Chapter 32: China: Writing and the Qin / 第三十二章：中国：文字与秦朝

Calligraphy in China / 中国的书法

The Aryans came to India from Asia. If you were to put your finger on India, on your map, and then move it up to the north, you would be in Asia. And if you move your finger right on the map, you'll go into the eastern part of Asia—China.

雅利安人从亚洲来到印度。如果你把手指放在地图上的印度，然后向北移动，你就到了亚洲。如果你向右移动手指，你就会进入亚洲的东部——中国。

We've already learned a little bit about the farmers of ancient China, and about the pictograms used by the ancient Chinese. Pictograms were picture-words that looked almost exactly like the words they represented.

我们已经学习了一些关于古代中国农民的知识，还有古代中国人使用的象形文字。象形文字是图画文字，看起来几乎和它们所代表的词完全一样。

But as Chinese writing continued to develop, pictograms looked less and less like the words they stood for. In later Chinese writing, you can often still see a picture. But the picture is harder to find. This kind of Chinese writing is called calligraphy, and the pictures are called characters.

但是随着中国文字的不断发展，象形文字看起来越来越不像它们所代表的词了。在后来的中国文字中，你经常还能看到一个图画。但是这个图画更难找到了。这种中国文字叫做书法，这些图画叫做汉字。

Here are some modern Chinese characters. Do they look like the words they stand for? Mountain (can you see the peaks of the mountain?) Fire (can you see the flames leaping up?) Man (he has two sets of arms!) Horse (does this look like a horse to you?)

这里是一些现代中国汉字。它们看起来像它们所代表的词吗？山（你能看到山峰吗？）火（你能看到火焰向上跳跃吗？）人（他有两条胳膊！）马（这看起来像马吗？）

Writing Chinese characters is more like drawing a picture than writing a word. Chinese calligraphers—people who spent many years learning how to write in Chinese—used seven different kinds of lines to write their characters. They called these lines the "Seven Mysteries."

写中国汉字更像是画画而不是写字。中国书法家——花费很多年学习如何写中文的人——用七种不同的线条来写他们的汉字。他们把这些线条称为"七个奥秘"。

The first three lines are easy: Horizontal Line, Dot, Vertical Line. Can you draw these lines? The next three lines that belong to the Seven Mysteries are a little more difficult.

前三条线很容易：横线，点，竖线。你能画这些线吗？属于七个奥秘的接下来三条线稍微困难一些。

Downward Stroke 1: This line is like a mountain slope. Downward Stroke 2: This line has a little point at the top. Sweeping Downward Stroke: This line goes the other way! The very last line is a Hook that can be drawn two different ways.

撇：这条线像山坡。捺：这条线顶端有一个小点。长撇：这条线朝另一个方向！最后一条线是钩，可以用两种不同的方式画。

Chinese calligraphers put these lines together to form Chinese characters. This character, for "field," uses three Horizontal Lines and three Vertical Lines. It represents a farmer's field. Can you see the rows in the field?

中国书法家把这些线条组合在一起形成汉字。这个汉字代表"田"，使用了三条横线和三条竖线。它代表农田。你能看到田地里的行吗？

Here is a character that uses a Vertical Line, a Horizontal Line, a Downward Stroke, and a Sweeping Downward Stroke. Can you guess what it is? It's a tree. The Chinese word for "forest" is three trees, put together. This is the character for "Woman." It is supposed to look like a mother with a baby on her lap.

这里有一个汉字使用了竖线、横线、撇和长撇。你能猜出它是什么吗？它是树。中文中"森林"这个词是三个树字组合在一起。这是"女人"的汉字。它应该看起来像一个母亲抱着婴儿坐在腿上。

In ancient China, calligraphy was done with a special sharp paintbrush, made out of animal hairs. Calligraphers made their own brushes by tying the hairs together into a little bundle with a silk thread. Then they glued the hairs into the end of a tube made out of a tiny piece of bamboo.

