Chapter 42 - Empires Collide / 第四十二章 - 帝国冲突

Spain and England's War / 西班牙与英格兰的战争

Now four countries had claimed land in the Americas. France claimed part of Canada. England claimed the coast of what is now the United States. Portugal had colonies along the coast of South America.

现在有四个国家在美洲声称拥有土地。法国声称拥有加拿大的一部分。英格兰声称拥有现在美国的海岸。葡萄牙在南美洲海岸建立了殖民地。

But Spain had more settlements in the Americas than anyone else. Spanish cities had been built all through South America and Central America. Spanish explorers had even journeyed up into North America.

但是西班牙在美洲的定居点比其他任何国家都多。西班牙的城市遍布南美洲和中美洲。西班牙探险家甚至旅行到了北美洲。

One adventurer, named Hernando de Soto, had explored the Mississippi River. Another explorer, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, discovered the Grand Canyon.

一位名叫埃尔南多·德·索托的冒险家曾探索了密西西比河。另一位探险家弗朗西斯科·瓦斯克斯·德·科罗纳多发现了大峡谷。

While the English and French were struggling to build tiny villages in North America, Spain was building an enormous empire. Spain was so huge and powerful that it was called "Mistress of the World and Queen of the Ocean."

当英国和法国还在努力在北美洲建设小小的村庄时，西班牙正在建设一个巨大的帝国。西班牙如此庞大和强大，以至于被称为"世界女主人和海洋女王"。

But Spain had a problem: English adventurers kept getting in its way. And soon this problem would lead to one of the most famous sea battles of all time.

但西班牙有一个问题：英国冒险家总是妨碍它。很快这个问题将导致历史上最著名的海上战斗之一。

[原书插图：西班牙和英格兰地图，显示欧洲地理位置]

Philip, the king of Spain, had once been the king of England. Do you remember Philip? When he was still just a prince, he married Elizabeth's older sister Mary and became king of England.

西班牙国王菲利普曾经是英格兰的国王。你记得菲利普吗？当他还只是一个王子时，他与伊丽莎白的姐姐玛丽结婚，成为了英格兰国王。

Two years later, Philip also inherited the throne of Spain. For a brief time, Philip was king of England and king of Spain. But then Mary died. Elizabeth inherited the English crown. And Philip lost the title "King of England."

两年后，菲利普也继承了西班牙的王位。在短暂的时间里，菲利普既是英格兰国王也是西班牙国王。但后来玛丽死了。伊丽莎白继承了英格兰的王冠。菲利普失去了"英格兰国王"的头衔。

He offered to marry Elizabeth to get it back—but when she said no, Philip realized that he would have to learn to live without his English crown. Philip didn't really need an English crown. His empire was so big that he was already having trouble running it properly.

他提出与伊丽莎白结婚来夺回王位——但当她拒绝时，菲利普意识到他必须学会在没有英格兰王冠的情况下生活。菲利普并不真正需要英格兰王冠。他的帝国如此庞大，以至于他在管理上已经遇到了困难。

But Philip became more and more annoyed by English ships that insisted on sailing into Spanish waters. English traders were making money by selling slaves to the West Indies.

但菲利普对英国船只坚持航行进入西班牙海域越来越恼怒。英国商人通过向西印度群岛出售奴隶来赚钱。

English explorers were trying to settle land in North America that Philip wanted for himself. And sometimes English ships stopped Spanish ships, loaded with gold, and robbed them. Finally Philip sent Elizabeth a message: "Keep your English ships out of Spanish waters, or Spain will declare war on England!"

英国探险家试图在菲利普想要的北美洲土地上定居。有时英国船只停止装载着黄金的西班牙船只，并抢劫它们。最后菲利普给伊丽莎白发了一条信息："让你的英国船只远离西班牙海域，否则西班牙将对英格兰宣布战争！"

Elizabeth didn't want to risk a war with Spain. She wasn't sure that England was strong enough to defeat the Spanish. So she sent Philip a peaceful, humble message in return. She promised that the English would leave Spanish territory and Spanish ships alone.

伊丽莎白不想冒险与西班牙发生战争。她不确定英格兰是否足够强大来击败西班牙人。所以她回给菲利普一条和平的、谦逊的信息。她承诺英国人将不再干扰西班牙的领土和西班牙船只。

But secretly, Elizabeth gave her sailors permission to go on robbing the Spanish. English pirates knew that they could steal Spanish treasure and sink Spanish ships with no fear of punishment from the queen.

