Chapter 12: The Islamic Invasion / 第十二章：伊斯兰征服

Islam in Spain and Africa / 伊斯兰教在西班牙和非洲

Just west of the Frankish empire, another tribe of barbarians had settled down in the land of Spain.

就在法兰克帝国的西边，另一个野蛮人部落在西班牙的土地上定居下来。

The Visigoths had once stormed through the ancient world, creating havoc and spreading terror.

西哥特人曾经冲击过古代世界，制造破坏并传播恐惧。

But now they too had a kingdom of their own. They had adopted Roman customs. They had become Christians. And they had a king.

但现在他们也有了自己的王国。他们采用了罗马的习俗。他们成为了基督徒。他们还有了一位国王。

But in the year 710, their king died suddenly. The Visigoths quarreled over who would be king next.

但在公元710年，他们的国王突然死了。西哥特人为了谁将成为下一个国王而争吵。

Some of them wanted the king's sons to rule. But the strongest noblemen insisted that a warrior named Rodrigo would be a better king.

他们中的一些人想要国王的儿子们来统治。但是最强的贵族坚持认为一个名叫罗德里戈的战士会是更好的国王。

They put Rodrigo on the throne and forced everyone to accept him.

他们让罗德里戈坐上了王座，并强迫所有人接受他。

The sons of the dead king were furious. They wanted to rule! So they sent messengers down to North Africa and asked the great fighter Tariq bin Ziyad to bring his armies up and help them drive Rodrigo out.

死去的国王的儿子们愤怒极了。他们想要统治！所以他们派信使到北非，请求伟大的战士塔里克·本·齐亚德带领他的军队北上，帮助他们赶走罗德里戈。

That was a big mistake.

那是一个巨大的错误。

You see, Tariq was a Muslim commander. And his armies were the armies of the Islamic Empire.

你看，塔里克是一位穆斯林指挥官。他的军队是伊斯兰帝国的军队。

Do you remember how the Islamic Empire began? Followers of Muhammad, who preached that Allah was the one true God, took over the cities of Mecca and Medina.

你记得伊斯兰帝国是如何开始的吗？穆罕默德的追随者，他宣扬安拉是唯一真正的神，占领了麦加和麦地那这两座城市。

Then they took over most of Arabia. Then they attacked the Byzantine Empire and took some of its land. They conquered Egypt, and then they spread across North Africa, just beneath the Mediterranean Sea.

然后他们占领了阿拉伯的大部分地区。然后他们攻击了拜占庭帝国并夺取了它的一些土地。他们征服了埃及，然后他们传播到整个北非，就在地中海下方。

They built holy cities in North Africa. And they added twelve thousand North African men, called Berbers, to their army.

他们在北非建造了神圣的城市。他们还将一万二千名北非人，称为柏柏尔人，加入到他们的军队中。

One of these Berber men was Tariq. He was only a slave. But when the Islamic armies captured Tariq's home town, he converted to Islam and joined the conquerors.

这些柏柏尔人中的一个就是塔里克。他原本只是一个奴隶。但是当伊斯兰军队占领了塔里克的家乡时，他改信了伊斯兰教并加入了征服者。

He fought willingly in the front lines of every battle. Soon Tariq's bravery became known to his commanding officers. He was promoted again and again until he became a general.

他自愿地在每次战斗的前线作战。很快塔里克的勇敢被他的指挥官们所知晓。他一次又一次地被晋升，直到成为一名将军。

[原书插图：伊斯兰帝国在其鼎盛时期的地图]

Under Tariq's leadership, the Islamic army charged through the rest of North Africa, all the way over to the city of Tangier. Look at your map, and you'll see that Tangier sits right at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea—the sea that looks like a flying duck.

在塔里克的领导下，伊斯兰军队冲锋通过了北非的其余地区，一直到达丹吉尔城。看看你的地图，你会看到丹吉尔正好坐落在地中海的边缘——那个看起来像飞翔的鸭子的海。

Tangier is on the "beak" of the duck. And just across the water is Spain. Once Tariq and his forces were in Tangier, it was a very short trip over to Spanish land.

