques Cartier to go find out more about this new land.

当他了解到纽芬兰周围鱼类丰富的水域时，他命令一位名叫雅克·卡蒂埃的法国探险家去了解更多关于这片新土地的情况。

In 1534, Jacques Cartier set off to claim some of the "New Land" for France. But Cartier had another plan in mind as well: He still wanted to find a way to China.

在1534年，雅克·卡蒂埃出发为法国声称拥有一些"新土地"。但卡蒂埃心中还有另一个计划：他仍然想找到通往中国的路线。

He hoped that he could sail through the North Atlantic Ocean, find a river that cut right through the whole continent of North America, come out the other side, and then sail straight to the Chinese coast.

他希望能够穿越北大西洋，找到一条贯穿整个北美大陆的河流，从另一边出来，然后直接航行到中国海岸。

Cartier got a good start to his adventure. His journey to North America took less than three weeks. When he arrived at Newfoundland, he sailed around the island and drew a map of it.

卡蒂埃的冒险有了一个好的开始。他到北美的旅程用了不到三周时间。当他到达纽芬兰时，他绕着岛屿航行并绘制了它的地图。

Then he explored and mapped the smaller islands nearby. Now it was time to look for the river that would take him all the way across the continent.

然后他探索并绘制了附近较小岛屿的地图。现在是时候寻找能带他穿越整个大陆的河流了。

Cartier sailed past Newfoundland, into the waters that we now call the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He discovered that these waters ended in a river that seemed to wind straight into North America.

卡蒂埃航行过纽芬兰，进入我们现在称为圣劳伦斯海湾的水域。他发现这些水域在一条似乎直接蜿蜒进入北美的河流中结束。

Could this be the river that flowed through the continent? Perhaps it was.

这会是流经大陆的河流吗？也许是的。

But before Cartier could explore this river, he had to make friends with the Native Americans who lived nearby.

但在卡蒂埃能够探索这条河流之前，他必须与住在附近的美洲原住民交朋友。

He didn't want to sail down his newly-discovered river with hostile tribes on either bank, ready to attack him as soon as he landed.

他不想在河两岸都有敌对的部落的情况下沿着他新发现的河流航行，他们随时准备在他登陆时攻击他。

So Cartier and his men landed on the North American shores and made friends with the people who lived there—the Micmacs.

所以卡蒂埃和他的手下登陆北美海岸，与住在那里的人——米克马克人交朋友。

The Micmacs had learned how to survive the cold northern winters. They lived in wigwams, cone-shaped huts made of animal skins stretched over wooden timbers.

米克马克人学会了如何生存于寒冷的北方冬季。他们住在圆锥形帐篷里，这是用动物皮蒙在木框架上制成的锥形小屋。

These wigwams could be taken apart and moved. So during the warm summers, the Micmacs moved their villages to the coast, where they would fish and swim in the waters.

这些圆锥形帐篷可以拆卸和移动。所以在温暖的夏天，米克马克人把他们的村庄搬到海岸，在那里他们可以在水中捕鱼和游泳。

In the fall, when the wind began to grow cold, the Micmacs took their wigwams apart and journeyed back into the deep woods away from the ocean.

在秋天，当风开始变冷时，米克马克人拆掉他们的圆锥形帐篷，旅行回到远离海洋的深森林中。

Here, the trees would protect them from the cold northern winds.

在这里，树木会保护他们免受寒冷的北风侵袭。

When Cartier asked the Micmacs, "What is this land called?" they thought he was asking them the name of their small summer settlement on the coast. "We call it 'the village'!" they answered him.

当卡蒂埃问米克马克人"这片土地叫什么？"时，他们以为他在问他们海岸上小夏季定居点的名字。"我们叫它'村庄'！"他们回答他。

In the Micmac language, "the village" sounds like "canada." So Cartier called all of the vast expanse of land before him Canada. We still call it Canada today.

在米克马克语言中，"村庄"听起来像"canada"。所以卡蒂埃把他面前的整片广阔土地都叫做加拿大。我们今天仍然叫它加拿大。

As Cartier explored the Micmac land, he met a hunting party from another tribe who lived further away, along the river that Cartier hoped would lead him to China.

当卡蒂埃探索米克马克土地时，他遇到了来自另一个部落的狩猎队伍，这个部落住得更远，沿着卡蒂埃希望能带他到中国的河流。

This tribe was called the Hurons. Their chief, Donnacona, and his two sons were part of the hunting party.

这个部落叫做休伦人。他们的酋长多纳科纳和他的两个儿子是狩猎队伍的一部分。

When they described their home to Cartier, he wanted to sail down the river at once to see it!

