Chapter 18 - The Age of Crusades / 第十八章 - 十字军时代

A Command from the Pope / 教皇的命令

In the last chapter, we traveled from England all the way east to Japan. Now let's call your flying carpet to take you back.

在上一章节，我们从英格兰一直向东方旅行到日本。现在让我们召唤你的飞行地毯带你回去。

Do you remember flying all around the Roman Empire, back when we first started to read about the Middle Ages? Your flying carpet took you far, far up above the Mediterranean Sea, and hovered there so that you could look down.

你还记得在罗马帝国周围飞行吗？那时我们刚开始阅读关于中世纪的内容。你的飞毯带你飞到地中海的高空，悬停在那里让你往下看。

You could see the land all around the Mediterranean Sea, and the land all the way down into Egypt and up into Britain, glowing yellow. All through this Roman territory, people spoke Latin and followed the Roman laws.

你能看到地中海周围的所有土地，从南边的埃及到北边的不列颠，都闪着黄色的光芒。在整个罗马领土内，人们说拉丁语，遵守罗马法律。

Now hop back on your flying carpet and soar up, up above China. If you glance down now, you might see the Great Wall snaking across China's mountains! Your carpet whisks you across Asia, then turns south so that you fly down over India and across the Indian Ocean.

现在跳回你的飞毯，高高飞到中国上空。如果你往下看，可能会看到长城蜿蜒穿过中国的山脉！你的飞毯带你穿越亚洲，然后转向南方，飞过印度，穿越印度洋。

You peer over the edge of the carpet. Below you, you can see the Arabian peninsula, with the Red Sea on one side of it and the Persian Gulf on the other. The Mediterranean Sea is just ahead.

你从飞毯边缘往下看。在你下方，你能看到阿拉伯半岛，一边是红海，另一边是波斯湾。地中海就在前方。

[原书插图：十字军时代的世界地图，显示伊斯兰帝国（红色）和基督教王国的分布]

But something has happened to the land around the Mediterranean. It isn't glowing yellow any more. Instead, it shines with a deep, clear scarlet. The entire Arabian peninsula is scarlet. So is the whole northern coast of Africa. Spain is scarlet, although the scarlet line stops at Tours, where Charles the Hammer stopped the Muslim army and turned it back.

但是地中海周围的土地发生了变化。它不再闪着黄色。相反，它闪着深邃清晰的猩红色。整个阿拉伯半岛都是猩红色。非洲北部的整个海岸也是如此。西班牙也是猩红色，虽然猩红色的线在图尔停止了，在那里查理·马特阻止了穆斯林军队并击退了他们。

But the scarlet stretches up from Arabia all the way over to Jerusalem, on the coast of the Mediterranean. It stretches up to the Caspian Sea and over into India. This is the land that belongs to the Islamic empire—now bigger than Rome's empire ever was.

但猩红色从阿拉伯一直延伸到地中海沿岸的耶路撒冷。它延伸到里海，并延伸到印度。这是属于伊斯兰帝国的土地——现在比罗马帝国曾经的版图还要大。

The Muslim warriors who fought to spread the Islamic empire had one great desire: to spread Islam across the civilized world. And this frightened the other nations in the medieval world.

为传播伊斯兰帝国而战斗的穆斯林战士有一个伟大的愿望：在文明世界传播伊斯兰教。这吓坏了中世纪世界的其他国家。

Their kings were afraid that Muslim rulers would take control of their cities. And the leaders of medieval Christianity were worried as well. If Islam spread all across the world, what would happen to Christianity?

他们的国王担心穆斯林统治者会控制他们的城市。中世纪基督教的领袖也很担心。如果伊斯兰教传遍全世界，基督教会怎么样？

Christians were particularly upset when the rulers of the Islamic empire made it hard for them to visit the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was a holy city for Muslims, because they believed that Muhammad had ascended to heaven from a great rock inside the city.

当伊斯兰帝国的统治者让基督徒难以拜访耶路撒冷城时，基督徒们特别心烦。耶路撒冷对穆斯林来说是一座神圣的城市，因为他们相信穆罕默德从城内的一块巨大岩石上升天到天堂。

But Jerusalem was also a holy city for Jews, because it was the city of David, the great Hebrew king, and because the ruins of the Temple destroyed by the Romans were there. And it was holy for Christians, because Jesus was crucified there.

但耶路撒冷对犹太人来说也是神圣的城市，因为那是伟大的希伯来国王大卫的城市，而且被罗马人摧毁的圣殿废墟就在那里。对基督徒来说它也是神圣的，因为耶稣在那里被钉十字架。

Many Jewish and Christian believers made special journeys to Jerusalem. These travelers were called pilgrims (people who made trips to show their devotion to God, and sometimes to ask forgiveness for their sins).