在古代中国，书法是用特殊的尖毛笔来写的，毛笔是用动物毛制成的。书法家用丝线把毛发扎成小束来制作自己的毛笔。然后他们把毛发粘到用一小段竹子制成的管子末端。

If the calligrapher wanted to paint very small, thin lines, he made his brush out of mouse hair, because the hairs are so little! If he wanted to paint medium-thick lines, he would use rabbit hair. And if he wanted to paint big, broad lines, he would use sheep hair—or wolf hair.

如果书法家想要画非常小、细的线条，他会用鼠毛做毛笔，因为这些毛非常细小！如果他想要画中等粗细的线条，他会使用兔毛。如果他想要画大而粗的线条，他会使用羊毛——或者狼毛。

Painting each Chinese character took a long, long time. Can you imagine writing a whole book this way? Eventually, the Chinese people decided to find a quicker way to write books. They carved their characters into blocks of wood. First, the calligrapher would write the character on the block of wood. Then, a craftsman would carve away the wood from around the character, so that it stood out.

画每个中国汉字需要很长很长的时间。你能想象用这种方式写一整本书吗？最终，中国人决定寻找更快的方法来写书。他们把汉字雕刻到木头块上。首先，书法家会在木头块上写汉字。然后，工匠会把汉字周围的木头刻掉，这样汉字就凸出来了。

Then the calligrapher would coat the raised Chinese character with ink, turn the wood block over, and press it down on a piece of paper. Now he could copy the character over and over in seconds, just by dipping the wood into ink and pressing it down. This process is called "printing." With printing, books can be made quickly and cheaply.

然后书法家会在凸起的汉字上涂上墨水，把木块翻过来，压在一张纸上。现在他可以在几秒钟内一遍又一遍地复制汉字，只需要把木头蘸到墨水里然后压下去。这个过程叫做"印刷"。有了印刷，书籍可以快速廉价地制作。

The Chinese were the first ancient people to use printing. The oldest printed book in the world is a Chinese book called the Diamond Sutra. It was printed over a thousand years ago, but we can still read it today!

中国人是第一个使用印刷的古代民族。世界上最古老的印刷书籍是一本中国书，叫做金刚经。它是在一千多年前印刷的，但我们今天仍然可以阅读它！

Warring States / 战国时期

We've learned about several different countries that had to be united by strong kings. King Narmer made Upper and Lower Egypt into one country. Over in Sumer, Sargon the Great united all the different, fighting Sumerian cities into one country. And in India, the different cities were all independent until the Mauryan Empire united them all into one country.

我们已经学习了几个不同的国家，它们都必须被强大的国王统一。纳尔迈王把上埃及和下埃及合并成一个国家。在苏美尔，萨尔贡大帝把所有不同的、互相争斗的苏美尔城市统一成一个国家。在印度，不同的城市都是独立的，直到孔雀王朝把它们都统一成一个国家。

Exactly the same thing happened in China. China was ruled by strong warriors called "warlords." Each warlord had his own, separate kingdom and his own army. There were at least six strong warlords in ancient China—and at least six different Chinese kingdoms.

在中国发生了完全相同的事情。中国被称为"军阀"的强大武士统治。每个军阀都有自己独立的王国和自己的军队。在古代中国至少有六个强大的军阀——至少有六个不同的中国王国。

This time in China is called "The Period of the Warring States," because China wasn't one country. It was a whole handful of different countries, all fighting with each other! And like Egypt, Sumer, and India, the Warring States of China all became part of one country.

中国的这个时期被称为"战国时期"，因为中国不是一个国家。它是一大堆不同的国家，都在互相战斗！就像埃及、苏美尔和印度一样，中国的战国最终都成为了一个国家的一部分。

The Warring State all the way to the East was called Qin (pronounced "Chin"). Its warlord, Qin Zheng, had an army with one million men in it. The other Warring States didn't like the Qin. They thought the Qin people were barbarians, uncivilized people who didn't care about reading, writing, or art.

