Chapter 29: Principles and Laws: Science
第29章：原理与定律：科学

"Science without conscience is the death of the soul."

"没有良心的科学是灵魂的死亡。"

—François Rabelais / —弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷

Subject: High-school science (biology, astronomy, chemistry, physics)

科目：高中科学（生物学，天文学，化学，物理学）

Time required: 4 or more hours per week

所需时间：每周4小时或更多

Classical Approach to Science / 科学的古典教育方法

How does the classical approach to the study of science differ from science taught in schools across the country?

古典方法对科学的研究与全国学校教授的科学有什么不同？

Two distinctive characteristics set rhetoric-stage science apart. First, science studies are rigorous and intellectually demanding, like all classical subjects.

两个独特的特征使修辞阶段的科学与众不同。首先，科学学习是严格和智力上要求高的，就像所有古典学科一样。

The student is encouraged to study science for all four years of high school, passing again through such fields as biology, astronomy, chemistry, and physics.

学生被鼓励在高中四年中都学习科学，再次通过生物学、天文学、化学和物理学等领域。

She'll study the principles and laws of each science, finishing high school with a sound grasp of foundational scientific ideas.

她将学习每门科学的原理和定律，完成高中时对基础科学概念有扎实的掌握。

As in all stages of classical education, she will read and write about science as well as performing hands-on work and experiments.

就像古典教育的所有阶段一样，她将阅读和写作关于科学的内容，同时进行动手工作和实验。

Self-Conscious Science Study / 自觉的科学学习

But rigorous science education can be found in any number of nonclassical curricula. "Classical" science is further distinguished by its demand that the student do science self-consciously.

但是严格的科学教育可以在许多非古典课程中找到。"古典"科学的进一步区别在于它要求学生自觉地进行科学学习。

—not simply learn about the world, but ask what the implications of each discovery might be. What does this theory say about my existence?

—不只是学习关于世界的知识，而是询问每个发现可能有什么含义。这个理论对我的存在说明了什么？

What does that principle imply about human beings and their place in the universe? What are the implications for the human race?

那个原理对人类及其在宇宙中的位置意味着什么？对人类有什么含义？

Overview of Rhetoric-Stage Science / 修辞阶段科学概述

Rhetoric-stage science study falls into three parts.

修辞阶段的科学学习分为三个部分。

1. The study of principles. Using texts and experiment books, the student will learn the basic laws and principles of each scientific field.

1. 原理的学习。使用教材和实验书籍，学生将学习每个科学领域的基本定律和原理。

2. Source readings. Each year, the student will also investigate the development of a given scientific field and will read from primary scientific sources.

2. 原始资料阅读。每年，学生还将研究某个科学领域的发展，并阅读主要的科学资料。

3. Joining the Great Conversation. Each year, the science student will complete a project and/or write a paper illuminating the history and development of some new technology or knowledge.

3. 加入伟大的对话。每年，科学学生将完成一个项目和/或写一篇论文来阐明某项新技术或知识的历史和发展。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础学习词汇 / Basic Learning Vocabulary

science

/ˈsaɪəns/

中文：科学
定义：Systematic study of the natural world
例句：Science helps us understand how things work.

study

/ˈstʌdi/

中文：学习，研究
定义：To learn about something carefully
例句：Students study biology to understand life.

student

/ˈstuːdənt/

中文：学生
定义：A person who is learning
例句：The student reads science books every day.

education

/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃən/

中文：教育
定义：The process of learning and teaching
例句：Classical education emphasizes deep thinking.

knowledge

/ˈnɑːlɪdʒ/

中文：知识
定义：Information and understanding
例句：Scientific knowledge grows through experiments.

learn

/lɜːrn/

中文：学习
定义：To gain knowledge or skills
例句：We learn about the world through science.

科学专业词汇 / Scientific Terms

biology

/baɪˈɒlədʒi/

中文：生物学
定义：The study of living things
例句：Biology teaches us about plants and animals.

chemistry

/ˈkemɪstri/

中文：化学
定义：The study of matter and its changes
例句：Chemistry explains how substances react.

physics

/ˈfɪzɪks/

中文：物理学
定义：The study of matter, energy, and forces
例句：Physics helps us understand motion and energy.

astronomy

/əˈstrɒnəmi/

中文：天文学
定义：The study of stars, planets, and space
例句：Astronomy reveals the mysteries of the universe.

experiment

/ɪkˈsperɪmənt/

中文：实验
定义：A test to discover something new
例句：Scientists do experiments to test their ideas.

discovery

/dɪˈskʌvəri/

中文：发现
定义：Finding something new or unknown
例句：Each scientific discovery changes our understanding.

抽象概念词汇 / Abstract Concepts

principles

/ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

中文：原理
定义：Basic rules or fundamental truths
例句：Scientific principles explain natural phenomena.

theory

/ˈθiːəri/

中文：理论
定义：An explanation based on evidence
例句：Darwin's theory explains how species change.

existence

/ɪɡˈzɪstəns/

中文：存在
定义：The state of being real or alive
例句：Science questions the nature of human existence.

universe

/ˈjuːnɪvɜːrs/

中文：宇宙
定义：All of space and everything in it
例句：The universe contains billions of stars.

conversation

/ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən/

中文：对话
定义：An exchange of ideas between people
例句：Science is part of humanity's great conversation.

conscience

/ˈkɒnʃəns/

中文：良心
定义：Moral awareness of right and wrong
例句：Scientists need conscience to use knowledge wisely.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计