Chapter 3 - Christianity Comes to Britain / 第三章 - 基督教传入不列颠

Augustine Comes to England / 奥古斯丁来到英格兰

In the last days of the Roman Empire, one religion—Christianity—spread all through the countries controlled by Rome. The Roman Emperor himself became a Christian. He told his subjects that they should be Christians. Christianity was popular!

在罗马帝国的最后日子里，有一种宗教——基督教——传遍了罗马统治的所有国家。罗马皇帝本人也成了基督徒。他告诉他的臣民他们也应该成为基督徒。基督教变得很受欢迎！

Then the Roman Empire was destroyed. The time after the fall of the Roman Empire was known as the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, even though the Roman Empire was gone, Christianity survived. Many people were still Christians, in all the different lands that had once been ruled by Rome.

然后罗马帝国被摧毁了。罗马帝国衰落后的时期被称为中世纪。在中世纪期间，尽管罗马帝国已经消失了，但基督教存活了下来。许多人们仍然是基督徒，在所有曾经被罗马统治过的不同土地上。

And many of these Christians in the old Roman empire followed a man called the pope. The pope was the leader of the Christian church in the city of Rome. Many people believed that God had given him the job of taking care of Christians all over the world.

在古老的罗马帝国中，许多基督徒跟随一个被称为教皇的人。教皇是罗马城基督教教会的领袖。许多人相信上帝给了他照顾全世界基督徒的职责。

[原书插图：三个男孩被当作奴隶出售]

One day, the pope was walking through the marketplace near his home when he saw slaves for sale. Men and women were being sold for large amounts of money, so that they could work for their masters for the rest of their lives!

有一天，教皇正在他家附近的市场里走路，这时他看到有奴隶在出售。男人和女人被以大量的金钱卖掉，这样他们就可以为他们的主人工作一辈子！

The pope shook his head over this evil. He walked over to look more closely at the slaves. Three of the slaves—just boys, not much older than you—had very blond hair. And their skins were white as paper. The pope was used to seeing only dark-haired people around him; in those days, fair hair was unusual and strange.

教皇对这种邪恶摇了摇头。他走过去更仔细地看这些奴隶。其中三个奴隶——只是些男孩，并不比你大多少——有着非常金黄色的头发。他们的皮肤像纸一样白。教皇习惯了只看到深色头发的人在他周围；在那个时代，浅色头发是不寻常和奇怪的。

"Where did those boys come from?" he asked one of the slave traders. "From the island of Britain," the slave trader answered. "We sailed over there and kidnapped them. All the British look like that."

"那些男孩从哪里来的？"他问其中一个奴隶贩子。"从不列颠岛，"奴隶贩子回答。"我们航行到那里绑架了他们。所有的不列颠人都长得像那样。"

Now, the pope had never heard of the island of Britain. "Are the people of Britain Christians?" he asked. "Oh, no," the slave trader said. "They've never even heard of Christianity." The pope bent down to talk to the blond boys. "What are your people called?" he asked. "We're called Angles," the oldest boy said. "We want to go back to our home!"

现在，教皇从来没有听说过不列颠岛。"不列颠的人是基督徒吗？"他问。"哦，不是，"奴隶贩子说。"他们甚至从未听说过基督教。"教皇弯下腰和那些金发男孩说话。"你们的人民叫什么？"他问。"我们被称为盎格鲁人，"最大的男孩说。"我们想回到我们的家！"

"Angles? You look more like angels!" the pope exclaimed. And he bought the boys so that they would not have to be slaves. He took them back to his home, fed them, sent them to school, and taught them about Christianity.

"盎格鲁人？你们看起来更像天使！"教皇惊叹道。然后他买下了这些男孩，这样他们就不必当奴隶了。他把他们带回家，喂养他们，送他们去学校，并教授他们基督教。

Then he sent for another Christian, named Augustine, and told him about Britain and about the handsome Angles who lived there. "Augustine," he said, "I want you to go to Britain. Take these boys back to their homes, so that they can tell their families about Christianity. And I want you to stay in Britain and teach these people more about our faith. Build churches in Britain. I will make you the archbishop of England, and you can take care of all the Christians in the country."