许多犹太教和基督教信徒到耶路撒冷进行特殊的旅程。这些旅行者被称为朝圣者（为了表达对神的虔诚而旅行的人，有时也为了请求神宽恕他们的罪恶）。

When the Islamic empire first took control of Jerusalem, Jews and Christians were allowed to visit the city. But then the Muslims in Jerusalem began to turn against Jewish and Christian pilgrims. Muslims started to drive away and rob Christian and Jewish pilgrims. Some were even killed.

当伊斯兰帝国首次控制耶路撒冷时，犹太人和基督徒被允许拜访这座城市。但后来耶路撒冷的穆斯林开始反对犹太教和基督教朝圣者。穆斯林开始驱赶和抢劫基督教和犹太教朝圣者。有些人甚至被杀死。

Eventually the roads to Jerusalem were blocked to Christians and Jews, so that pilgrims couldn't go to the holy city any more. And the Islamic empire itself was creeping closer and closer to Constantinople and the Christian churches there.

最终通往耶路撒冷的道路对基督徒和犹太人被封锁，朝圣者再也不能去这座圣城了。伊斯兰帝国本身也在慢慢逼近君士坦丁堡和那里的基督教教堂。

Finally, the Byzantine emperor, who lived in Constantinople, sent a message to the pope. "We need help here in Constantinople!" he begged. "Surely knights from the other Christian kingdoms can help to protect the city of Constantinople from Muslim conquest?"

最后，住在君士坦丁堡的拜占庭皇帝给教皇发了一条信息。"我们在君士坦丁堡需要帮助！"他恳求道。"其他基督教王国的骑士一定能帮助保护君士坦丁堡城免受穆斯林征服吧？"

Recapturing Jerusalem / 夺回耶路撒冷

The pope thought about this request. He decided that knights from Christian kingdoms did need to fight against the spread of Islam. But instead of sending them to Constantinople, he sent them to Jerusalem. He promised knights that they would get rewards in heaven for driving back the Islamic invasion.

教皇考虑了这个请求。他决定基督教王国的骑士确实需要战斗来对抗伊斯兰教的传播。但他没有派他们去君士坦丁堡，而是派他们去耶路撒冷。他承诺骑士们，如果击退伊斯兰入侵，他们会在天堂得到奖赏。

And he even promised them that anyone who joined the army would have their sins forgiven. "Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem, under your captain Christ!" he exhorted the knights. "Wear His cross as your badge."

他甚至承诺任何加入军队的人都会得到罪恶的宽恕。"武装起来拯救耶路撒冷，在你们的队长基督的领导下！"他激励骑士们。"佩戴祂的十字架作为你们的徽章。"

So knights from England, France, Italy, and other countries with Christian kings set off for Jerusalem. They sewed crosses on their clothing to show that they belonged to the armies fighting for the Holy City. The Latin word for cross is crux, so these warriors attacking Jerusalem became known as crusaders. And their attempts to recapture Jerusalem from the Islamic empire became known as the Crusades.

于是来自英格兰、法国、意大利和其他基督教国王统治的国家的骑士们出发前往耶路撒冷。他们在衣服上缝制十字架，以表明他们属于为圣城而战的军队。拉丁语中十字架的词是crux，所以这些攻击耶路撒冷的战士被称为十字军。他们从伊斯兰帝国夺回耶路撒冷的尝试被称为十字军东征。

The crusaders who went out to fight the Islamic empire were determined to defeat the warriors of Islam. But the Crusades went on for years and years, and the crusaders spent a long time living in Muslim countries. And although they thought of Muslim warriors as their enemies, they still learned some of the Muslim customs.

出征对抗伊斯兰帝国的十字军决心击败伊斯兰战士。但十字军东征持续了很多年，十字军在穆斯林国家生活了很长时间。虽然他们把穆斯林战士视为敌人，但他们仍然学习了一些穆斯林的习俗。

For one thing, they started to take baths more frequently. The Muslim warriors washed often, because they had to bathe before their daily prayers. But in England and France, people only took baths once or twice a year. So when the crusaders came home clean, they were suspected of having become Muslims.

首先，他们开始更频繁地洗澡。穆斯林战士经常洗澡，因为他们在日常祈祷前必须沐浴。但在英格兰和法国，人们一年只洗一两次澡。所以当十字军干净地回到家时，他们被怀疑已经成为了穆斯林。

Have you ever heard the saying, "Cleanliness is next to godliness?" Well, during the Crusades, dirtiness could prove that you were still a good Christian!

你听过这句话吗："清洁近乎虔诚"？嗯，在十字军东征期间，肮脏反而能证明你仍然是一个好基督徒！

Saladin of Jerusalem / 耶路撒冷的萨拉丁

When the pope called all Christian knights to recapture Jerusalem, nobles and knights from many different countries started to organize themselves into an army. But the first crusaders to set out on a crusade didn't even own swords. They were farmers and peasants who went on the People's Crusade.

