Chapter 33 - Spain, Portugal, and the New World / 第三十三章 - 西班牙、葡萄牙与新世界

The Slave Trade / 奴隶贸易

When Ferdinand and Isabella paid for the ships that took Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, and many other explorers across the Atlantic Ocean, they weren't just being kind. They hoped to make money from this New World.

当费迪南德和伊莎贝拉支付运送哥伦布、亚美利哥·韦斯普奇以及许多其他探险家横越大西洋的船只费用时，他们并非只是出于善心。他们希望从这个新世界赚取金钱。

When Columbus landed in America, he claimed the country for Spain. That meant that the king and queen of Spain were saying, "We have the right to send ships to this country, to establish new cities on it, and to take any gold and treasure that we discover here!"

当哥伦布在美洲登陆时，他代表西班牙声称拥有这个国家。这意味着西班牙的国王和女王在说："我们有权利向这个国家派遣船只，在那里建立新的城市，并夺取我们在那里发现的任何黄金和财宝！"

Of course, other countries wanted a part of the New World as well. Portugal also sent explorers to the New World. Soon, the Spanish and the Portuguese were both sending ships across the Atlantic. They hoped to build new cities on the coast of the American continents and also on the islands just off South America, which they called the West Indies.

当然，其他国家也想要在新世界分一杯羹。葡萄牙也向新世界派遣了探险家。很快，西班牙人和葡萄牙人都在向大西洋派遣船只。他们希望在美洲大陆的海岸以及南美洲附近的岛屿上建立新的城市，他们称这些岛屿为西印度群岛。

But the land where they wanted to settle was already occupied by native tribes. Soon Spanish and Portuguese soldiers, called conquistadores, were fighting with the Aztecs, the Mayans, and the Incas who lived in Central and South America. They fought with the Native Americans who lived on the islands of the West Indies. And the Spanish and Portuguese also fought with each other.

但是他们想要定居的土地已经被本土部落占据了。很快，被称为征服者的西班牙和葡萄牙士兵开始与生活在中南美洲的阿兹特克人、玛雅人和印加人战斗。他们与生活在西印度群岛岛屿上的美洲原住民战斗。西班牙人和葡萄牙人也互相争斗。

[原书插图：西班牙和葡萄牙帝国地图，显示他们在美洲的控制区域]

Finally, Spain and Portugal made a deal. They agreed to divide the land in Central and South America. From now on, Spanish soldiers would claim some of the land, while the Portuguese would settle their colonists in other parts of the new country.

最终，西班牙和葡萄牙达成了一项协议。他们同意分割中南美洲的土地。从那时起，西班牙士兵将声称拥有一部分土地，而葡萄牙人则会让他们的殖民者在新大陆的其他地区定居。

This was the beginning of a very sad time in history. The Spanish and the Portuguese didn't treat the people of Central and South America well. Instead of making treaties with them, they marched into the cities of the Aztecs and Incas, and into the villages of the Mayans, and killed thousands of people. They destroyed temples, houses, and palaces. They built settlements and claimed the land as their own.

这是历史上一个非常悲伤的时期的开始。西班牙人和葡萄牙人没有善待中南美洲的人民。他们没有与当地人签订条约，而是行军进入阿兹特克和印加人的城市，进入玛雅人的村庄，杀死了成千上万的人。他们摧毁了神庙、房屋和宫殿。他们建立了定居点，并声称这些土地属于他们。

But as the Spanish and Portuguese began to live in their new settlements, they realized that they needed more help. They needed farmers to grow crops to feed the colonists who would come and live in the new cities. They needed miners to help them dig gold out of the ground. And they needed rowers to help pull their heavy ships across the water.

但当西班牙人和葡萄牙人开始在他们的新定居点生活时，他们意识到他们需要更多帮助。他们需要农民种植庄稼来养活那些将要来新城市生活的殖民者。他们需要矿工帮助他们从地下挖出黄金。他们还需要桨手帮助划动他们的重型船只渡过水面。

The easiest way to get this help was to buy slaves. After all, you didn't have to pay a slave any money. Once you bought a slave, he had to work for you until he died. So the Spanish and Portuguese began to buy slaves from the Muslim traders who lived in North Africa.

