Chapter 36 - Reformation and Counter Reformation / 第三十六章 - 宗教改革与反宗教改革

Do you remember记住，回忆/rɪˈmembər/ Martin Luther马丁·路德，德国宗教改革家/ˈmɑːrtɪn ˈluːθər/ and his new ideas想法，观念/aɪˈdiːəz/ about sin罪，罪恶/sɪn/ and forgiveness宽恕，原谅/fərˈɡɪvnəs/? Martin Luther said that God didn't require要求，需要/rɪˈkwaɪər/ penance忏悔，补赎/ˈpenəns/ (acts to show repentance悔改，忏悔/rɪˈpentəns/) to forgive sins.

And he criticized批评，批判/ˈkrɪtɪsaɪzd/ the Catholic church天主教会/ˈkæθəlɪk tʃɜːrtʃ/ for selling出售，销售/ˈselɪŋ/ indulgences赎罪券，免罪符/ɪnˈdʌldʒənsɪz/ (allowing people to pay money金钱，货币/ˈmʌni/ to get out of doing penance). Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses九十五条论纲/ˌnaɪnti faɪv ˈθiːsiːz/ were printed印刷，印制/ˈprɪntɪd/ by printing presses and passed around to thousands千，数千/ˈθaʊzəndz/ of people.

The Ninety-five Theses and other essays文章，论文/ˈeseɪz/ that Martin Luther wrote started a huge argument争论，辩论/ˈɑːrɡjumənt/ all across Europe欧洲/ˈjʊrəp/. The argument wasn't really about sin and forgiveness. It was about the Catholic church天主教会/ˈkæθəlɪk tʃɜːrtʃ/.

When Martin Luther criticized indulgences, he was saying, "The Catholic church is telling Christians基督徒/ˈkrɪstʃənz/ to believe相信，信仰/bɪˈliːv/ the wrong things. The Catholic church doesn't know what God上帝，神/ɡɑːd/ wants." This was an incredible难以置信的，惊人的/ɪnˈkredəbl/ thing to say! For hundreds数百，几百/ˈhʌndrədz/ and hundreds of years, millions of Christians had trusted信任，相信/ˈtrʌstɪd/ the church and its priests神父，牧师/priːsts/ to tell them what God wanted.

The Catholic church believed相信，认为/bɪˈliːvd/ that the pope教皇，教宗/poʊp/ could speak说话，代表/spiːk/ for God, and that when he spoke for God he would never be mistaken错误的，弄错的/mɪˈsteɪkən/. Now this German monk修道士，僧侣/mʌŋk/ was saying that the pope and the church were wrong错误的，不对的/rɔːŋ/!

He was claiming声称，断言/ˈkleɪmɪŋ/ that Christians could read阅读，读书/riːd/ the Bible圣经/ˈbaɪbl/ for themselves and could find out what God was saying to them without having a priest to help帮助，协助/help/ them. Every man could teach教导，教授/tiːtʃ/ himself directly from the Bible—and now that printing presses were making hundreds of Bibles, ordinary普通的，平常的/ˈɔːrdəneri/ people could have Bibles of their own for the very first time.

Throughout Europe, Martin Luther found followers追随者，信徒/ˈfɑːloʊərz/ who wanted to read the Bible for themselves rather than accepting接受，认可/əkˈseptɪŋ/ the teachings教义，教导/ˈtiːtʃɪŋz/ of the Catholic church. Their slogan口号，标语/ˈsloʊɡən/ became, "Every man his own priest!" These followers of Luther were called Reformers改革者/rɪˈfɔːrmərz/, because they wanted the church to change改变，变化/tʃeɪndʒ/, or reform改革，改进/rɪˈfɔːrm/.

The Catholic church was horrified恐惧的，震惊的/ˈhɔːrəfaɪd/. If every man was his own priest, every man could come to his own conclusions结论，推论/kənˈkluːʒənz/ about God. What would happen to the truth真理，真相/truːθ/? What would happen to the Christian church? It would splinter分裂，破碎/ˈsplɪntər/ into a hundred different pieces, and then no one would know which "church" had the truth about God.

And the church was also worried担心的，忧虑的/ˈwɜːrid/ about the new Bibles that were being printed in England英格兰/ˈɪŋɡlənd/, in Germany德国/ˈdʒɜːrməni/, and in other countries. These Bibles were being translated翻译，转换/trænzˈleɪtɪd/ into English, German, and other languages语言/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒɪz/. But how could anyone know whether these translations翻译版本/trænzˈleɪʃənz/ were good translations or not?