丹吉尔位于鸭子的"嘴"上。就在水的对面是西班牙。一旦塔里克和他的军队到达丹吉尔，到西班牙土地就是一次非常短的旅程。

So when Tariq got a message inviting him into Spain, he was happy to oblige. But he didn't go over to Spain to help the king's sons get their throne back. He went to capture Spain for Islam.

所以当塔里克收到邀请他进入西班牙的消息时，他很高兴答应。但他去西班牙不是为了帮助国王的儿子们夺回王座。他去是为了给伊斯兰教夺取西班牙。

He organized seven thousand fighting men into small groups. One hot May morning, each group got onto a ship. The ships sailed in a long procession across the water to the coast of Spain.

他将七千名战士组织成小群体。在一个炎热的五月早晨，每个群体都登上了一艘船。这些船以长长的队列航行穿过海水到达西班牙的海岸。

Tariq was in the first ship. He leaped over the edge of the ship, into the water, and waded ashore. He climbed up to the top of a huge rock nearby and watched as each ship came up to the Spanish sand.

塔里克在第一艘船上。他跳跃过船边，跳入水中，涉水上岸。他爬到附近一块巨大的岩石顶部，观察每艘船靠近西班牙的沙滩。

And as soon as all of his men had come ashore, he ordered, "Burn the ships!" "But sir!" his soldiers cried. "Why are you doing this? How will we ever return home?"

一旦他所有的人都上岸了，他就命令道："烧毁这些船！""但是，长官！"他的士兵们喊道。"你为什么要这样做？我们怎么能返回家乡？"

Tariq glared down at them. "We haven't come here to return," he said. "We will either conquer—or perish!" And with that, he led his armies into Spain.

塔里克怒视着他们。"我们来这里不是为了回去，"他说。"我们要么征服——要么死亡！"说着，他带领军队进入了西班牙。

The Visigoths, divided by their quarrel over the throne, couldn't resist Tariq's fighting men. Soon Rodrigo and the king's sons and the rest of the Visigoths were all under Islamic rule.

西哥特人由于王座争夺而分裂，无法抵抗塔里克的战士们。很快罗德里戈、国王的儿子们以及其余的西哥特人都在伊斯兰统治之下了。

And Spain remained a Muslim country for many years. Spanish followers of Islam became known as Moors. They built great mosques all across Spain and decorated them with delicate, complicated patterns.

西班牙保持为穆斯林国家许多年。西班牙的伊斯兰追随者被称为摩尔人。他们在整个西班牙建造了宏伟的清真寺，并用精美的、复杂的图案装饰它们。

They designed magnificent gardens and cool, open buildings for the hot Spanish cities. They planted new crops in Spain: cherries, apples, almonds, and bananas.

他们为炎热的西班牙城市设计了壮丽的花园和凉爽、开放的建筑物。他们在西班牙种植了新的作物：樱桃、苹果、杏仁和香蕉。

Cities in Spain became great centers for philosophy, poetry, and music. Spanish mathematicians used the numbers that we still use today; we now call these "Arabic numerals."

西班牙的城市成为了哲学、诗歌和音乐的伟大中心。西班牙的数学家使用我们今天仍在使用的数字；我们现在称这些为"阿拉伯数字"。

The rock where Tariq stood to watch his ships come in became known as Jabal Tariq, the "mountain of Tariq." Over many years, Jabal Tariq became pronounced Gibraltar. Today, that rocky hill is still known as the rock of Gibraltar.

塔里克站着观看他的船只到达的岩石被称为贾巴尔·塔里克，意思是"塔里克的山"。经过许多年，贾巴尔·塔里克的发音变成了直布罗陀。今天，那座岩石山仍然被称为直布罗陀岩。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

land

/lænd/

中文：土地，陆地
定义：地球表面的固体部分
例句：They settled down in the land of Spain.

king

/kɪŋ/

中文：国王
定义：统治国家的男性君主
例句：The Visigoths had a king.