获得这种帮助最容易的方法就是购买奴隶。毕竟，你不必向奴隶支付任何报酬。一旦你买了一个奴隶，他就必须为你工作直到死去。所以西班牙人和葡萄牙人开始从居住在北非的穆斯林商人那里购买奴隶。

For many years, these Muslim traders had bought slaves from the West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Slavery was a part of life in these empires. Sometimes poor men would sell themselves as slaves so that their families could have more money. More often, the generals and kings of West Africa would capture enemy soldiers in battle and then sell them to Muslim traders.

多年来，这些穆斯林商人从西非的加纳、马里和桑海帝国购买奴隶。奴隶制是这些帝国生活的一部分。有时候贫穷的男人会把自己出售为奴隶，这样他们的家庭就能有更多钱。更多时候，西非的将军和国王会在战斗中俘虏敌军士兵，然后把他们卖给穆斯林商人。

These slaves didn't have a good life, but at least they still lived in Africa. And sometimes they were given a chance to buy their freedom back, or to earn liberty after years of faithful service. But when the Spanish and Portuguese bought slaves, they took these slaves halfway around the world—far, far away from their African homes. And the slaves taken to the New World had no chance of ever becoming free.

这些奴隶的生活并不好，但至少他们仍然生活在非洲。有时候他们会有机会买回自己的自由，或者在多年忠实服务后获得解放。但当西班牙人和葡萄牙人购买奴隶时，他们把这些奴隶带到了半个地球之外——远离他们非洲的家园。被带到新世界的奴隶永远没有机会获得自由。

The demand for slaves soon became huge. Muslim traders who bought slaves from the Africans could no longer provide enough slaves. When this happened, the Spanish and Portuguese made slaves out of the Central American tribes. And they also decided to get their own African slaves. Spanish and Portuguese ships sailed down the West African coast and dropped anchor. They sent parties of armed men into West African villages and kidnapped the villagers.

对奴隶的需求很快变得巨大。从非洲人那里购买奴隶的穆斯林商人再也无法提供足够的奴隶。当这种情况发生时，西班牙人和葡萄牙人开始把中美洲部落的人变成奴隶。他们还决定获得自己的非洲奴隶。西班牙和葡萄牙的船只沿着西非海岸航行并抛锚。他们派遣武装人员进入西非村庄绑架村民。

These Africans weren't men who had been captured in battle. They were ordinary villagers—men, women, and even small children. They were put into chains, packed onto ships, and taken on the long, rough journey to the West Indies and to the coasts of Central and South America. The journey, which took months, became known as the Middle Passage. Slaves on the Middle Passage weren't allowed up on the decks of the ships, so they went for months without any fresh air or sunshine.

这些非洲人不是在战斗中被俘虏的人。他们是普通的村民——男人、女人，甚至小孩子。他们被戴上锁链，装上船只，进行漫长而艰难的旅程，前往西印度群岛和中南美洲海岸。这个持续数月的旅程被称为中段航程。中段航程上的奴隶不被允许到船只的甲板上，所以他们数月没有任何新鲜空气或阳光。

They weren't given enough to eat or drink. Many died on the long, wretched journey. And when they did arrive in the New World, they were forced to work without any hope of ever escaping this new and horrible life.

他们没有得到足够的食物吃或水喝。许多人在这漫长而悲惨的旅程中死去。当他们确实到达新世界时，他们被迫工作，没有任何希望能够逃脱这种新的、可怕的生活。

The slave trade helped the Europeans to build new, wealthy colonies in the New World. But it also killed hundreds of thousands of West Africans. And it even turned the West African people against each other. Some West African tribes realized that they could make a lot of money by selling other Africans as slaves. So they began to kidnap members of other West African tribes to sell to the white slave traders.

奴隶贸易帮助欧洲人在新世界建立了新的、富有的殖民地。但它也杀死了数十万西非人。它甚至使西非人民彼此对立。一些西非部落意识到他们可以通过把其他非洲人当作奴隶出售来赚很多钱。所以他们开始绑架其他西非部落的成员，卖给白人奴隶商人。

The slave trade continued for over two hundred years. You see, at this time in history, many people in Europe believed that people with dark skin weren't as human as people with light skins. They thought of dark-skinned people the way you or I would think of a horse or a dog. So Europeans often treated the brown-skinned people of South America and the black-skinned people of West Africa as if they were not really human at all.