An Englishman might translate the Bible into English—and get part of it wrong. Then Englishmen reading this English Bible would be misled误导，欺骗/ˌmɪsˈled/ about God. So the church spoke out strongly against the Reformation宗教改革/ˌrefərˈmeɪʃən/. The pope condemned谴责，宣布有罪/kənˈdemd/ many Reformers as heretics异教徒，异端/ˈherətɪks/—men who no longer followed the truth about God.

But the Reformation continued继续，持续/kənˈtɪnjuːd/. One of Martin Luther's followers, a scholar学者，学人/ˈskɑːlər/ named Philip Melanchthon菲利普·墨兰顿/ˈfɪlɪp məˈlæŋkθən/, wrote down the teachings of the Reformers in a document文件，文档/ˈdɑːkjumənt/ called the Augsburg Confession奥格斯堡信条/ˈɔːɡzbɜːrɡ kənˈfeʃən/. This Confession, or statement of faith信仰声明/ˈsteɪtmənt əv feɪθ/, gave Reformers a chance to think of themselves as one group群体，团体/ɡruːp/, with one set of ideas about the Christian faith.

They became known as Protestants新教徒/ˈprɑːtəstənts/, because they protested抗议，反对/prəˈtestɪd/ against the practices做法，实践/ˈpræktɪsɪz/ of the Catholic church. From now on, the church would be divided分裂的，分开的/dɪˈvaɪdɪd/ into two groups. Catholics天主教徒/ˈkæθəlɪks/ would continue to listen to the pope and to the Catholic priests and to follow the official官方的，正式的/əˈfɪʃəl/ teachings of the Catholic church.

Protestants would insist坚持，坚决要求/ɪnˈsɪst/ that every man could read the Bible and interpret解释，理解/ɪnˈtɜːrprət/ it for himself. Today, we still talk about Christians as Catholics and Protestants. Protestant churches (including Lutherans路德宗/ˈluːθərənz/, Presbyterians长老会/ˌprezbɪˈtɪriənz/, Baptists浸信会/ˈbæptɪsts/, Episcopalians圣公会/ɪˌpɪskəˈpeɪliənz/, Methodists循道宗/ˈmeθədɪsts/, and Pentecostals五旬节派/ˌpentɪˈkɔːstəlz/) are separate from the Catholic church because of Martin Luther's Reformation, five hundred years ago.

For hundreds of years, Catholics and Protestants argued争论，辩论/ˈɑːrɡjuːd/ about how to understand理解，明白/ˌʌndərˈstænd/ and obey服从，遵守/əˈbeɪ/ God. Both Catholics and Protestants wanted to follow God and obey him. Protestants thought that men and women should be able to read the Bible and find out what God wanted for themselves. Catholics thought that the Bible could only be interpreted properly with the help帮助，援助/help/ of the church.

But during the Reformation, Protestant teaching also spread for reasons that didn't have anything to do with obeying God. "Every man his own priest" was a good slogan for Renaissance文艺复兴/ˈrenəsɑːns/ times, because many Renaissance men and women just didn't like the idea of accepting someone else's teachings without question质疑，疑问/ˈkwestʃən/. They wanted to make up their own minds about God, just like they wanted to make up their own minds about the shape形状，样子/ʃeɪp/ of the earth.

And many countries didn't like the idea that a pope who lived in Italy意大利/ˈɪtəli/ could tell English, German, and French Christians what to do. When Henry VIII亨利八世/ˈhenri ði eɪtθ/ became a Protestant by setting up his own English church, he wasn't trying to obey God. He was telling the pope, "I am an English king国王，君主/kɪŋ/, and I can do whatever I want, no matter what an Italian pope says!" So the disagreement between Catholics and Protestants also had to do with politics政治/ˈpɑːlətɪks/—the ways in which earthly rulers controlled their kingdoms王国/ˈkɪŋdəmz/.

Being Catholic or Protestant meant more than simply belonging to different churches. Arguments between Catholics and Protestants sometimes turned into wars战争/wɔːrz/ between countries. And sometimes Catholics and Protestants in the same country fought civil wars内战/ˈsɪvəl wɔːrz/ with each other.

