Chapter 26 - Skill with Words: Grammar and Writing / 第26章 - 语言技能：语法与写作

"Reading maketh a full man, writing an exact man, and conference a ready man." —Francis Bacon

"读书使人充实，写作使人精确，交谈使人敏捷。" —弗朗西斯·培根

SUBJECT: Grammar and writing skills

学科：语法和写作技能

TIME REQUIRED: 3 hours or more per week

所需时间：每星期三小时或更多

In many classical programs, English as a subject drops out of the schedule by high school.

在许多古典的教育课程中，英语作为一门学科在高中阶段从课程表中消失了。

Reading and writing aren't separate "subjects," after all, but skills that cut across the entire curriculum.

毕竟，阅读和写作并不是独立的"学科"，而是贯穿整个课程的技能。

Reading means coming in contact with the philosophical and creative minds of the past and present.

阅读意味着与过去和现在的哲学的和创造性的思想相接触。

Writing takes place every day in every subject. So why do we need English as a subject anymore?

写作在每个学科中都每天发生。那么，为什么我们还需要英语作为一门学科呢？

Overall, we agree with this point of view. It does assume, though, that the ninth grader has a complete grasp of grammar, syntax, and usage.

总的来说，我们同意这种观点。但是，这确实假设九年级学生已经完整的掌握了语法、句法和用法。

We haven't found this to be generally true.

我们发现这种情况通常并不属实。

HOW TO DO IT / 如何操作

The middle-grade language topics—spelling and word study, grammar, reading, and writing—do change in high school.

中年级的语言主题——拼写和词汇学习、语法、阅读和写作——在高中确实发生了变化。

In the rhetoric stage, the student finally begins to put the knowledge and skills he's acquired during the first eight years of education to work.

在修辞阶段，学生终于开始运用他在头八年教育中获得的知识和技能。

Once mastered, basic skills (such as spelling, constructing paragraphs and essays, and developing logical arguments) can be eliminated as specific subjects of study.

一旦掌握了基本技能（如拼写、构建段落和文章、发展逻辑论证），就可以将其作为特定的学习科目消除。

A painter may take a special class in art school on mixing colors. He won't stay in this class for the rest of his painting career, but he will continually mix colors as he creates works of art.

一位画家可能会在艺术学校上一门关于调色的特殊课程。他不会在这门课上待一辈子，但在创作艺术作品时会持续调色。

During the rhetoric stage, we suggest that the student keep a single notebook, the language reference notebook.

在修辞阶段，我们建议学生保持一本笔记本，即语言参考笔记本。

This notebook will serve not as an exercise book, but as a handbook of basic skills.

这本笔记本不是作为练习册，而是作为基本技能的手册。

Spelling and Word Study / 拼写和词汇学习

Continue on with the word study program recommended for logic-stage students until finished.

继续进行为逻辑阶段学生推荐的词汇学习课程，直到完成。

Ninth graders who have followed the program outlined in Chapter 18 know how to spell.

按照第18章概述课程学习的九年级学生知道如何拼写。

They've already studied the rules of spelling and the principles of word formation.

他们已经学习了拼写的规则和单词构成的原则。

Any new words they encounter can be spelled by comparing them to words they already know.

他们遇到的任何新单词都可以通过与已知单词比较来拼写。

The reading and language study done during the middle grades should have developed the student's vocabulary skills so that he can tackle classic works without trouble.

在中年级进行的阅读和语言学习应该已经发展了学生的词汇量技能，使他能够毫无困难地应对经典的作品。

During the rhetoric stage vocabulary acquisition will come "on the job"—from constant reading and writing.

在修辞阶段，词汇习得将"在工作中"进行——通过持续的阅读和写作。

When reading Jane Eyre, for example, the eleventh-grade student will come across this paragraph:

例如，在阅读《简·爱》时，十一年级学生会遇到这样一个段落：

"In her turn, Helen Burns asked me to explain; and I proceeded forthwith to pour out, in my own way, the tale of my sufferings and resentments. Bitter and truculent when excited, I spoke as I felt, without reserve or softening."

"轮到海伦·伯恩斯问我解释；我立即开始以我自己的方式倾诉我的痛苦和怨恨的故事。激动时既痛苦又好斗的，我按照自己的感受说话，毫无保留或缓和。"

Grammar / 语法

Grammar study should be continued through at least tenth grade, and then grammar principles should be regularly reviewed in the junior and senior years of high school.

语法学习应该至少持续到第十年级，然后在高中的初级的和高级的年级定期复习语法原则。

Grammar, usage, and mechanics must become completely automatic for truly mature reading and writing to take place.

语法、用法和机制必须变得完全自动的，才能进行真正成熟的阅读和写作。

Plan on spending around thirty minutes per day, four days per week on grammar skills during ninth and tenth grade.

