Chapter 30 - Learning Other Worlds: Foreign Languages / 第30章 - 学习其他世界:外语学习

"We are greatly helped to develop发展/dɪˈveləp/ objectivity客观性/ˌɒbdʒekˈtɪvɪti/ of taste if we can appreciate欣赏/əˈpriːʃieɪt/ the work of foreign外国的/ˈfɒrɪn/ authors作者/ˈɔːθəz/, living in the same world世界/wɜːld/ as ourselves, and expressing their vision视野/ˈvɪʒn/ of it in another great language语言/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/." —T. S. Eliot
"如果我们能够欣赏appreciate - 感激、理解外国foreign - 来自其他国家的作者authors - 写作者的作品,他们与我们生活在同一个世界world - 地球、环境中,却用另一种伟大的语言language - 交流工具表达他们的视野vision - 观点、看法,这将极大地帮助我们发展develop - 培养、提高品味的客观性objectivity - 公正、不偏不倚。" —T. S. 艾略特
SUBJECT: Classical古典的/ˈklæsɪkl/ and modern现代的/ˈmɒdn/ languages
TIME REQUIRED: 3 to 6 hours per week
学科:古典classical - 传统的、经典的语言和现代modern - 当代的语言
所需时间:每周3到6小时
When it comes to rhetoric-stage修辞阶段/rɪˈtɒrɪk steɪdʒ/ foreign-language外语/ˈfɒrɪn ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ study, you have two goals目标/ɡəʊlz/. One is to fulfill完成/fʊlˈfɪl/ the standard标准的/ˈstændəd/ college-prep大学预科/ˈkɒlɪdʒ prep/ high-school requirement要求/rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/—at least two consecutive连续的/kənˈsekjʊtɪv/ years of a foreign language.
谈到修辞阶段rhetoric-stage - 教育的第三阶段外语foreign-language - 非母语学习,你有两个目标goals - 要达到的目的。一个是完成fulfill - 满足、实现标准standard - 常规的大学预科college-prep - 为大学准备高中要求requirement - 必须满足的条件——至少连续consecutive - 不间断的两年的外语学习。
This two-year requirement要求/rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/ is a minimum最低限度/ˈmɪnɪməm/. The classically educated受教育的/ˈedjʊkeɪtɪd/ student has other purposes目的/ˈpɜːpəsɪz/ in mind: ideally, the mastery掌握/ˈmɑːstəri/ of one foreign language and the beginning study学习/ˈstʌdi/ of another.
这个两年的要求requirement - 必需条件只是最低限度minimum - 最少的。接受古典教育educated - 有学问的的学生有其他目的purposes - 意图:理想情况下,掌握mastery - 精通一门外语并开始学习study - 研究另一门。
One of these languages should be ancient古代的/ˈeɪnʃənt/ Greek or Latin, while the other should be a modern现代的/ˈmɒdn/ spoken口语的/ˈspəʊkən/ language.
其中一种语言应该是古代ancient - 很久以前的希腊语或拉丁语,而另一种应该是现代modern - 当今的口语spoken - 说话使用的语言。

Why This More Ambitious Program? / 为什么采用这个更有抱负的计划?

During the rhetoric修辞/ˈretərɪk/ stage, the student is continually持续地/kənˈtɪnjʊəli/ dealing with words—how they should be put together, how they express表达/ɪkˈspres/ emotions情感/ɪˈməʊʃnz/ and ideas, how they can be arranged安排/əˈreɪndʒd/ for greatest effect效果/ɪˈfekt/.
修辞rhetoric - 说服艺术阶段,学生持续地continually - 不断地与词汇打交道——如何将它们组合在一起,如何表达express - 传达情感emotions - 感情和思想,如何安排arranged - 组织它们以获得最大的效果effect - 影响
Study of two foreign languages teaches the student how writers作家/ˈraɪtəz/ from other cultures文化/ˈkʌltʃəz/, thinking in different ways, deal with words. This expands扩展/ɪkˈspændz/ the student's grasp理解/ɡrɑːsp/ of language, raising questions about the relationship关系/rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ between language and thought思想/θɔːt/.
学习两门外语教会学生来自其他文化cultures - 社会传统作家writers - 写作者如何以不同的方式思考和处理词汇。这扩展expands - 增加了学生对语言的理解grasp - 掌握,提出了关于语言与思想thought - 想法之间关系relationship - 联系的问题。
In his 1892 essay "The Present Requirements for Admission入学/ədˈmɪʃn/ to Harvard College," James Jay Greenough pointed out that reading in a foreign language forces the student to look at each thought from two points of view观点/pɔɪnts əv vjuː/: that of the original原始的/əˈrɪdʒənl/ language and that of the English translation翻译/trænsˈleɪʃn/ he is producing.
在他1892年的论文《哈佛学院目前的入学admission - 录取要求》中,詹姆斯·杰伊·格里诺指出,阅读外语迫使学生从两个观点points of view - 角度来看待每个思想:原始original - 最初的语言的观点和他正在制作的英语翻译translation - 转换的观点。
Let's be realistic现实的/ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/: most STEM students won't manage设法做到/ˈmænɪdʒ/ to study two foreign languages during high school, since so much time and energy精力/ˈenədʒi/ is going into advanced高级的/ədˈvɑːnst/ maths study. But mathematics数学/ˌmæθəˈmætɪks/ is its own sort of foreign language.
让我们现实realistic - 实际的一点:大多数STEM学生无法设法manage - 成功做到在高中期间学习两门外语,因为太多时间和精力energy - 活力都投入到高级advanced - 深入的数学mathematics - 数学学科学习中。但数学本身就是一种外语。

Which Languages? / 选择哪些语言?