当教皇号召所有基督教骑士夺回耶路撒冷时，来自许多不同国家的贵族和骑士开始组织自己成为一支军队。但第一批出发进行十字军东征的十字军甚至没有剑。他们是参加人民十字军东征的农民和农奴。

The People's Crusade began when a wandering preacher named Peter the Hermit decided that common people should join in the effort to recapture Jerusalem. He went through the countryside, making loud excited speeches to all of the peasants and farmers he met.

人民十字军东征始于一个流浪的传教士，名叫隐士彼得，他认为普通人应该参与夺回耶路撒冷的努力。他走遍乡村，对所有遇到的农奴和农民发表大声激动的演讲。

"Come with me to Jerusalem!" he would shout. "God will forgive your sins and give you the strength to fight! You too can be a warrior for God!" Peter the Hermit wasn't very well liked by other churchmen. A priest called Abbot Cuibert remarked, "With his long face framed in a dirty old hood, he looked remarkably like the donkey he rode!"

"跟我一起去耶路撒冷！"他会喊道。"神会宽恕你们的罪恶，给你们战斗的力量！你们也可以成为神的战士！"隐士彼得不太受其他教会人士的喜欢。一个叫修道院院长库伊贝特的牧师说："他戴着脏旧的兜帽，长长的脸，看起来非常像他骑的驴！"

But Peter the Hermit was a very persuasive speaker. The people he spoke to believed he had been appointed by God. And he became so popular that people would crowd around him wherever he went, pulling hairs out of his donkey's mane and tail to keep for souvenirs.

但隐士彼得是一个非常有说服力的演讲者。听他讲话的人相信他是被神任命的。他变得如此受欢迎，无论他走到哪里，人们都会聚集在他周围，拔下他的驴的鬃毛和尾巴上的毛发作为纪念品保存。

When Peter the Hermit set out for Constantinople—his first stop on the journey to Jerusalem—forty thousand common people followed him. None of them knew how to fight. A few had axes, but many had no weapons at all. And they didn't know exactly who they were fighting.

当隐士彼得出发前往君士坦丁堡——他去耶路撒冷旅程的第一站时——四万普通人跟随他。他们都不知道如何战斗。少数人有斧头，但许多人根本没有武器。而且他们不确切地知道他们在与谁战斗。

On their long journey, they attacked Christian villages, stole food, and mistreated the people of the countries they went through. Most of them never even reached Constantinople. And the ones who did were quickly captured and made into slaves. This crusade, the People's Crusade, was a disaster.

在他们的长途旅程中，他们攻击基督教村庄，偷食物，虐待他们经过的国家的人民。他们中的大多数甚至从未到达君士坦丁堡。到达的那些人很快被俘虏并成为奴隶。这次十字军东征，即人民十字军东征，是一场灾难。

Meanwhile, real knights were traveling to Constantinople. Once they arrived in Constantinople, they set off on the long march to Jerusalem. We call this first attack on Jerusalem the First Crusade. It began in the year 1096. It took two years for the crusaders to march from Constantinople to Jerusalem. The entire way, the crusaders were trailed by Muslim fighters. They called these enemies Saracens.

与此同时，真正的骑士正在前往君士坦丁堡。一旦他们到达君士坦丁堡，就开始了前往耶路撒冷的漫长行军。我们称这次对耶路撒冷的第一次攻击为第一次十字军东征。它始于1096年。十字军从君士坦丁堡行军到耶路撒冷用了两年时间。一路上，十字军都被穆斯林战士跟踪。他们称这些敌人为萨拉森人。

El Cid and the "Reconquest of Spain" / 埃尔·熙德和"西班牙收复失地运动"

The most successful attack against the Islamic empire wasn't a crusade, and didn't take place in Jerusalem. Muslim armies kept control of Jerusalem. But over in Spain, Christian kingdoms pushed the Muslim rulers out. We call this time the Reconquest of Spain.

对伊斯兰帝国最成功的攻击不是十字军东征，也没有发生在耶路撒冷。穆斯林军队保持了对耶路撒冷的控制。但在西班牙，基督教王国把穆斯林统治者赶了出去。我们称这个时期为西班牙的收复失地运动。

Do you remember reading about the Muslim invasion of Spain? Four hundred years before the Crusades, the Visigoths who lived in Spain had invited the Muslim warrior Tariq bin Ziyad to come in and help them settle a fight over the Spanish throne. Tariq came—with an army. And he took Spain for Islam.