但秘密地，伊丽莎白给她的水手许可继续抢劫西班牙人。英国海盗知道他们可以偷窃西班牙的财宝和击沉西班牙船只，而不用恐惧女王的惩罚。

Meanwhile, Elizabeth kept right on sending English ships on journeys of exploration. England grew richer and richer and stronger and stronger. Soon Philip realized that Elizabeth's promise had been a big lie.

与此同时，伊丽莎白继续派遣英国船只进行探索旅程。英格兰变得越来越富有，越来越强大。很快菲利普意识到伊丽莎白的承诺是一个大谎言。

He decided that it was time to prove, once and for all, that Spain—not England—was the most powerful country in the world. Philip began to build the biggest fleet of warships ever. Shipbuilders labored over huge galleys (warships rowed by oarsmen down in the ship's belly) and galleons (enormous sailing ships, filled with men and supplies).

他决定是时候彻底证明西班牙——而不是英格兰——是世界上最强大的国家。菲利普开始建造有史以来最大的战舰舰队。造船工人辛苦建造巨大的桨帆船（由船底的桨手划桨的战舰）和大帆船（装满人员和补给的巨大帆船）。

Philip planned to crush the English navy with these huge ships. Then they could unload their soldiers on England's shores. Smaller, quicker ships were built as well; Philip planned to send these ships inland, down England's rivers. Once England was filled with Spanish soldiers, Philip could force England to stay out of the New World.

菲利普计划用这些巨大的船只粉碎英国海军。然后他们可以在英格兰海岸卸载他们的士兵。也建造了更小、更快的船只；菲利普计划派遣这些船只深入内陆，沿着英格兰的河流前进。一旦英格兰布满了西班牙士兵，菲利普就可以强迫英格兰远离新世界。

And Philip had another reason for invading England. Philip was a Catholic king, and he knew that Catholics were not allowed to worship openly in England. Once he had conquered England, he planned to make England a Catholic country again. He thought that his conquest of England would be a great service to God!

菲利普入侵英格兰还有另一个原因。菲利普是一位天主教徒国王，他知道天主教徒在英格兰不被允许公开崇拜。一旦他征服了英格兰，他计划让英格兰重新成为天主教国家。他认为征服英格兰将是对上帝的伟大服务！

Finally, Philip assembled over 130 ships into a great floating army called the Spanish Armada. When the Armada was ready to sail for England, the Spanish commanders gave their soldiers very strict orders. They were to act in a Christian manner at all times.

最后，菲利普集合了超过130艘船只组成了一支被称为西班牙无敌舰队的巨大海上军队。当无敌舰队准备启航前往英格兰时，西班牙指挥官给他们的士兵下达了非常严格的命令。他们要始终以基督教的方式行事。

Catholic priests would accompany every ship and would hold church services on board. All of the sailors were expected to attend! And the soldiers were not allowed to swear, even while fighting. Philip wanted his Armada to be a holy army, taking England back for the Catholic church.

天主教牧师将陪伴每艘船，并在船上举行教堂仪式。所有水手都被期望参加！士兵们不被允许咒骂，即使在战斗中也不行。菲利普希望他的无敌舰队成为一支神圣的军队，为天主教会夺回英格兰。

[原书插图：菲利普国王建造西班牙无敌舰队]

Meanwhile, the English were frantically preparing for invasion! Queen Elizabeth put her cousin Lord Howard in charge of the English navy—but she made her most experienced sailor, Sir Francis Drake, second in command.

与此同时，英国人正在疯狂地准备入侵！伊丽莎白女王让她的表兄弟霍华德勋爵负责英国海军——但她让最有经验的水手弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士担任副指挥。

At first, Howard and Drake decided that the English ships should sail south and attack the Spanish Armada before it could even leave the Spanish port. But strong winds blew the English navy back to the north. The ships anchored at Plymouth, on the south coast of England, and waited for the Armada.

起初，霍华德和德雷克决定英国船只应该向南航行，在西班牙无敌舰队离开西班牙港口之前就攻击它。但强劲的风将英国海军吹回了北方。船只在英格兰南海岸的普利茅斯抛锚，等待无敌舰队。

Philip's huge fleet sailed slowly north. Finally, a small English ship keeping watch in the Channel glimpsed the masts of Spanish galleons on the horizon. Its captain sped back to Plymouth Harbor, leaped from his ship, and ran to find the fleet's commanders.