然后他派人叫来另一个基督徒，名叫奥古斯丁，并告诉他关于不列颠和住在那里的英俊盎格鲁人的事。"奥古斯丁，"他说，"我希望你去不列颠。把这些男孩带回他们的家，这样他们就能告诉他们的家人关于基督教的事。我希望你留在不列颠，教导这些人更多关于我们信仰的知识。在不列颠建造教堂。我将任命你为英格兰的大主教，你可以照顾这个国家的所有基督徒。"

Augustine agreed to go to Britain. He took forty men with him, and they set off on their journey to the island. They reached the coast of England in the year 597. There, they were greeted by the most powerful king in Britain—Ethelbert, who ruled the whole southern part of country.

奥古斯丁同意去不列颠。他带了四十个人和他一起，他们开始了前往岛屿的旅程。他们在公元597年到达了英格兰的海岸。在那里，他们受到了不列颠最强大的国王——埃塞尔伯特的迎接，他统治着这个国家的整个南部。

Ethelbert had heard that strangers were coming to do magic in his kingdom. He met Augustine and his companions on the shore. "What strange powers do you have?" Ethelbert demanded. "I won't let you into my palace until I can be sure that you won't try to lay a spell on me."

埃塞尔伯特听说有陌生人要来他的王国施魔法。他在海岸上见到了奥古斯丁和他的同伴。"你们有什么奇怪的力量？"埃塞尔伯特要求道。"在我能确信你们不会试图对我施咒语之前，我不会让你们进入我的宫殿。"

"We aren't here to lay spells on you!" Augustine said. "We are here to tell you about Christianity." And then he and his companions told Ethelbert all about the Christian faith. "Hmm," Ethelbert said. "This sounds interesting—but it's all very new to me, and I don't want to give up my old ways. But you've come a long way, and you seem to be quite polite and harmless, so I'll give you permission to tell the people of my kingdom all about your God. You can live in Canterbury, and no one will bother you as long as you behave yourselves."

"我们不是来对你施咒语的！"奥古斯丁说。"我们是来告诉你关于基督教的事。"然后他和他的同伴告诉了埃塞尔伯特所有关于基督教信仰的事情。"嗯，"埃塞尔伯特说。"这听起来很有趣——但对我来说都很新，我不想放弃我的旧方式。但你们来了很远的路，你们看起来很有礼貌和无害，所以我给你们许可向我王国的人民讲述你们的上帝。你们可以住在坎特伯雷，只要你们表现得当，就没有人会打扰你们。"

[原书地图：从罗马到坎特伯雷的路线图，显示欧洲、不列颠岛和地中海区域]

So Augustine and his companions settled down in the town of Canterbury. They built a church and preached to the Anglo-Saxons. Eventually, many of the Anglo-Saxons became Christians. They learned how to read and how to write. They built churches and monasteries, where men could live and worship God. And Augustine himself became the first Archbishop of Canterbury—the leader of all the Christians who lived in England.

所以奥古斯丁和他的同伴在坎特伯雷镇定居下来。他们建了一座教堂，并向盎格鲁-撒克逊人传教。最终，许多盎格鲁-撒克逊人成了基督徒。他们学会了如何阅读和如何写字。他们建造了教堂和修道院，男人们可以在那里生活和崇拜上帝。奥古斯丁本人成了坎特伯雷的第一任大主教——所有居住在英格兰的基督徒的领袖。

Medieval Monasteries / 中世纪修道院

Augustine and the men who went with him to Britain were monks—men who had promised to spend the rest of their lives praying, working, and studying the Bible, rather than marrying and having children. Monks lived together in special buildings called monasteries. They went to church eight times a day to pray and worship God. During the day, they worked in the monastery garden, helped with the cooking, cleaning, and laundry, and did other jobs that the abbot, the chief monk, gave them to do.