Twenty-eight years after Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the church door at Wittenberg维滕贝格/ˈvɪtənbɜːrɡ/, the pope called for a council会议，议会/ˈkaʊnsəl/ (an official meeting of the Catholic church's leaders). "Our faith says that there must be one church," the pope announced宣布，公告/əˈnaʊnst/. "But our unity团结，统一/ˈjuːnəti/ has been torn apart by division分裂，分歧/dɪˈvɪʒən/ and quarrelling争吵，争论/ˈkwɔːrəlɪŋ/. So we must gather together to consider what we should do next."

The pope ordered命令，下令/ˈɔːrdərd/ all of the leaders, or bishops主教/ˈbɪʃəps/, of the Catholic church to meet in the year 1545, in an Italian city called Trent特伦特/trent/. This Council of Trent特伦特会议/ˈkaʊnsəl əv trent/ was supposed to discuss the beliefs信仰，信念/bɪˈliːfs/ of the Catholic church and how they differed from Protestant beliefs. The leaders of the church wanted to write out a statement声明，陈述/ˈsteɪtmənt/ that would tell everyone exactly what the church taught about every important area of belief.

The Council of Trent began on December 13, 1545. It went on for the next eighteen years! For eighteen years, the church leaders held meetings at Trent. They discussed forgiveness of sins, the Bible, penance, the authority权威，权力/əˈθɔːrəti/ of the pope, and hundreds of other issues. Sometimes the discussions got a little bit rowdy吵闹的，粗暴的/ˈraʊdi/.

According to one story, two bishops who were arguing about Martin Luther's teachings on faith got so angry愤怒的，生气的/ˈæŋɡri/ with each other that one grabbed the other by the beard胡须/bɪrd/ and shook him! When the king of Spain西班牙国王/kɪŋ əv speɪn/ heard about this, he wrote the Council of Trent and told them that if they didn't quiet down a little, he would come throw a few bishops into the river河流/ˈrɪvər/ to cool them off.

Finally, after eighteen years, the Council of Trent wrote down a number of different statements on Catholic belief. These statements became the official doctrines官方教义/əˈfɪʃəl ˈdɑːktrɪnz/ of the Catholic church. But the bishops who met at Trent went even further. They insisted that the teachings of the church were all true真实的，正确的/truː/ and that the church had not misled any Christians about their faith.

But they also admitted承认，认可/ədˈmɪtɪd/ that the church's priests and bishops had sometimes acted行动，表现/ˈæktɪd/ wrongly. You see, during the Middle Ages, the church had built many cathedrals大教堂/kəˈθiːdrəlz/, started many schools, and bought a lot of land土地，地产/lænd/. As a matter of fact, by the end of the Middle Ages, the church owned more land than any king or emperor皇帝/ˈempərər/.

This meant that bishops and priests did more than preach and take care of people's spiritual精神的，灵性的/ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/ needs. They also had to act like landlords地主，房东/ˈlændlɔːrdz/ and mayors市长/ˈmeɪərz/. Some of these priests and bishops got more interested in making money than in preaching about Christ. Archbishops大主教/ˈɑːrtʃbɪʃəps/ (bishops who had authority over a number of other bishops) had even been willing to sell priesthoods神职/ˈpriːsthʊdz/.

They would make a rich man a bishop in return for a large payment付款，支付/ˈpeɪmənt/ of money. This meant that the church had bishops who weren't really interested in spiritual matters! These kinds of problems had led many of the Reformers to speak out against the Catholic church. The Council of Trent agreed that some of the church's practices had been wrong.

So when the bishops made their statements about the Catholic church's beliefs, they also wrote out ideas for fixing these problems. From now on, no one could buy their way into being a bishop. Everyone who wanted to be a priest had to go to a special school called a seminary神学院/ˈseməˌneri/. There, priests would be trained and taught all of the Church's doctrines教义，学说/ˈdɑːktrɪnz/.

The Council of Trent reformed改革，改进/rɪˈfɔːrmd/ the Catholic church so that it would be even stronger. We call the years after the Council of Trent the Counter Reformation反宗教改革/ˈkaʊntər ˌrefərˈmeɪʃən/, because during this time the Catholic church changed some of the practices which Martin Luther and the other Reformers had criticized. But the Counter Reformation didn't bring peace和平，平静/piːs/ between Protestants and Catholics.

Protestants and Catholics still fought with each other. Protestant kings and queens国王和女王/kɪŋz ænd kwiːnz/ often ordered Catholics who lived in their countries to be arrested逮捕，拘留/əˈrestɪd/, put in jail监狱/dʒeɪl/, and sometimes even put to death死亡/deθ/. And Catholic kings and queens did the same to Protestants.