奴隶贸易持续了两百多年。你要知道，在历史的那个时期，欧洲的许多人相信深色皮肤的人不如浅色皮肤的人那样是人类。他们看待深色皮肤的人就像你我看待马或狗一样。所以欧洲人经常对待南美洲的棕色皮肤的人和西非的黑色皮肤的人，就好像他们根本不是真正的人类一样。

Cortés and Montezuma / 科尔特斯与蒙特祖马

When the Spanish came to Central America, they discovered that the Aztecs were already ruling an empire there. Before the Spanish conquistadores could settle down, they would have to conquer the Aztecs. And the Aztecs were skillful, fierce warriors.

当西班牙人来到中美洲时，他们发现阿兹特克人已经在那里统治着一个帝国。在西班牙征服者能够定居之前，他们必须征服阿兹特克人。而阿兹特克人是技艺高超、凶猛的战士。

But when the Spanish first arrived, the Aztecs didn't realize they were being invaded. They thought they were being visited by the gods! The story starts when a Spanish adventurer named Hernán Cortés came to the West Indies (the islands east of Central America). He had hoped to find his fortune in the Spanish colonies there, but he was disappointed.

但当西班牙人首次到达时，阿兹特克人没有意识到他们正在被入侵。他们以为自己正在被神拜访！故事开始于一个名叫埃尔南·科尔特斯的西班牙冒险家来到西印度群岛（中美洲东部的岛屿）。他曾希望在那里的西班牙殖民地找到自己的财富，但他很失望。

There wasn't very much money in the West Indies! But Cortés heard rumors that over on the mainland of Central America, a fantastically wealthy king ruled over a city with streets made of gold and walls made of jewels.

西印度群岛没有太多钱财！但科尔特斯听到传言说，在中美洲大陆上，有一个极其富有的国王统治着一个城市，那里的街道是用黄金铺成的，墙壁是用珠宝造成的。

So Cortés collected a band of soldiers to go with him, loaded Spanish warhorses onto a ship, and sailed to the coast of Central America. When his ship anchored, the tribes who lived near the water came out to see who these new visitors were. But when Cortes and his men unloaded their horses from their ships and rode them ashore, the Indians scattered in terror. They had never seen horses before. They thought each horse and rider was a huge monster with six feet, two arms, and two heads.

于是科尔特斯收集了一群士兵跟随他，把西班牙战马装上船，航行到中美洲海岸。当他的船抛锚时，住在水边附近的部落出来看看这些新访客是谁。但当科尔特斯和他的手下从船上卸下他们的马并骑着它们上岸时，印第安人因恐惧而四散。他们以前从未见过马。他们以为每匹马和骑手是一个有六只脚、两只胳膊和两个头的巨大怪物。

These Indians spread the word all through the mainland: "Monsters are coming! Perhaps they are the gods!" And Cortés and his men plunged into the Central American jungles, searching for the city of gold. They came closer and closer to the edge of the Aztec Empire.

这些印第安人在整个大陆传播消息："怪物来了！也许他们是神！"科尔特斯和他的手下深入中美洲丛林，寻找黄金之城。他们越来越接近阿兹特克帝国的边缘。

The Aztecs who lived on the border of the empire weren't entirely sure who these visitors were. So they came out with gifts for Cortés and his men—wheels of gold as high as a man's waist, golden shields, and buckets full of gold dust. When Cortés saw these gifts, he was more convinced than ever that great treasure was just beyond his reach. He ordered his men, "Keep on! The city of gold is still ahead of us!"

生活在帝国边界的阿兹特克人不完全确定这些访客是谁。所以他们带着礼物出来见科尔特斯和他的手下——高达人的腰部的黄金轮子、黄金盾牌，以及装满金粉的桶。当科尔特斯看到这些礼物时，他比以往任何时候都更加确信巨大的财宝就在他的掌握之外。他命令他的手下："继续前进！黄金之城仍在我们前方！"

Meanwhile, the Aztecs who brought the gifts sent messages back to their capital city, Tenochtitlan. "The visitors are approaching!" they warned. And they described Cortés, his men, and their armor. The king of the Aztecs, Montezuma, listened to these descriptions carefully.