奥古斯丁和与他一起去不列颠的人都是修士——这些人承诺要把余生用来祈祷、工作和学习《圣经》，而不是结婚和生孩子。修士们一起住在叫做修道院的特殊建筑里。他们每天去教堂八次祈祷和崇拜上帝。白天，他们在修道院的花园里工作，帮助烹饪、清洁和洗衣，还做院长（首席修士）分配给他们的其他工作。

There were monasteries all through the old lands of the Roman Empire—in Italy, Spain, Africa, and all the other countries that had once belonged to Rome. When the Anglo-Saxons learned about Christianity, some of them wanted to be monks too. So they built monasteries in England and in Ireland, where they could live just like other monks did.

在古罗马帝国的所有土地上都有修道院——在意大利、西班牙、非洲，以及所有其他曾经属于罗马的国家。当盎格鲁-撒克逊人了解了基督教后，他们中的一些人也想成为修士。所以他们在英格兰和爱尔兰建造了修道院，在那里他们可以像其他修士一样生活。

Brother Andrew is a monk in an Irish monastery. His job is to build furniture in the monastery workshop; the monks make all their own chairs, tables and beds. This morning, Brother Andrew is working on building a new table for the refectory (the large room where the monks eat together). He is rubbing oil into the table's top to finish it, but he keeps stopping to blow on his fingers. He's cold!

安德鲁修士是爱尔兰修道院的一名修士。他的工作是在修道院的工作坊里制作家具；修士们制作他们自己的所有椅子、桌子和床。今天早上，安德鲁修士正在为食堂（修士们一起吃饭的大房间）制作一张新桌子。他正在把油擦到桌面上来完成它，但他不停地停下来往手指上吹气。他很冷！

The workshop is in a stone shed, and there's a fireplace in one wall. But the December wind is blowing around the windows and in under the door. And it's still very dark outside, because the sun hasn't risen yet. He is working by candlelight, and his eyes hurt.

工作坊在一个石头棚子里，一面墙上有一个壁炉。但是十二月的风在窗户周围吹着，从门下面吹进来。外面仍然很黑暗，因为太阳还没有升起。他在烛光下工作，他的眼睛疼。

Brother Andrew hopes that the bell will ring soon to summon him to the refectory. He got up at two o'clock this morning for the early morning service, and then went on to his workshop to get started on the day's tasks. It must be nearly five o'clock by now, he thinks. Almost breakfast time!

安德鲁修士希望钟能很快响起来召唤他去食堂。他今天早上两点钟起床参加早晨礼拜，然后去工作坊开始一天的工作。他想，现在一定快五点钟了。快到早餐时间了！

Finally the bell rings. Brother Andrew puts on a heavy cloak and hood and walks toward the refectory. On his way, he passes a line of sick and hungry people who have already formed outside the monastery gates. Brother James knows a lot about herbs and about healing sickness; he is the only doctor within three days' journey, and villagers from several small villages nearby come up to the monastery whenever they get sick.

钟终于响了。安德鲁修士穿上厚重的斗篷和兜帽，向食堂走去。在路上，他经过一队生病和饥饿的人，他们已经在修道院大门外排成队。詹姆斯修士很了解草药和治疗疾病；他是三天路程内唯一的医生，附近几个小村庄的村民每当生病时都会来修道院。

The monks cook food for the hungry too, and serve it even before they eat themselves. The sun is just beginning to come up when Brother Andrew steps into the refectory. He can smell the fresh wheat bread that's been baked for breakfast. The monks aren't allowed to eat butter on their bread, unless it's Christmas or another special day. And the rules of the monastery say that no one can eat the meat of a four-legged animal, so sausage, bacon and beef are never on the breakfast table.

修士们也为饥饿的人烹饪食物，甚至在他们自己吃饭之前就提供给他们。当安德鲁修士走进食堂时，太阳刚开始升起。他能闻到为早餐烘烤的新鲜小麦面包的香味。修士们不允许在面包上吃黄油，除非是圣诞节或其他特殊日子。修道院的规则说没有人可以吃四条腿动物的肉，所以香肠、培根和牛肉从来不会出现在早餐桌上。

But he likes the thick, crusty brown bread. And this morning, there are cooked beans and peas and a few sweet, withered apples—the last of the fall harvest, kept in a cool dirt cellar until now. Monks aren't allowed to talk at meals. Instead, Brother John reads to them from the Bible while they eat in silence.