菲利普的巨大舰队缓慢向北航行。最后，一艘在海峡执行守望任务的小型英国船只在地平线上瞥见了西班牙大帆船的桅杆。它的船长快速返回普利茅斯港，从船上跳跃下来，跑去寻找舰队的指挥官。

Sir Howard and Sir Francis Drake were having a friendly game of lawn bowling on a smooth grassy field near the harbor. Drake was just getting ready to toss his own ball down the grass when the captain arrived. "Sir Francis!" the captain gasped. "Come at once! The Spanish are in sight!"

霍华德爵士和弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士正在港口附近平滑的草地上进行一场友好的草地保龄球比赛。德雷克正准备将他的球投掷到草地上，这时船长到达了。"弗朗西斯爵士！"船长喘气道。"快来！西班牙人出现了！"

Sir Francis Drake aimed his ball down the smooth grass. "Don't worry," he said. "There is plenty of time to finish the game and beat the Spaniards too."

弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士将他的球瞄准平滑的草地。"不要担心，"他说。"有充足的时间完成比赛，然后击败西班牙人。"

But Drake and Howard didn't spend much time finishing their game. They ordered the English ships to sail into the English Channel and wait for the Spanish Armada there. When the Spanish ships arrived, they found the English navy ready to fight. The battle for England was about to begin.

但德雷克和霍华德没有花太多时间完成他们的比赛。他们命令英国船只驶入英吉利海峡，在那里等待西班牙无敌舰队。当西班牙船只到达时，他们发现英国海军已经准备好战斗。争夺英格兰的战役即将开始。

The Spanish ships were huge and filled with soldiers, because the Spanish planned on winning by "grappling and boarding." A Spanish ship would sail up beside an English ship, throw hooks over onto its deck, and pull the two ships together. Then Spanish soldiers would pour over onto the English ship and take it over.

西班牙船只巨大且装满了士兵，因为西班牙人计划通过"抓钩和登船"来获胜。西班牙船只会航行到英国船只旁边，将钩子抛到其甲板上，然后将两艘船拉到一起。然后西班牙士兵会涌入英国船只并占领它。

But the English had a different strategy in mind. Their ships were small and quick, with guns along each side. Rather than boarding the Spanish ships, the English just tried to shoot them full of holes so that they could no longer fight.

但英国人心中有不同的策略。他们的船只小巧快速，两侧装有大炮。英国人没有登上西班牙船只，而是试图射击它们，让它们满是洞，这样它们就无法再战斗了。

The English strategy worked. Even though the Spanish navy was twice as large, the English won. Seventy Spanish ships were destroyed. Twenty thousand Spanish soldiers had been killed. Spain, the "Mistress of the Seas," had been defeated in a sea battle.

英国的策略奏效了。尽管西班牙海军的规模是两倍，英国人还是赢了。七十艘西班牙船只被摧毁。两万名西班牙士兵被杀死。西班牙，这个"海洋女主人"，在海战中被击败了。

The defeat of the Spanish Armada happened in 1588, and changed Spain and England forever. Spain would remain a powerful country, but it would never be quite as strong again. From now on, the English empire would begin to grow. Soon England, not Spain, would rule over an empire that stretched all across the world.

西班牙无敌舰队的失败发生在1588年，永远改变了西班牙和英格兰。西班牙仍然是一个强大的国家，但它再也不会像以前那样强大了。从现在开始，英国帝国将开始发展壮大。很快，英格兰而不是西班牙，将统治一个延伸到全世界的帝国。

The World at the End of the Sixteenth Century / 十六世纪末的世界

Back at the beginning of this book, you pretended to be riding a flying carpet that took you all over the Roman Empire. The Romans thought that they ruled the whole world. They didn't even know about North and South America, or about Australia or New Zealand, or about Japan. Your flying carpet didn't take you to any of these countries. Maybe it was a Roman carpet and didn't know any better!

回到这本书的开头，你假装乘坐一张飞行地毯游遍了罗马帝国。罗马人认为他们统治了整个世界。他们甚至不知道北美洲和南美洲，或者澳大利亚、新西兰，或者日本。你的飞毯没有带你去这些国家。也许那是一张罗马地毯，不知道有更好的地方！

The Spanish Armada tried to invade England eleven hundred years after the fall of Rome. In those eleven hundred years, the world has changed. It looks very different than it did in the days of the old Roman Empire. So let's take another little trip around the world and see just how different it is. But you won't need a flying carpet any more. You can board a fast sailing ship and skim around the world by sea.