与此同时，带来礼物的阿兹特克人向他们的首都特诺奇蒂特兰发送消息。"访客正在接近！"他们警告说。他们描述了科尔特斯、他的手下和他们的盔甲。阿兹特克的国王蒙特祖马仔细聆听这些描述。

He wondered: Could this be the god Quetzalcoatl, on his way back to Tenochtitlan? Ancient Aztec prophecies said that the god Quetzalcoatl would return five hundred years after leaving his people. And according to the Aztec calendar, the five hundred years was almost up. Also, the description of Cortés sounded like the carved pictures of Quetzalcoatl on the temple walls. (By chance, the helmet Cortés wore was shaped like Quetzalcoatl's hat!) When Montezuma dreamed one night that Quetzalcoatl was approaching to claim his throne, his mind was made up: The god was on his way.

他想知道：这会是羽蛇神回到特诺奇蒂特兰的路上吗？古老的阿兹特克预言说羽蛇神会在离开他的人民五百年后回来。根据阿兹特克日历，五百年几乎到了。而且，对科尔特斯的描述听起来就像神庙墙壁上雕刻的羽蛇神图像。（巧合的是，科尔特斯戴的头盔的形状就像羽蛇神的帽子！）当蒙特祖马有一天晚上梦见羽蛇神正在接近，要索回他的王座时，他下定决心：神在路上了。

So when Cortés and his men arrived, Montezuma threw open the city gates and welcomed him in. Cortés didn't see streets of gold and jeweled walls, but there was plenty of gold in Tenochtitlan. For eight months, Cortés and his men lolled about in the city, enjoying the luxury and stashing away gold jewelry and treasure for themselves.

所以当科尔特斯和他的手下到达时，蒙特祖马打开了城市的大门并欢迎他进入。科尔特斯没有看到黄金街道和宝石墙壁，但特诺奇蒂特兰有很多黄金。八个月来，科尔特斯和他的手下在城市里闲逛，享受奢华，为自己藏起黄金珠宝和财宝。

But Cortés's men began to get bored. They started quarrelling with the Aztec priests. A fight broke out, and several Aztecs were killed. When Montezuma and his men saw the bodies of their friends, they shouted, "Quetzalcoatl would never behave in this way!" They armed themselves and began to battle with the intruders. After the fighting raged up and down the city streets, in and out of the palace, Montezuma was killed.

但科尔特斯的手下开始感到厌倦。他们开始与阿兹特克祭司争吵。一场打斗爆发了，几个阿兹特克人被杀。当蒙特祖马和他的手下看到朋友们的尸体时，他们喊道："羽蛇神绝不会这样行事！"他们武装起来，开始与这些入侵者战斗。在战斗在城市街道上激烈进行，进出宫殿后，蒙特祖马被杀了。

Cortés and his men were driven back into Montezuma's royal palace. They locked themselves in—but now they were surrounded by fierce Aztec warriors, waiting for them to emerge. What would the Spanish do now? They waited, and waited. They waited for days inside the palace! Late one night, one of the lookouts hissed, "The square around the palace is empty!" Cortés peered out. Sure enough, the streets were still. The city seemed to be deserted. Perhaps another war had drawn the Aztec warriors away.

科尔特斯和他的手下被赶回蒙特祖马的皇宫。他们把自己锁在里面——但现在他们被凶猛的阿兹特克战士包围了，等着他们出现。西班牙人现在会怎么办？他们等待着，等待着。他们在宫殿里等了好几天！深夜时分，一个哨兵轻声说："宫殿周围的广场是空的！"科尔特斯向外窥视。果然，街道很安静。这座城市似乎被遗弃了。也许另一场战争把阿兹特克战士引走了。

Cortés and his men stuffed their pockets with all the gold they could carry and tiptoed out of the palace. Around them, the city lay quiet beneath a bright moon. They hurried along the stone-paved streets, towards the nearest gate. The gate was open, but the timbers that would fill the moat were missing. Water stretched between their feet and the beginning of the raised road that led to the lakeshore. "Quick!" Cortés hissed. "Find wood. Anywhere you can! Let's build a bridge."