但他喜欢厚厚的、有硬皮的棕色面包。今天早上，有煮熟的豆子和豌豆，还有几个甜甜的、干瘪的苹果——这是秋季收获的最后一批，一直保存在凉爽的土地窖里到现在。修士们不允许在用餐时说话。相反，约翰修士在他们静默用餐时为他们朗读《圣经》。

But Brother Andrew whispers to the monk next to him, "How did your pupils behave yesterday?" "Terribly!" the monk whispers back. He teaches in the monastery school, where village children are sent to be educated. "They don't want to learn how to write. Every time I turn my back, they whisper and giggle to each other. They don't pay any attention to me at all! And they drew a rude picture of me on the slate when I had to go out for a few minutes."

但安德鲁修士对坐在他旁边的修士低语："你的学生们昨天表现如何？""糟透了！"那个修士低声回答。他在修道院学校教学，村庄的孩子们被送到那里接受教育。"他们不想学习如何写字。每次我转身，他们就互相低语和咯咯笑。他们根本不注意我！当我必须出去几分钟时，他们在石板上画了一幅粗鲁的我的画像。"

Brother John hears the whispering and glares over at them. Brother Andrew finishes his breakfast and waits until the abbot, the monk who runs the whole monastery, prays. He goes back to his workshop to finish his table. It is a beautiful piece of furniture! He knows he shouldn't be proud of it, but he carves, "Andrew, his work" on the underside of the table, in tiny, tiny letters. Maybe one day, someone will see the letters and know that Brother Andrew made this table with his own hands.

约翰修士听到了低语声，瞪着他们。安德鲁修士吃完早餐，等到管理整个修道院的院长祈祷完。他回到工作坊完成他的桌子。这是一件漂亮的家具！他知道他不应该为此感到骄傲，但他在桌子底面用极小极小的字母雕刻了"安德鲁，他的作品"。也许有一天，有人会看到这些字母，知道安德鲁修士用自己的双手制作了这张桌子。

Writing Books by Hand / 手工写书

A few lessons ago, we learned that the years after the fall of Rome are called the Middle Ages, and that in England these years are also known as Dark Ages. Do you remember why we call this time the Dark Ages? Most people in England couldn't read or write, so they didn't write down stories and histories.

几节课前，我们了解到罗马衰落后的年代被称为中世纪，在英格兰这些年代也被称为黑暗时代。你还记得我们为什么称这个时期为黑暗时代吗？英格兰的大多数人不会读书写字，所以他们没有记录下故事和历史。

When Augustine and his companions came to England, they told the Anglo-Saxons about Christianity. But they also taught them how to read and write. They wanted these new Christians to be able to read the Bible. Monks in monasteries also thought that reading and writing were important. After all, they spent a large part of every day reading the Bible and books written by religious men. But back in the Dark Ages, books weren't as easy to make as they are today! Bookmaking was a long, complicated process. And only the monks were skilled enough to make beautiful books.

当奥古斯丁和他的同伴来到英格兰时，他们告诉盎格鲁-撒克逊人关于基督教的事。但他们也教他们如何读书写字。他们希望这些新基督徒能够阅读《圣经》。修道院里的修士们也认为读书写字很重要。毕竟，他们每天花大量时间阅读《圣经》和宗教人士写的书。但在黑暗时代，制作书籍不像今天这样容易！制书是一个漫长、复杂的过程。只有修士们技术熟练到足以制作精美的书籍。

In the Dark Ages, you couldn't just go to a store and buy paper. So the monks began by making a special paper, called parchment, out of animal skin. They put cow or sheep skins in running water, such as a stream or river, for several days. Then they soaked it again, in a barrel filled with water and lime (a chemical that loosened the hair on the skin) for several days more.