最东边的战国叫做秦（发音为"秦"）。它的军阀秦政有一支一百万人的军队。其他战国不喜欢秦国。他们认为秦国人是野蛮人，是不关心读书、写字或艺术的未开化的人。

But the Qin army was the strongest army in China. The Qin conquered the other Warring States, one at a time, until Qin Zheng ruled all of China! Qin Zheng became the first emperor of all China. And this new, united country, was named after Qin Zheng and his tribe. The word "China" comes from the word Qin.

但是秦军是中国最强大的军队。秦征服了其他战国，一个接一个，直到秦政统治了整个中国！秦政成为了全中国的第一个皇帝。这个新的、统一的国家，以秦政和他的部落命名。"中国"这个词来自"秦"。

Qin Zheng knew that the conquered warlords would try to rebel against him. So he forced all the warlords and former rulers of the Warring States to move into his capital city. As long as they lived near him, he could keep an eye on them and make sure they weren't planning to overthrow him.

秦政知道被征服的军阀会试图反叛他。所以他强迫所有的军阀和战国的前统治者搬到他的首都。只要他们住在他附近，他就能监视他们，确保他们不会计划推翻他。

He took all their weapons away, melted them down, and turned the metal into twelve enormous statues, which he put in his own palace. He built wide, straight roads so that his soldiers could travel quickly to fight anyone who might try to rebel against him. He executed anyone who might be planning treason.

他拿走了他们所有的武器，把它们熔化，把金属制成十二座巨大的雕像，放在自己的宫殿里。他修建了宽阔、笔直的道路，这样他的士兵就能迅速赶到去对付任何可能试图反叛他的人。他处决任何可能计划叛国的人。

And because he was afraid that Chinese writers might encourage the Chinese people to get rid of him, he ordered thousands and thousands of books burned. Some of these books were printed. But many were written by hand. Calligraphers had spent years and years laboring over their pages. But Qin Zheng didn't care. He wanted those books destroyed, so that no one would get rebellious ideas from them.

因为他害怕中国作家可能会鼓励中国人民除掉他，所以他下令烧毁成千上万的书籍。这些书中有些是印刷的。但很多都是手写的。书法家花费了很多年辛苦地写这些书页。但是秦政不在乎。他想要销毁那些书，这样就没有人会从中得到叛逆的想法。

His prime minister even announced that anyone who discussed books in public would be executed in the marketplace. Qin Zheng kept his new empire together. But he used burning, destroying, and killing to keep his power. Even though he gave his name to the country of China, many Chinese people despised him for his cruelty.

他的丞相甚至宣布，任何在公共场所讨论书籍的人都会在市场被处决。秦政保持了他的新帝国的统一。但是他用烧杀和破坏来保持自己的权力。尽管他把自己的名字给了中国这个国家，但许多中国人因为他的残忍而鄙视他。

The First Emperor and the Great Wall / 第一个皇帝和长城

When Qin Zheng became the emperor of all China in 221 BC/BCE, he changed his name. From now on, he would be known as "Shi Huangdi." In Chinese, this name means "First Emperor." Qin Zheng, now called Shi Huangdi, wanted his subjects to remember his power every time they spoke his name!

当秦政在公元前221年成为全中国的皇帝时，他改了名字。从现在起，他将被称为"始皇帝"。在中文里，这个名字意思是"第一个皇帝"。秦政，现在叫始皇帝，希望他的臣民每次说他的名字时都要记住他的权力！

One day Shi Huangdi sat on his throne, thinking about his new empire. He had been careful to stamp out rebellion inside his borders. All of his enemies lived near his palace, and Shi Huangdi had sent his soldiers to guard them and to report on all their activities. He had burned the books that might encourage his people to rebel. He was safe from revolt.

有一天始皇帝坐在他的王座上，思考着他的新帝国。他一直小心地镇压边界内的叛乱。所有的敌人都住在他的宫殿附近，始皇帝派士兵看守他们并报告他们的所有活动。他烧毁了可能鼓励人民反叛的书籍。他免于叛乱的威胁。

But his kingdom wasn't secure yet. Outside the borders of China, ferocious tribes roved through the wild mountains and plains of the north. For years, these northern barbarians had attacked the Warring States, trying to take over their land. They were the earliest of the tribes which were later called Mongols.