科尔特斯和他的手下把他们能携带的所有黄金塞进口袋，然后踮脚走出宫殿。在他们周围，城市在明亮的月亮下安静地躺着。他们沿着石铺街道匆忙前行，朝最近的门走去。门是开着的，但本应填满护城河的木材不见了。水面在他们脚下延伸到通往湖岸的高架道路的起点。"快！"科尔特斯轻声说。"找木头。任何地方都行！我们来建一座桥。"

Their hands shaking with haste, the men ripped wood from nearby buildings and built a makeshift bridge. They lowered it over the gap and began to file across. Suddenly they heard a whoop. The water around them was filled with canoes, and each canoe had an armed Aztec warrior in it. They had walked into the Aztec trap.

他们的手因匆忙而颤抖，这些人从附近建筑物上撕下木头，建造了一座临时的桥。他们把桥放在缝隙上，开始排队过桥。突然他们听到一声呐喊。他们周围的水中布满了独木舟，每只独木舟里都有一个武装的阿兹特克战士。他们走进了阿兹特克的陷阱。

The Spaniards tried to fight back, but they were so weighted down with gold that the ones who fell into the water of Lake Texcoco drowned. Only Cortés and a few of his best soldiers escaped. They limped back to the ocean under cover of dark and pushed their ships back out in the water. Cortés had to return to the West Indies, beaten.

西班牙人试图反击，但他们被黄金压得太重，以至于那些掉进特斯科科湖水中的人淹死了。只有科尔特斯和他的几个最好的士兵逃脱了。他们在黑暗掩护下一瘸一拐地回到海边，把船只推回水中。科尔特斯不得不返回西印度群岛，被击败了。

But he wasn't finished yet. He collected new men, new horses, and carpenters. With this fresh force, he sailed back over the shore of the mainland and marched back towards Tenochtitlan. On his way, he convinced other tribes to join him in his war against the Aztecs. Many of the villages who lived near Aztec land had been raided by Aztec warriors who kidnapped their young men and women and took them back to Tenochtitlan for human sacrifices. They were very willing to help Cortés fight against the city.

但他还没有完成。他收集了新的人员、新的马匹和木匠。凭借这支新的力量，他航行回大陆岸边，向特诺奇蒂特兰进军。在路上，他说服其他部落加入他对阿兹特克人的战争。许多住在阿兹特克土地附近的村庄都曾被阿兹特克战士袭击过，他们绑架了年轻男女，把他们带回特诺奇蒂特兰进行人祭。他们非常愿意帮助科尔特斯对抗这座城市。

When Cortés arrived at Lake Texcoco, he had his carpenters build twelve small warships, right there on the shore of the lake. He loaded these ships with soldiers and launched them into the water. The Aztec canoes poured out into the lake to meet him. The siege of Tenochtitlan had begun.

当科尔特斯到达特斯科科湖时，他让木匠在湖岸上建造了十二艘小战舰。他在这些船上装载士兵，然后下水。阿兹特克的独木舟涌入湖中迎战他。对特诺奇蒂特兰的围攻开始了。

The battle went on for three months. But Cortés had collected almost a hundred thousand Spanish soldiers and Indian allies. He cut off all access to the shore, so that the city began to run out of food and water. At last, the city of Tenochtitlan was forced to surrender. In the year 1519, Cortés marched into the city and took over. Now he was the governor of the new Spanish colony in Central America.

战斗持续了三个月。但科尔特斯集结了近十万西班牙士兵和印第安盟友。他切断了所有通往岸边的通道，使得城市开始缺乏食物和水。最后，特诺奇蒂特兰城被迫投降。在1519年，科尔特斯进军城市并接管了它。现在他是中美洲新西班牙殖民地的总督。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

ships

/ʃɪps/

中文：船只
定义：海上交通工具
例句：Spanish ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

money

/ˈmʌni/

中文：金钱
定义：财富，货币
例句：They hoped to make money from the New World.

food

/fuːd/

中文：食物
定义：营养来源，吃的东西
例句：The city began to run out of food and water.

houses

/ˈhaʊzɪz/

中文：房屋
定义：居住建筑
例句：They destroyed temples, houses, and palaces.

families

/ˈfæməliz/

中文：家庭
定义：亲属群体
例句：Poor men sold themselves so their families could have money.

children

/ˈtʃɪldrən/

中文：儿童
定义：年幼的人
例句：They kidnapped men, women, and even small children.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

conquistadores

/kənˈkɪstədɔːz/

中文：征服者
定义：西班牙殖民征服者
例句：Spanish conquistadores fought with the Aztecs.