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：无色无味的液体
例句：He leaped into the water.

ship

/ʃɪp/

中文：船
定义：在水上航行的大型交通工具
例句：Each group got onto a ship.

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家，家乡
定义：居住的地方
例句：How will we ever return home?

help

/help/

中文：帮助
定义：协助或支援某人
例句：They asked him to help them.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：由皇帝统治的大型政治实体
例句：The Islamic Empire began with Muhammad.

barbarians

/bɑːˈbeərɪənz/

中文：野蛮人
定义：古代对非罗马文明人群的称呼
例句：Another tribe of barbarians had settled down.

Visigoths

/ˈvɪzɪɡɒθs/

中文：西哥特人
定义：日耳曼部落，曾统治西班牙
例句：The Visigoths had once stormed through the ancient world.

Muslim

/ˈmʌzləm/

中文：穆斯林
定义：信仰伊斯兰教的人
例句：Tariq was a Muslim commander.

conquered

/ˈkɑːŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：通过战争占领和控制
例句：They conquered Egypt.

Berbers

/ˈbɜːrbərz/

中文：柏柏尔人
定义：北非的原住民族
例句：They added twelve thousand North African men, called Berbers.

Moors

/mʊrz/

中文：摩尔人
定义：西班牙的穆斯林居民
例句：Spanish followers of Islam became known as Moors.

Gibraltar

/dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/

中文：直布罗陀
定义：欧洲和非洲之间的战略要地
例句：Today, that rocky hill is still known as the rock of Gibraltar.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Mediterranean Sea

/ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən siː/

中文：地中海
定义：欧洲、非洲和亚洲之间的海域
例句：They spread across North Africa, just beneath the Mediterranean Sea.

Tangier

/tænˈdʒɪr/

中文：丹吉尔
定义：摩洛哥北部的港口城市
例句：They charged all the way over to the city of Tangier.

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：陆地与海洋的交界地带
例句：The ships sailed to the coast of Spain.

Arabia

/əˈreɪbiə/

中文：阿拉伯
定义：阿拉伯半岛
例句：Then they took over most of Arabia.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

customs

/ˈkʌstəmz/

中文：习俗
定义：社会传统和惯例
例句：They had adopted Roman customs.

mosques

/mɑːsks/

中文：清真寺
定义：穆斯林进行祈祷的宗教建筑
例句：They built great mosques all across Spain.

philosophy

/fəˈlɑːsəfi/

中文：哲学
定义：关于存在、知识和价值的学问
例句：Cities became great centers for philosophy.

Arabic numerals

/əˈreɪbɪk ˈnuːmərəlz/

中文：阿拉伯数字
定义：现代使用的0-9数字系统
例句：We now call these "Arabic numerals."

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

settled

/ˈsetld/

中文：定居
定义：在某地建立永久住所
例句：Barbarians had settled down in Spain.

converted

/kənˈvɜːrtɪd/

中文：改信
定义：改变宗教信仰
例句：He converted to Islam.

promoted

/prəˈmoʊtɪd/

中文：晋升
定义：提升到更高的职位
例句：He was promoted again and again.

organized

/ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

中文：组织
定义：有序地安排和管理
例句：He organized seven thousand fighting men.

planted

/ˈplæntɪd/

中文：种植
定义：在土地里培育植物
例句：They planted new crops in Spain.

designed

/dɪˈzaɪnd/

中文：设计
定义：规划和创造某物的外观或功能
例句：They designed magnificent gardens.

📊 Chapter Processing Statistics / 章节处理统计

总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 19个段落
标注词汇数 / Annotated Vocabulary: 65个关键词汇
词汇密度 / Vocabulary Density: 平均每段3-4个词汇
词汇卡片数 / Vocabulary Cards: 24张卡片
词汇分类 / Categories: 5个主要分类
主要内容 / Main Content: 伊斯兰征服西班牙的历史
时间范围 / Time Period: 公元710年
关键人物 / Key Figures: 塔里克·本·齐亚德、罗德里戈
重要地点 / Important Places: 西班牙、北非、直布罗陀
文化影响 / Cultural Impact: 摩尔人文明、建筑、数学