西班牙无敌舰队试图入侵英格兰是在罗马帝国灭亡后一千一百年。在这一千一百年里，世界发生了变化。它看起来与古罗马帝国时代大不相同。所以让我们再次环游世界，看看它有多么不同。但你不再需要飞毯了。你可以登上一艘快速的帆船，在海上环游世界。

Let's set sail from Plymouth, where the English navy has just defeated the Spanish. A good wind catches your sails and sends you south. As you pass France, you cross the path of a merchant ship headed for North America. Its owner is hoping to get rich, soft skins from the Native Americans of Canada and bring them back for French ladies to wear!

让我们从刚刚击败西班牙人的英国海军所在的普利茅斯起航。好风抓住你的帆，送你向南。当你经过法国时，你与一艘前往北美洲的商船相遇。它的主人希望从加拿大的土著美洲人那里得到昂贵、柔软的皮毛，然后带回来给法国女士穿戴！

As you continue south, you also pass a battered group of Spanish ships, limping back to port after their humiliating defeat by England. The sailors are pumping water out of the ships' holds. The Spanish galleons are leaking, because the English navy shot them full of holes.

当你继续向南时，你也经过了一群破损的西班牙船只，在被英格兰羞辱地击败后蹒跚回港。水手们正在从船只的船舱中抽水。西班牙大帆船正在漏水，因为英国海军将它们打得满是洞。

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📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈɛmpaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：由一个强大国家统治的多个领土和民族组成的政治体系
例句：The Spanish empire stretched across many continents.

colonies

/ˈkɒləniz/

中文：殖民地
定义：被外国政府控制和统治的远方领土
例句：Portugal had colonies along the coast of South America.

settlements

/ˈsetəlmənts/

中文：定居点
定义：人们在新地区建立的居住社区
例句：Spain had more settlements in the Americas than anyone else.

Spanish Armada

/ˈspænɪʃ ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

中文：西班牙无敌舰队
定义：1588年西班牙派遣入侵英格兰的庞大海军舰队
例句：Philip assembled over 130 ships into the Spanish Armada.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：陆地与海洋相接的边缘地带
例句：England claimed the coast of what is now the United States.

Channel

/ˈtʃænəl/

中文：海峡
定义：连接两个海域的狭窄水道，特指英吉利海峡
例句：They ordered the English ships to sail into the English Channel.

Plymouth

/ˈplɪməθ/

中文：普利茅斯
定义：英格兰南海岸的重要港口城市
例句：The ships anchored at Plymouth and waited for the Armada.

军事战争词汇 / Military & War Vocabulary

fleet

/fliːt/

中文：舰队
定义：一群在一起行动的船只
例句：Philip began to build the biggest fleet of warships ever.

warships

/ˈwɔːrʃɪps/

中文：战舰
定义：专门为战争设计的军用船只
例句：Philip built the biggest fleet of warships ever.

galleons

/ˈɡæliənz/

中文：大帆船
定义：16-17世纪使用的大型多桅帆船
例句：Shipbuilders labored over huge galleons filled with men and supplies.

strategy

/ˈstrætədʒi/

中文：策略
定义：为达到目标而制定的详细计划和方法
例句：The English had a different strategy in mind.

人物职业词汇 / People & Professions

explorers

/ɪkˈsplɔːrərz/

中文：探险家
定义：探索未知地区和发现新领土的人
例句：Spanish explorers had even journeyed up into North America.

sailors

/ˈseɪlərz/

中文：水手
定义：在船上工作的专业人员
例句：Elizabeth gave her sailors permission to go on robbing the Spanish.

pirates

/ˈpaɪrəts/

中文：海盗
定义：在海上抢劫船只的人
例句：English pirates knew they could steal Spanish treasure.

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

countries

/ˈkʌntriz/

中文：国家
定义：具有独立政府的政治实体
例句：Four countries had claimed land in the Americas.

cities

/ˈsɪtiz/

中文：城市
定义：大型的人口聚居地
例句：Spanish cities had been built all through South America.

ships

/ʃɪps/

中文：船只
定义：在水上航行的交通工具
例句：English ships insisted on sailing into Spanish waters.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 35
标注词汇数 / Annotated Words: 89
词汇表条目 / Vocabulary Cards: 21
历史时间标记 / Time Markers: 4
插图标记 / Illustration Notes: 2
章节长度 / Chapter Length: 长篇 (Long)
难度等级 / Difficulty Level: 中级 (Intermediate)
主题 / Theme: 帝国冲突与海战历史