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：大型政治实体
例句：The Aztecs were already ruling an empire there.

slavery

/ˈsleɪvəri/

中文：奴隶制
定义：强迫劳动制度
例句：Slavery was a part of life in these empires.

Middle Passage

/ˈmɪdl ˈpæsɪdʒ/

中文：中段航程
定义：跨大西洋奴隶贸易航线
例句：The journey became known as the Middle Passage.

colonies

/ˈkɒləniz/

中文：殖民地
定义：海外领土
例句：Europeans built wealthy colonies in the New World.

Tenochtitlan

/teˌnoʊtʃˈtiːtlɑn/

中文：特诺奇蒂特兰
定义：阿兹特克帝国首都
例句：Cortés marched towards Tenochtitlan.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Atlantic Ocean

/ətˈlæntɪk ˈəʊʃən/

中文：大西洋
定义：欧洲与美洲之间的海洋
例句：Explorers crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

West Indies

/west ˈɪndiz/

中文：西印度群岛
定义：加勒比海地区的岛屿群
例句：They called the islands the West Indies.

continents

/ˈkɒntɪnənts/

中文：大陆
定义：大片陆地
例句：They built cities on the American continents.

mainland

/ˈmeɪnlænd/

中文：大陆
定义：主要陆地
例句：He heard rumors from the mainland of Central America.

villages

/ˈvɪlɪdʒɪz/

中文：村庄
定义：小型居住区
例句：They marched into the villages of the Mayans.

jungles

/ˈdʒʌŋɡəlz/

中文：丛林
定义：热带森林
例句：They plunged into the Central American jungles.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

treaties

/ˈtriːtiz/

中文：条约
定义：和平协议
例句：Instead of making treaties with them, they fought.

temples

/ˈtempəlz/

中文：神庙
定义：宗教建筑
例句：They destroyed temples, houses, and palaces.

prophesies

/ˈprɒfəsiz/

中文：预言
定义：预测未来
例句：Ancient Aztec prophecies said the god would return.

human sacrifices

/ˈhjuːmən ˈsækrɪfaɪsɪz/

中文：人祭
定义：宗教杀戮仪式
例句：They took them back for human sacrifices.

luxury

/ˈlʌkʃəri/

中文：奢华
定义：富裕生活
例句：They enjoyed the luxury of the city.

calendar

/ˈkælɪndər/

中文：日历
定义：时间系统
例句：According to the Aztec calendar, the time was up.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

claimed

/kleɪmd/

中文：声称拥有
定义：宣布拥有权
例句：Columbus claimed the country for Spain.

kidnapped

/ˈkɪdnæpt/

中文：绑架
定义：强行带走
例句：They kidnapped the villagers.

conquered

/ˈkɒŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：军事击败
例句：They would have to conquer the Aztecs.

surrounded

/səˈraʊndɪd/

中文：包围
定义：环绕围攻
例句：They were surrounded by fierce Aztec warriors.

escaped

/ɪˈskeɪpt/

中文：逃脱
定义：成功离开
例句：Only Cortés and a few soldiers escaped.

surrendered

/səˈrendərd/

中文：投降
定义：认输放弃
例句：The city was forced to surrender.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

Total paragraphs processed: 32 / 处理段落总数: 32
Keywords annotated: 165+ / 标注词汇数: 165+
Vocabulary cards created: 36 / 词汇卡片数: 36
Categories covered: 5 / 覆盖分类数: 5
Historical period: Early 16th century (1519) / 历史时期: 16世纪初期 (1519年)
Main topics: Spanish colonization, Slave trade, Aztec conquest / 主要话题: 西班牙殖民化、奴隶贸易、阿兹特克征服
Key figures: Hernán Cortés, Montezuma, Ferdinand, Isabella / 关键人物: 埃尔南·科尔特斯、蒙特祖马、费迪南德、伊莎贝拉