在黑暗时代，你不能只是去商店买纸。所以修士们首先用动物皮肤制作一种特殊的纸，叫做羊皮纸。他们把牛或羊的皮放在流动的水中，比如小河或河流里，浸泡几天。然后他们再次浸泡，放在装满水和石灰（一种使皮肤上的毛发松动的化学物质）的桶里再浸泡几天。

Finally, they would stretch out the skin, scrape the hair off with a knife, and then attach it to a frame so that it could dry. But that wasn't all. Once the skin was dried, the monks would take it off the frame, wet it again, and rub it with a rough stone. One medieval book tells us that the best way to wet the skin was to take a mouthful of beer and then spit the beer all over the skin.

最后，他们会拉伸皮肤，用刀刮掉毛发，然后把它固定在框架上晾干。但这还没完。一旦皮肤晾干，修士们会把它从框架上取下来，再次弄湿，然后用粗糙的石头摩擦。一本中世纪的书告诉我们，弄湿皮肤的最好方法是喝一口啤酒，然后把啤酒吐在皮肤上。

When the skin had been dried all over again, it was time to make the ink by mixing soot with water and the sap of trees. The monk had to prepare quill pens by pulling feathers out of a goose or swan's wing, soaking the feathers in water, and scraping the tips. Then the parchment had to be cut into rectangles, folded over to make pages, and stitched together to make booklets.

当皮肤完全晾干后，就该制作墨水了，方法是将烟灰与水和树木的汁液混合。修士必须通过从鹅或天鹅的翅膀上拔羽毛，将羽毛浸泡在水中，并刮削尖端来准备羽毛笔。然后羊皮纸必须被切成长方形，折叠成页面，并缝合在一起制成小册子。

Finally, it was time to write out the words. All books were written out by hand. The monks worked all day in special rooms called scriptoriums. They made copies of the Bible and other important books by copying them out, one letter at a time. Each letter was carefully written in the monk's best handwriting.

最后，该写字了。所有的书都是用手写出来的。修士们整天在叫做抄写室的特殊房间里工作。他们通过逐个字母地抄写来制作《圣经》和其他重要书籍的副本。每个字母都用修士最好的笔迹仔细地写出来。

The books copied by the monks weren't just black letters on white pages. The monks decorated the pages of their books with beautiful colors. They made paints by mixing their colors with egg whites. Often real gold and silver, beaten into sheets so thin that they could float on the air, were attached to the page as part of the picture. Sometimes a picture took up an entire page. Sometimes it was painted just in the margin, or at the top of a page. And sometimes, just the first letter on a page was painted and leafed with gold.

修士们抄写的书不只是白纸上的黑字。修士们用美丽的颜色装饰书页。他们通过将颜色与蛋白混合来制作颜料。经常会有真正的金子和银子，被打成薄得可以在空中飘浮的薄片，作为图画的一部分贴在页面上。有时一张图画占据整个页面。有时它只是画在页边，或者页面的顶部。有时，只有页面上的第一个字母被涂色并贴上金箔。

Writing out long books by hand was hard, slow work. An expert monk might copy out two or three books in a year, working eight hours every day. So there weren't very many books in the Middle Ages. And books were valuable. After all, they took months of labor! Often, books were chained onto library shelves so that people could only read them standing up. And you certainly couldn't check them out.

手工抄写长书是艰难、缓慢的工作。一个专家修士每天工作八小时，一年可能抄写两到三本书。所以中世纪的书籍不是很多。书籍很有价值。毕竟，它们需要几个月的劳动！书籍经常被链条锁在图书馆的书架上，这样人们只能站着读书。你当然不能把它们借出去。

Monks weren't supposed to talk in the scriptorium. They were supposed to pay close attention to what they were doing. But monks got bored. We can still read some of the books written by hand in the Middle Ages—and we can see that sometimes monks wrote messages to each other and even drew silly pictures in the margins of their books. "I'm cold," one monk wrote. "I wish we had a bigger fire, but Brother John won't let us." Another monk wrote, "I wish I were finished. I have to go to the bathroom!" And a third monk drew a little mouse on the edge of his book and wrote "Curse that mouse!" Maybe the mouse had stolen some of his dinner!