但是他的王国还不够安全。在中国边界外，凶猛的部落在北方的荒山野岭中游荡。多年来，这些北方野蛮人一直攻击战国，试图占领他们的土地。他们是后来被称为蒙古人的部落中最早的。

[原书插图：始皇帝，中国的"第一个皇帝"]

The Mongols rode swift horses, and shot arrows with deadly precision. So some of the Warring States had built walls to keep the Mongols out. These walls were still standing, but parts of them had crumbled away into dust. And between the walls were huge gaps.

蒙古人骑着快速的马，用致命的精确度射箭。所以一些战国修建了墙来阻挡蒙古人。这些墙仍然矗立着，但其中一些部分已经坍塌成了尘土。墙与墙之间有巨大的缺口。

"The Mongols could come through those gaps at any time," Shi Huangdi thought. "They could sweep down and take over parts of my empire. How can I protect China from the Mongols? If only I could build a wall along the whole northern side of my empire!" Then Shi Huangdi had an idea: a stupendous, incredible idea. "Perhaps I can build a wall along China's northern border!" he exclaimed. "A wall thousands of miles long! A Great Wall!"

"蒙古人随时可能从那些缺口进来，"始皇帝想。"他们可能会冲下来占领我帝国的一部分。我怎样才能保护中国免受蒙古人的侵犯？如果我能沿着帝国的整个北部修建一道墙就好了！"然后始皇帝有了一个想法：一个惊人的、难以置信的想法。"也许我可以沿着中国的北部边界修建一道墙！"他大声说道。"一道几千英里长的墙！一道长城！"

So Shi Huangdi summoned his architects and builders. "All along the northern part of my empire," he told them, "old walls are falling down. I want to repair these walls. And then I want to build a new wall, connecting all the old walls together into one huge barrier that will keep the Mongols out of my kingdom." "But, Emperor," the architects and builders protested, "there is not enough stone in the far reaches of your kingdom to build a Great Wall!"

于是始皇帝召集了他的建筑师和建筑工人。"沿着我帝国的北部，"他告诉他们，"旧墙正在倒塌。我想修复这些墙。然后我想建造一道新墙，把所有旧墙连接成一个巨大的屏障，阻挡蒙古人进入我的王国。""但是，皇帝，"建筑师和建筑工人抗议道，"在您王国的偏远地区没有足够的石头来建造长城！"

[原书地图：中国长城]

"Then think of another way to do it," Shi Huangdi ordered. The builders and architects labored for weeks, trying to think of a way to build the wall in places where stone was scarce. Finally, they discovered a way. The builders made a wooden frame, as high as a man's waist and as wide as a wall. They set this frame upon the ground and filled it with loose dirt.

"那就想另一种方法去做，"始皇帝下令。建筑师和建筑工人工作了几个星期，试图想出一种在石头稀少的地方建造墙的方法。最终，他们发现了一种方法。建筑工人制作了一个木制框架，高到人的腰部，宽如一堵墙。他们把这个框架放在地上，用松散的泥土填满它。

Then workers stamped and packed the earth until it was only four inches high and as hard as concrete. They lifted the frame up, set it on top of the packed dirt, and filled it again. They could build a dirt wall as hard as stone, four inches at a time! When Shi Huangdi saw the dirt wall, he was pleased. "Now it is time to build!" he commanded.

然后工人们踩踏并压实泥土，直到它只有四英寸高，坚硬如混凝土。他们抬起框架，放在压实的泥土上，再次填满它。他们可以建造一堵像石头一样坚硬的泥土墙，一次四英寸！当始皇帝看到泥土墙时，他很满意。"现在是建造的时候了！"他命令道。

And he ordered thousands and thousands of men out to work on the Great Wall. He sent peasants who had no choice but to obey. He sent his enemies and his prisoners out to work on the Wall, forcing them to labor day and night. He declared that every grown man in China must work on the Wall for one month out of the year. And he sent his armies out to guard the workers from attack as they built the Wall.