你还记得读过关于穆斯林入侵西班牙的内容吗？十字军东征前四百年，住在西班牙的西哥特人邀请穆斯林战士塔里克·本·齐亚德来帮助他们解决关于西班牙王位的争斗。塔里克带着军队来了。他为伊斯兰教占领了西班牙。

The Arabs lived in Spain for centuries. They became known as Moors, and their kingdom was called Al-Andalus. The Spanish language became full of Arabic words. Beautiful mosques were built in Spain. Moorish artists, musicians, poets, and philosophers became famous all through the world.

阿拉伯人在西班牙生活了几个世纪。他们被称为摩尔人，他们的王国被称为安达卢斯。西班牙语中充满了阿拉伯语词汇。西班牙建造了美丽的清真寺。摩尔人的艺术家、音乐家、诗人和哲学家在全世界都很有名。

Only a few small kingdoms in the north of Spain remained under the rule of Christian kings. For many years, the Muslim rulers of Al-Andalus were tolerant. They allowed Jews and Christians to live in Spain in peace. But a hundred years before the Crusades began, a new Muslim king came to the throne of Al-Andalus—a king who was only twelve. This young king didn't really know how to rule a country.

只有西班牙北部的几个小王国仍然在基督教国王的统治下。多年来，安达卢斯的穆斯林统治者是宽容的。他们允许犹太人和基督徒在西班牙和平生活。但在十字军东征开始前一百年，一个新的穆斯林国王登上了安达卢斯的王位——一个只有十二岁的国王。这个年轻的国王并不真正知道如何统治一个国家。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础历史词汇 / Basic Historical Vocabulary

empire

/ˈɛmpaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：由皇帝统治的大国家或领土
例句：The Roman Empire was very powerful.

crusade

/kruːˈseɪd/

中文：十字军东征
定义：中世纪基督徒对穆斯林的宗教战争
例句：The First Crusade began in 1096.

knights

/naɪts/

中文：骑士
定义：穿盔甲骑马的中世纪战士
例句：The knights wore heavy armor in battle.

Jerusalem

/dʒəˈruːsələm/

中文：耶路撒冷
定义：对三大宗教都神圣的城市
例句：Jerusalem is holy to Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

宗教相关词汇 / Religious Vocabulary

pilgrims

/ˈpɪlɡrəmz/

中文：朝圣者
定义：为宗教目的进行旅行的人
例句：Christian pilgrims traveled to Jerusalem.

pope

/poʊp/

中文：教皇
定义：基督教天主教会的最高领袖
例句：The pope called for a crusade to Jerusalem.

mosque

/mɑːsk/

中文：清真寺
定义：穆斯林祈祷的建筑
例句：Beautiful mosques were built in Spain.

prayers

/prɛrz/

中文：祈祷
定义：与神交流的宗教行为
例句：Muslims pray five times a day.

地理地名词汇 / Geographic Vocabulary

Mediterranean

/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/

中文：地中海
定义：欧洲南部的大海
例句：The Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa.

peninsula

/pəˈnɪnsələ/

中文：半岛
定义：三面被水包围的陆地
例句：The Arabian peninsula is very large.

Constantinople

/ˌkɑːnstæntəˈnoʊpəl/

中文：君士坦丁堡
定义：拜占庭帝国的首都（现在的伊斯坦布尔）
例句：Constantinople was a great Christian city.

Spain

/speɪn/

中文：西班牙
定义：欧洲西南部的国家
例句：Muslims ruled most of Spain for centuries.

军事战争词汇 / Military Vocabulary

warriors

/ˈwɔːriərz/

中文：战士
定义：参加战争的人
例句：Muslim warriors fought bravely.

siege

/siːdʒ/

中文：围攻
定义：包围城市阻止补给的军事策略
例句：The siege of Jerusalem lasted many months.

conquest

/ˈkɑːŋkwest/

中文：征服
定义：用武力占领土地
例句：The conquest of Jerusalem was difficult.

weapons

/ˈwɛpənz/

中文：武器
定义：用来战斗的工具
例句：The peasants had few weapons.

动作行为词汇 / Action Vocabulary

capture

/ˈkæptʃər/

中文：俘虏，占领
定义：抓住或控制某人或某地
例句：The crusaders wanted to capture Jerusalem.

organize

/ˈɔːrɡəˌnaɪz/

中文：组织
定义：安排和计划活动
例句：The knights organized themselves into an army.

protect

/prəˈtɛkt/

中文：保护
定义：守卫使免受伤害
例句：The knights wanted to protect Constantinople.

defeat

/dɪˈfit/

中文：击败
定义：在战斗中获胜
例句：Saladin defeated the crusader army.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 总段落数: 35个段落
✅ 词汇标注数: 82个重点词汇
✅ 词汇表分类: 6个主题分类
✅ 特殊标记: 时间标记、插图标记
✅ 发音功能: 点击词汇可听发音
✅ 悬停提示: 鼠标悬停显示释义
✅ 响应式设计: 支持手机和电脑浏览