修士们不应该在抄写室里说话。他们应该专心注意他们正在做的事情。但修士们会感到无聊。我们仍然可以阅读一些中世纪手写的书——我们可以看到有时修士们互相写信息，甚至在书的页边空白处画有趣的图画。"我很冷，"一个修士写道。"我希望我们有更大的火，但约翰修士不让我们这样做。"另一个修士写道，"我希望我完成了。我必须去厕所！"第三个修士在他书的边缘画了一只小老鼠，并写道"该死的老鼠！"也许老鼠偷了他的一些晚餐！

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家
定义：人居住的地方
例句：The pope was walking near his home.

people

/ˈpipəl/

中文：人们
定义：人类群体
例句：Many people were still Christians.

food

/fud/

中文：食物
定义：可以吃的东西
例句：The monks cook food for the hungry.

children

/ˈtʃɪldrən/

中文：孩子们
定义：年幼的人
例句：Village children were sent to be educated.

work

/wɜrk/

中文：工作
定义：劳动，做事
例句：They could work for their masters.

cold

/koʊld/

中文：冷
定义：温度低
例句：Brother Andrew was very cold in the workshop.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

Christianity

/ˌkrɪstiˈænɪti/

中文：基督教
定义：以耶稣基督为中心的宗教
例句：Christianity spread through the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire

/ˈroʊmən ˈɛmpaɪər/

中文：罗马帝国
定义：古代欧洲强大的政治实体
例句：The Roman Empire was destroyed.

Middle Ages

/ˈmɪdl ˈeɪdʒɪz/

中文：中世纪
定义：大约公元500-1500年的历史时期
例句：The time after Rome's fall was the Middle Ages.

pope

/poʊp/

中文：教皇
定义：天主教会最高领袖
例句：The pope was the leader of the Christian church.

monks

/mʌŋks/

中文：修士
定义：宗教男性社区成员
例句：Augustine and his men were monks.

monasteries

/ˈmɑnəstɛriz/

中文：修道院
定义：宗教社区建筑
例句：They built monasteries in England.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

Britain

/ˈbrɪtən/

中文：不列颠
定义：英国所在的岛屿
例句：The boys came from the island of Britain.

Canterbury

/ˈkæntərˌbɛri/

中文：坎特伯雷
定义：英格兰东南部重要城市
例句：Augustine settled in Canterbury.

island

/ˈaɪlənd/

中文：岛屿
定义：被水包围的陆地
例句：Britain is an island in Europe.

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：陆地与海洋的边界
例句：They reached the coast of England.

Italy

/ˈɪtəli/

中文：意大利
定义：南欧国家
例句：There were monasteries in Italy.

Ireland

/ˈaɪərlənd/

中文：爱尔兰
定义：不列颠群岛西部岛屿
例句：Brother Andrew lived in an Irish monastery.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

teach

/titʃ/

中文：教导
定义：传授知识
例句：Augustine wanted to teach about Christianity.

read

/rid/

中文：阅读
定义：理解文字
例句：They learned how to read the Bible.

write

/raɪt/

中文：写
定义：用文字记录
例句：All books were written by hand.

praying

/ˈpreɪɪŋ/

中文：祈祷
定义：向神说话
例句：Monks spent their lives praying.

worship

/ˈwɜrʃɪp/

中文：崇拜
定义：敬拜神
例句：They went to church to worship God.

preached

/pritʃt/

中文：传教
定义：宣讲宗教
例句：Augustine preached to the Anglo-Saxons.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

章节标题：Chapter 3 - Christianity Comes to Britain / 第三章 - 基督教传入不列颠
总段落数：32个双语段落
词汇标注数：108个关键词汇（每段落平均3-4个）
词汇表分类：5个类别，24个核心词汇卡片
时间标记：公元597年
插图标记：2处原书插图位置
音标格式：国际音标 /xxx/ 格式
响应式支持：手机和平板自适应
点击发音：所有标注词汇支持语音合成
悬停提示：双语词汇解释和音标显示