他派遣成千上万的人去修建长城。他派遣别无选择只能服从的农民。他派他的敌人和囚犯去修建长城，强迫他们日夜劳动。他宣布中国的每个成年男子每年必须在长城上工作一个月。他派军队保护工人在建造长城时免受攻击。

For years, the people of China worked to finish the Wall. They built up over mountain ridges and down into valleys. As the Wall grew higher and higher, they were forced to haul dirt up to the top in small baskets. It took days and days to complete even one section of the Great Wall.

多年来，中国人民努力完成长城。他们翻越山脊，深入山谷。随着长城越建越高，他们被迫用小篮子把泥土运到顶部。完成长城的一段就需要很多天。

When Shi Huangdi died, the Wall was still unfinished. But over the next few hundred years, each Chinese emperor who came to the throne sent men to work on the Wall. Guard towers were built every few miles, so that watchmen on top could see the Mongols coming long before they reached the Wall. Brick and rock reinforcements were added to the dirt sections.

当始皇帝去世时，长城仍然没有完工。但在接下来的几百年里，每个登上王位的中国皇帝都派人去修建长城。每隔几英里就建造瞭望塔，这样顶上的守望者就能在蒙古人到达长城之前很久就看到他们。砖石加固材料被添加到泥土段。

Eventually, the Wall was almost three thousand miles long, almost long enough to reach from one side of the United States to the other! Today, long stretches of the Great Wall of China still stand. Although some parts of it have collapsed, others are still strong and high enough to walk along. People come from all over the world to walk on the Great Wall of China.

最终，长城几乎有三千英里长，几乎足够从美国的一边延伸到另一边！今天，中国长城的长段仍然矗立着。虽然其中一些部分已经倒塌，但其他部分仍然坚固而高大，足以让人们在上面行走。世界各地的人们都来中国长城上行走。

The First Emperor's Grave / 第一个皇帝的陵墓

Almost thirty years ago, two men were digging a well. They were farmers who lived near the city of Xi'an, in the middle of China. The morning was hot; the sun beat down, and the two men were sweating and thirsty. "Let's stop for a drink," one of the farmers said to his friend. "Oh, let's just dig a little longer," his friend answered. "We're bound to hit water soon."

大约三十年前，两个人在挖井。他们是住在中国中部西安市附近的农民。早晨很热；太阳照下来，两个人都在出汗和口渴。"我们停下来喝点水吧，"其中一个农民对他的朋友说。"哦，我们再挖一会儿吧，"他的朋友回答。"我们很快就会挖到水的。"

So they kept digging. The ground was hard, and the dirt they turned up was red and rocky. Soon their shovels began to turn up pieces of broken pottery. "Someone broke a pot here," the first farmer said. "Those pieces are too big for a pot!" his friend said. "And look. That piece looks like … an arm!"

所以他们继续挖。地面很硬，他们挖出的泥土是红色的、多石的。很快他们的铲子开始挖出破碎的陶器碎片。"有人在这里打破了一个罐子，"第一个农民说。"这些碎片对于一个罐子来说太大了！"他的朋友说。"你看。那块看起来像……一只胳膊！"

The two friends kept digging. They found broken arms and legs made out of clay—and even a head, wearing a helmet! Soon, word of their discoveries spread to the city of Xi'an. Archaeologists living in the city hurried out to see what the farmers had found. They began to dig deeper and deeper.

两个朋友继续挖。他们发现了用黏土制作的破碎胳膊和腿——甚至还有一个戴着头盔的头！很快，他们发现的消息传到了西安市。住在城里的考古学家急忙赶来看看农民们发现了什么。他们开始挖得越来越深。

They found a huge underground pit filled with three thousand soldiers, made out of clay baked hard. The soldiers were life-size! And buried along with the soldiers were sharp shining weapons, full-sized horses also made out of clay, and wooden war chariots! The horses wore clay saddles, and harnesses made from gold and bronze.