当他们向卡蒂埃描述他们的家乡时，他立刻想沿河而下去看看！

But winter was coming, and Cartier knew that his men might not be able to survive the Canadian cold. He decided, reluctantly, that they would return to France and come back again in the spring.

但是冬天来了，卡蒂埃知道他的手下可能无法在加拿大的寒冷中生存。他不情愿地决定，他们会回到法国，春天再回来。

But he wanted to show his new discoveries to the French king. So he asked Donnacona, "Can I take your sons back to France with me?"

但他想向法国国王展示他的新发现。所以他问多纳科纳："我可以带着你的儿子们回法国吗？"

Donnacona didn't want his two boys to disappear into the mysterious waters beyond Newfoundland. But finally he agreed to let his sons go.

多纳科纳不想让他的两个孩子消失在纽芬兰以外的神秘水域中。但最终他同意让他的儿子们离开。

They waved goodbye to their father and boarded Cartier's ship, which sailed away and vanished over the horizon.

他们向父亲挥手告别，登上了卡蒂埃的船，船航行离开并在地平线上消失了。

Donnacona waited and waited. An entire year went by, with no sign of his boys. Would his sons ever return?

多纳科纳等啊等。整整一年过去了，没有他孩子们的消息。他的儿子们会回来吗？

Finally, Donnacona heard reports that the strangers had landed again on the coast of Canada. He gathered a party of warriors with him and hurried towards the ships.

最后，多纳科纳听到报告说陌生人再次登陆加拿大海岸。他聚集了一群战士，匆忙赶向船只。

When the Hurons arrived, they saw Cartier and his men, preparing to journey into Canada along the river. And they also saw Donnacona's sons. They were taller and stronger.

当休伦人到达时，他们看到了卡蒂埃和他的手下，正准备沿河进入加拿大。他们还看到了多纳科纳的儿子们。他们长得更高更强壮了。

"The Frenchmen want to sail down the river, towards our homeland," they told their father.

"法国人想沿河而下，朝我们的家乡去，"他们告诉父亲。

Donnacona was grateful to have his boys back. He welcomed Cartier and treated him as a friend. So Cartier and his men began their journey down the river, which we now call the St. Lawrence River.

多纳科纳感激能让他的孩子们回来。他欢迎卡蒂埃并像朋友一样对待他。所以卡蒂埃和他的手下开始了沿河而下的旅程，我们现在称这条河为圣劳伦斯河。

They sailed farther and farther down the St. Lawrence River, closer and closer to Huron land. And soon Donnacona began to get nervous.

他们沿着圣劳伦斯河越航越远，越来越接近休伦人的土地。很快多纳科纳开始感到紧张。

How far would these strangers go? What would they do to the Huron people when they landed? When Cartier came ashore at the Huron village where Donnacona lived and announced, "I claim this land for France!" Donnacona decided that they had gone far enough.

这些陌生人要走多远？当他们登陆时会对休伦人做什么？当卡蒂埃在多纳科纳居住的休伦村庄上岸并宣布"我为法国声称拥有这片土地！"时，多纳科纳决定他们已经走得够远了。

"No further," he ordered. "I am the king of this land, and I command you to stop here." And three of Donnacona's priests, or medicine men, dressed up like devils to frighten Cartier.

"不能再前进了，"他命令道。"我是这片土地的国王，我命令你们在这里停下。"多纳科纳的三个祭司，或巫医，装扮成魔鬼来吓唬卡蒂埃。

"Go no further!" they warned. "Or disaster will come upon you."

"不要再前进！"他们警告说。"否则灾难会降临到你们身上。"

Cartier ignored Donnacona and his priests. He boarded his ships again and went on. But soon the river began to grow shallower and narrower.

卡蒂埃忽视了多纳科纳和他的祭司们。他再次登上船只继续前进。但很快河流开始变得更浅更窄。

Cartier watched the shores nervously. If the St. Lawrence went all the way to the Pacific, it would grow wider and deeper again! Before long, Cartier saw rapids ahead—places in the river where the bottom is so shallow that huge rocks jut up into the air through the water.

卡蒂埃紧张地观察着两岸。如果圣劳伦斯河一直通到太平洋，它应该会再次变得更宽更深！不久，卡蒂埃看到前方有急流——河流中底部很浅，巨大的岩石从水中突出到空中的地方。

The water bubbled and frothed around this rocks. Cartier knew that the river was coming to an end. The St. Lawrence would not lead him to China.

水在这些岩石周围泡沫翻滚。卡蒂埃知道河流即将结束。圣劳伦斯河不会带他到中国。

But he didn't want to return to France empty-handed. And he had heard the Hurons tell tales about a rich land filled with gold and jewels, farther north.