For the four-year language requirement要求/rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/, we suggest that most students keep studying Latin, completing完成/kəmˈpliːtɪŋ/ the equivalent相当的/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ of Latin IV during the high-school years.
对于四年语言要求requirement - 必要条件,我们建议大多数学生继续学习拉丁语,在高中期间完成completing - 结束相当于equivalent - 等同于拉丁语IV的课程。
As mentioned before, we strongly recommend推荐/ˌrekəˈmend/ the study of Spanish西班牙语/ˈspænɪʃ/ for the modern foreign-language requirement; French, Italian, German, Russian, Japanese, Chinese, and Hebrew are also possibilities可能性/ˌpɒsəˈbɪlətiz/.
如前所述,我们强烈推荐recommend - 建议学习西班牙语Spanish - 西班牙的语言来满足现代外语要求;法语、意大利语、德语、俄语、日语、中文和希伯来语也是可能性possibilities - 选择

Ancient Languages / 古代语言

Students who have not yet begun Latin can start now with Latin I; students who have been studying since the grammar语法/ˈɡræmə/ or logic逻辑/ˈlɒdʒɪk/ stage should continue into the higher levels of reading Latin literature文学/ˈlɪtərətʃə/.
尚未开始学习拉丁语的学生现在可以从拉丁语I开始;从语法grammar - 语言规则逻辑logic - 推理阶段就开始学习的学生应该继续学习拉丁文学literature - 文学作品的更高级别。

Modern Languages / 现代语言

For the latter option, you'll need to "outsource外包/ˈaʊtsɔːs/"—find a teacher教师/ˈtiːtʃə/ or class. Modern foreign-language literature should be read with a teacher who's enthusiastic热情的/ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/ and knowledgeable知识渊博的/ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/ about both the culture文化/ˈkʌltʃə/ and the language.
对于后一种选择,你需要"外包outsource - 寻求外部帮助"——找一位教师teacher - 老师或课程。现代外语文学应该与一位对文化culture - 社会传统和语言都热情enthusiastic - 积极的知识渊博knowledgeable - 有学问的的教师一起阅读。

Planning the Progression / 规划学习进度

The basic goal目标/ɡəʊl/ of language study in grades 9 through 12 is two years of study in one language (which completes the learning of basic grammar语法/ˈɡræmə/ and conversational对话的/ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃənl/ vocabulary词汇/vəˈkæbjʊləri/).
9到12年级语言学习的基本目标goal - 目的是在一种语言上学习两年(完成基本语法grammar - 语言规则对话conversational - 交谈的词汇vocabulary - 单词的学习)。
The advanced高级的/ədˈvɑːnst/ goal is: two years of study in one language, four years of study in another language (grammar语法/ˈɡræmə/, vocabulary, plus two years of developing reading competency能力/ˈkɒmpɪtənsi/). Ideally, one of these languages should be modern, the other, ancient.
高级advanced - 深入的目标是:一种语言学习两年,另一种语言学习四年(语法grammar - 语言规则、词汇,加上两年的阅读能力competency - 技能培养)。理想情况下,其中一种语言应该是现代的,另一种是古代的。

Suggested Schedules / 建议学习计划

Plan on studying at least one foreign language for at least four or five hours per week. You may also choose to study more than one language.
计划每周至少学习一门外语四到五小时。你也可以选择学习不止一种语言。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

教育学习词汇 / Education Learning Vocabulary
develop
/dɪˈveləp/
中文:发展、培养
定义:逐渐成长或提高
例句:Students develop their language skills through practice.
requirement
/rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/
中文:要求、条件
定义:必须满足的条件
例句:Two years of foreign language is a college requirement.
mastery
/ˈmɑːstəri/
中文:掌握、精通
定义:完全理解和控制
例句:Language mastery requires years of study.
grammar
/ˈɡræmə/
中文:语法
定义:语言的规则和结构
例句:Understanding grammar is essential for language learning.
vocabulary
/vəˈkæbjʊləri/
中文:词汇
定义:一个人知道的单词
例句:Building vocabulary takes consistent effort.
literature
/ˈlɪtərətʃə/
中文:文学
定义:书面艺术作品
例句:Reading literature improves language skills.
语言文化词汇 / Language Culture Vocabulary
foreign
/ˈfɒrɪn/
中文:外国的
定义:来自另一个国家的
例句:Learning foreign languages opens new worlds.
ancient
/ˈeɪnʃənt/
中文:古代的
定义:很久以前的
例句:Latin is an ancient language still studied today.
modern
/ˈmɒdn/
中文:现代的
定义:当今时代的
例句:Spanish is a modern spoken language.
culture
/ˈkʌltʃə/
中文:文化
定义:社会的传统和习俗
例句:Language reflects the culture of its speakers.
translation
/trænsˈleɪʃn/
中文:翻译
定义:把一种语言转换成另一种
例句:Translation helps us understand foreign texts.
conversational
/ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃənl/
中文:对话的
定义:用于日常交谈的
例句:Conversational skills develop through practice.
思维表达词汇 / Thinking Expression Vocabulary
express
/ɪkˈspres/
中文:表达
定义:传达思想或感受
例句:Language helps us express complex ideas.
thought
/θɔːt/
中文:思想
定义:头脑中的想法
例句:Each language shapes thought differently.
emotions
/ɪˈməʊʃnz/
中文:情感
定义:强烈的感情
例句:Poetry expresses deep emotions beautifully.
vision
/ˈvɪʒn/
中文:视野、观点
定义:看待世界的方式
例句:Authors share their vision through writing.
relationship
/rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/
中文:关系
定义:事物之间的联系
例句:The relationship between language and thought is complex.
competency
/ˈkɒmpɪtənsi/
中文:能力
定义:做某事的技能
例句:Reading competency requires practice and patience.

📊 处理统计 / Processing Statistics