他们发现了一个巨大的地下坑，里面有三千个用烧硬的黏土制成的士兵。这些士兵是真人大小的！与士兵一起埋葬的还有锋利闪亮的武器，同样用黏土制作的真人大小的马，以及木制的战战车！马匹戴着黏土马鞍，以及用金和青铜制成的马具。

As the archaeologists uncovered each soldier, they saw that every single face was different—molded to look like a real person. No two soldiers were the same! And all the soldiers were facing east, as though they were guarding something behind them. What were they guarding? They were guarding the tomb of Shi Huangdi.

当考古学家发掘每个士兵时，他们看到每个人的面孔都是不同的——塑造得像真人一样。没有两个士兵是相同的！所有士兵都面向东方，好像在守护他们身后的什么东西。他们在守护什么？他们在守护始皇帝的陵墓。

You see, the First Emperor of China wanted to live forever. He spent the last part of his life looking for the Water of Eternal Life, a legendary drink that would keep him from dying. He made five different trips into the mountains of China, looking for this Water. But he never found it.

你看，中国的第一个皇帝想要永生。他用生命的最后一部分时间寻找长生不老水，一种能让他不死的传说的饮料。他五次不同地进入中国的山区寻找这种水。但他从未找到。

And when he knew that his death was near, he ordered a great underground city, more than nine miles wide, built for his tomb. He hoped that his body would stay forever in this city. Shi Huangdi ordered his crown, robe, and royal bed placed in one of the chambers. He commanded his servants to enter the chamber every day, even after his death, to make the bed and bring water and food—just as though he were still alive!

当他知道自己的死亡临近时，他下令为他的陵墓建造一个九英里多宽的巨大地下城市。他希望他的身体能够永远留在这个城市里。始皇帝下令把他的王冠、长袍和王床放在其中一个房间里。他命令仆人每天进入房间，即使在他死后，也要整理床铺并带来水和食物——就好像他还活着一样！

So far, archaeologists have found three pits filled with clay soldiers. At the center of the underground city, a huge burial mound rises up above the ground. Underneath this burial mound, archaeologists hope to find the body of Shi Huangdi itself. But the mound still hasn't been excavated. Ancient Chinese writers, describing Shi Huangdi's underground city, tell us that the tomb itself is far, far below the mound—almost a hundred feet below the surface of the ground.

到目前为止，考古学家已经发现了三个装满黏土士兵的坑。在地下城市的中心，一个巨大的陵墓土丘高出地面。在这个陵墓土丘下面，考古学家希望找到始皇帝本人的身体。但是这个土丘仍然没有被挖掘。描述始皇帝地下城市的古代中国作家告诉我们，陵墓本身在土丘下面很远很远的地方——在地面以下近一百英尺。

The tomb is made of stone, covered with melted copper to keep the water out. What is inside the burial mound? We don't know for sure. But shortly after the death of Shi Huangdi, an ancient Chinese historian described the burial chamber like this: Rare treasures and jewels, removed from various palaces, towers and halls, filled the grave.

陵墓由石头制成，覆盖着熔化的铜以防水。陵墓土丘里面是什么？我们不确定。但在始皇帝死后不久，一位古代中国历史学家这样描述了陵墓室：从各个宫殿、塔楼和大厅中取出的稀有珍宝和珠宝装满了坟墓。

Craftsmen were ordered to set arrows on crossbows, which would shoot automatically at anyone breaking in. Rivers and seas in miniature were dug and filled with mercury, made to flow by mechanical devices. On the ceiling, stars and planets were set. Candles were lighted, burning fish fat, so that they might keep the grave chambers lit for a long time.