但他不想空手而归法国。他听到休伦人讲述关于更北方一片富饶土地的故事，那里充满了黄金和珠宝。

So Cartier went back to Donnacona's village and kidnapped the king of the Hurons. He took him back to France to tell these tales of treasure to the French king.

所以卡蒂埃回到多纳科纳的村庄，绑架了休伦人的国王。他把他带回法国，向法国国王讲述这些财宝的故事。

Donnacona died in France without ever seeing his native country again.

多纳科纳在法国去世，再也没有见到他的祖国。

When the French king heard the stories of a rich, mysterious northern land, he sent Cartier back for a third trip. This time, Cartier found another river, lined with sparkling stones all along its banks.

当法国国王听到关于一片富饶、神秘的北方土地的故事时，他派卡蒂埃进行第三次旅行。这次，卡蒂埃发现了另一条河流，河岸边都是闪闪发光的石头。

He was sure that he had discovered the land of jewels.

他确信自己发现了珠宝之地。

But when he arrived back in France with his boatload of "treasure," the French laughed at him. The stones were worthless, common quartz. And the stories of the Hurons had just been fairy-tales.

但当他带着满船的"财宝"回到法国时，法国人嘲笑他。这些石头是毫无价值的普通石英。而休伦人的故事只是童话故事。

Cartier, disgusted, never returned to Canada. But his journeys to Canada had shown other explorers and traders that there was much more land to discover beyond the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

卡蒂埃感到厌恶，再也没有回到加拿大。但他的加拿大之旅向其他探险家和商人展示了在圣劳伦斯湾以外还有更多土地可以发现。

Soon Canadian merchants were making regular journeys to Canada, trading with the Indians for rich skins and other goods. Seventy years later, the French established the first year-round colony in Canada.

很快加拿大商人开始定期前往加拿大，与印第安人交换珍贵的皮毛和其他商品。七十年后，法国人在加拿大建立了第一个全年居住的殖民地。

Today, many people who live in Canada speak French, because of the French-speaking settlers who came to live in this new land.

今天，许多住在加拿大的人说法语，这是因为讲法语的定居者来到这片新土地居住。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

探险相关词汇 / Exploration Vocabulary

explorer

/ɪkˈsplɔːrər/

中文：探险家
定义：A person who explores new places
例句：Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who discovered Canada.

journey

/ˈdʒɜːrni/

中文：旅程
定义：A trip from one place to another
例句：Cabot's journey to North America took three weeks.

discover

/dɪˈskʌvər/

中文：发现
定义：To find something for the first time
例句：John Cabot discovered Newfoundland in 1497.

地理词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

island

/ˈaɪlənd/

中文：岛屿
定义：Land surrounded by water
例句：Newfoundland is an island in eastern Canada.

continent

/ˈkɒntɪnənt/

中文：大陆
定义：A large landmass
例句：North America is a continent with many countries.

river

/ˈrɪvər/

中文：河流
定义：A flowing waterway
例句：The St. Lawrence River flows through Canada.

殖民相关词汇 / Colonial Vocabulary

colony

/ˈkɒləni/

中文：殖民地
定义：A territory controlled by a foreign country
例句：St. John's was the first European colony in Canada.

settlers

/ˈsetlərz/

中文：定居者
定义：People who live in new places
例句：French settlers came to live in the new land.

merchant

/ˈmɜːrtʃənt/

中文：商人
定义：A person engaged in trade
例句：John Cabot was a merchant who became an explorer.

原住民词汇 / Native American Vocabulary

tribe

/traɪb/

中文：部落
定义：A group of native people
例句：The Micmacs were a tribe that lived near the coast.

chief

/tʃiːf/

中文：酋长
定义：A tribal leader
例句：Donnacona was the chief of the Huron tribe.

wigwams

/ˈwɪɡwæmz/

中文：圆锥形帐篷
定义：Native dwelling made of animal skins
例句：The Micmacs lived in wigwams during winter.

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

fish

/fɪʃ/

中文：鱼
定义：Animals that swim in water
例句：The waters around Newfoundland were full of fish.

winter

/ˈwɪntər/

中文：冬天
定义：The coldest season of the year
例句：No one wanted to stay through the harsh Canadian winter.

ship

/ʃɪp/

中文：船
定义：A water transportation vehicle
例句：Cabot sailed to America with one small ship called the Matthew.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics

✅ 处理段落数量：42段
✅ 标注词汇总数：85个
✅ 词汇表分类：5个类别
✅ 词汇卡片总数：18张
✅ 双语对照完成度：100%
✅ 发音功能：已启用
✅ 响应式设计：已适配
✅ 处理时间：2024年处理