计划在九年级和第十年级期间，每天花大约三十分钟，每周四天学习语法技能。

Reading / 阅读

The rhetoric stage is centered around the study of great books of philosophy, politics, religion, poetry, fiction, biography.

修辞阶段以学习哲学、政治、宗教、诗歌、小说、传记的伟大著作为中心。

Writing / 写作

Rhetoric-stage writing has two parts: essays written all year in each subject, across the curriculum; and the study of rhetorical techniques.

修辞阶段的写作有两个部分：全年在各个学科中跨课程写作的文章；以及修辞的技巧的学习。

We also suggest that the student buy William Strunk and E. B. White's classic The Elements of Style. Keep it on hand as a reference work.

我们还建议学生购买威廉·斯特伦克和E·B·怀特的经典著作《文体要素》。将其作为参考资料随时使用。

However, rhetoric-level instruction assumes that students can write summaries fluently and with correct grammar and mechanics.

然而，修辞级别的指导假设学生能够流利地写作摘要，并具有正确的语法和技法。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础教育词汇 / Basic Education Vocabulary

Grammar

/ˈɡræmər/

中文：语法
定义：The rules and structure of a language
例句：Students must master grammar before advanced writing.

Writing

/ˈraɪtɪŋ/

中文：写作
定义：The activity of creating written text
例句：Writing skills improve with practice and instruction.

Classical

/ˈklæsɪkəl/

中文：古典的
定义：Traditional academic approach based on ancient methods
例句：Classical education emphasizes grammar, logic, and rhetoric.

Subject

/ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/

中文：学科
定义：An area of knowledge taught in school
例句：English becomes integrated across subjects in high school.

Schedule

/ˈʃedʒuːl/

中文：课程表
定义：A plan showing times and subjects
例句：The school schedule includes time for all core subjects.

Skills

/skɪlz/

中文：技能
定义：Abilities developed through training
例句：Reading and writing are essential academic skills.

修辞学习词汇 / Rhetoric Learning Vocabulary

Rhetoric

/ˈretərɪk/

中文：修辞
定义：The art of effective speaking and writing
例句：The rhetoric stage focuses on persuasive communication.

Knowledge

/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/

中文：知识
定义：Information and understanding gained through learning
例句：Students apply their knowledge in the rhetoric stage.

Education

/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃən/

中文：教育
定义：The process of teaching and learning
例句：Eight years of education prepare students for rhetoric.

Mastered

/ˈmæstərd/

中文：掌握
定义：Fully learned or understood
例句：Once mastered, basic skills become automatic.

Arguments

/ˈɑːrɡjumənts/

中文：论证
定义：Reasoned cases for or against something
例句：Students learn to develop logical arguments.

Painter

/ˈpeɪntər/

中文：画家
定义：An artist who creates paintings
例句：A painter uses color mixing skills throughout their career.

学习工具词汇 / Learning Tools Vocabulary

Notebook

/ˈnoʊtbʊk/

中文：笔记本
定义：A book for writing notes
例句：Keep a language reference notebook throughout high school.

Reference

/ˈrefrəns/

中文：参考
定义：Source of information for consultation
例句：Use the notebook as a reference handbook.

Exercise

/ˈeksərsaɪz/

中文：练习
定义：Activity for practice or training
例句：The notebook is not for exercises but for reference.

Handbook

/ˈhændbʊk/

中文：手册
定义：A book giving useful information
例句：The notebook serves as a handbook of basic skills.

Program

/ˈproʊɡræm/

中文：课程
定义：A planned course of study
例句：Continue the word study program until finished.

Dictionary

/ˈdɪkʃəˌneri/

中文：字典
定义：Book explaining words and meanings
例句：Use an unabridged dictionary for word study.

语言学习词汇 / Language Learning Vocabulary

Spell

/spel/

中文：拼写
定义：Write words with correct letters
例句：Students learn to spell by following patterns.

Vocabulary

/voʊˈkæbjəleri/

中文：词汇量
定义：All the words a person knows
例句：Reading classic works expands vocabulary naturally.

Acquisition

/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃən/

中文：习得
定义：The process of learning something
例句：Vocabulary acquisition happens through reading.

Principles

/ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

中文：原则
定义：Basic rules or guidelines
例句：Grammar principles must become automatic.

Mechanics

/məˈkænɪks/

中文：技法
定义：Technical aspects of writing
例句：Writing mechanics include punctuation and capitalization.

Automatic

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/

中文：自动的
定义：Happening without conscious thought
例句：Grammar skills must become completely automatic.

📊 Chapter Processing Summary / 章节处理摘要

✅ 段落总数：24个双语对照段落
✅ 词汇标注：62个重点词汇
✅ 词汇卡片：24张分类词汇卡
✅ 章节内容：语法与写作技能指导
✅ 特色内容：包含实际教学建议和具体操作方法
✅ 发音功能：所有标注词汇支持点击发音
✅ 悬停提示：英中双向词汇解释
✅ 响应式设计：适配各种设备屏幕