工匠们被命令在弩上装箭，这些弩会自动射击任何闯入者。微型的河流和海洋被挖掘出来，装满水银，通过机械装置使其流动。在天花板上，设置了星星和行星。点燃蜡烛，燃烧鱼油，这样它们可以长时间保持墓室的照明。

Does the burial mound really contain all of these wonders? Well, archaeologists have already discovered that the ground around the mound contains mercury—a silver metal that flows like water. This mercury must have come from inside the mound. One day, archaeologists will open the mound and look inside. Let's hope that they watch out for those automatic crossbows!

陵墓土丘真的包含所有这些奇观吗？嗯，考古学家已经发现土丘周围的地面含有水银——一种像水一样流动的银色金属。这些水银一定来自土丘内部。有一天，考古学家会打开土丘看看里面。让我们希望他们小心那些自动弩！

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

finger

/ˈfɪŋɡər/

中文：手指
定义：手的一部分，用于抓握和触摸
例句：Point your finger at China on the map.

book

/bʊk/

中文：书
定义：很多页纸装订在一起的阅读材料
例句：Can you imagine writing a whole book this way?

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：无色透明的液体，生命必需
例句：We're bound to hit water soon.

house

/haʊs/

中文：房子
定义：人们居住的建筑
例句：Farmers lived in simple houses near the fields.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

calligraphy

/kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

中文：书法
定义：美丽的手写艺术，特别是中文字
例句：This kind of Chinese writing is called calligraphy.

emperor

/ˈɛmpərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：统治帝国的最高统治者
例句：Qin Zheng became the first emperor of all China.

Great Wall

/ɡreɪt wɔːl/

中文：长城
定义：中国古代修建的巨大防御工程
例句：A wall thousands of miles long! A Great Wall!

dynasty

/ˈdaɪnəsti/

中文：朝代
定义：同一家族连续统治的时期
例句：The Qin Dynasty was the first unified Chinese empire.

文化相关词汇 / Culture & Society

printing

/ˈprɪntɪŋ/

中文：印刷
定义：用机械方法批量复制文字的技术
例句：This process is called "printing."

barbarians

/bɑːrˈbɛriənz/

中文：野蛮人
定义：被认为不文明的人群
例句：They thought the Qin people were barbarians.

tomb

/tuːm/

中文：陵墓
定义：埋葬重要人物的地方
例句：They were guarding the tomb of Shi Huangdi.

archaeologists

/ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪsts/

中文：考古学家
定义：研究古代文物和遗迹的科学家
例句：Archaeologists living in the city hurried out to see what the farmers had found.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

mountain

/ˈmaʊntən/

中文：山
定义：高大的地形，比周围地面高很多
例句：Can you see the peaks of the mountain?

borders

/ˈbɔːrdərz/

中文：边界
定义：国家或地区的边缘线
例句：Outside the borders of China, ferocious tribes roved through the wild mountains.

valleys

/ˈvælis/

中文：山谷
定义：山间的低地
例句：They built up over mountain ridges and down into valleys.

capital city

/ˈkæpɪtəl ˈsɪti/

中文：首都
定义：国家的政治中心城市
例句：He forced all the warlords to move into his capital city.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

conquered

/ˈkɑːŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：用武力占领和控制
例句：The Qin conquered the other Warring States.

rebel

/rɪˈbɛl/

中文：反叛
定义：起义反抗统治者
例句：The conquered warlords would try to rebel against him.

excavated

/ˈekskəveɪtəd/

中文：挖掘
定义：科学地挖掘考古遗址
例句：But the mound still hasn't been excavated.

destroyed

/dɪˈstrɔɪd/

中文：销毁
定义：彻底破坏或毁灭
例句：He wanted those books destroyed.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics

章节标题：China: Writing and the Qin / 中国：文字与秦朝
总段落数：42段
标注词汇数：78个重点词汇
词汇表分类：5个主要类别
历史时期：战国时期至秦朝 (约公元前500-210年)
主要人物：秦政（始皇帝）
重要事件：文字发展、战国统一、长城修建、始皇陵
文化要素：书法艺术、印刷技术、考古发现