Chapter 16 - Recognizing the Patterns: Science / 第16章 - 识别模式：科学

"Science is organized knowledge." —Herbert Spencer

"科学是有组织的知识。" —赫伯特·斯宾塞

SUBJECT: Science: biology, astronomy and earth science, chemistry, physics

学科：科学：生物学、天文学和地球科学、化学、物理学

TIME REQUIRED: 3 hours per week—90 minutes per day, two days per week—plus additional time working on independent experimentation

所需时间：每周3小时——每天90分钟，一周两天——加上进行独立实验的额外时间

In logic-stage science, the student begins to make connections. Grammar-stage science was a time of discovery. The youngest students explored the world around them, dipping into life science and astronomy, physics and chemistry, and collecting interesting bits of information.

在逻辑阶段科学中，学生开始建立联系。语法阶段科学是一个发现的时期。最年幼的学生探索他们周围的世界，涉猎生命科学和天文学、物理学和化学，收集有趣的信息片段。

During the logic stage, the budding scientist digs deeper and finds out how those bits of information are connected.

在逻辑阶段，初露头角的科学家深入挖掘，发现这些信息片段是如何连接的。

The first grader learned about animals; the fifth grader will learn about the cells that make up the animal's body, how they function, how they keep the animal alive. The second grader memorized the constellations; the sixth grader will learn how and why stars are born and die.

一年级学生学习了动物；五年级学生将学习组成动物身体的细胞，它们如何运作，如何保持动物活着。二年级学生记忆了星座；六年级学生将学习恒星如何以及为什么诞生和死亡。

The third grader experimented with food coloring and water; the seventh grader will study the atoms and molecules that make up water itself, their construction, and the rules that govern their movement.

三年级学生用食用色素和水做实验；七年级学生将研究组成水本身的原子和分子，它们的构造，以及支配它们运动的规则。

The fourth grader did experiments with weights and planes; the eighth grader will learn about the laws of motion and the principles of gravity.

四年级学生用重量和平面做实验；八年级学生将学习运动定律和重力原理。

Elementary students discovered facts; middle-grade students will begin to grasp the scientific concepts that link those facts together. They'll start to see patterns.

小学生发现事实；中年级学生将开始掌握将这些事实连接起来的科学概念。他们将开始看到模式。

"To do science," ecologist Robert MacArthur once observed, "is to search for repeated patterns, not simply to accumulate facts." During the logic stage, your child will actually begin to do science.

生态学家罗伯特·麦克阿瑟曾经说过："做科学就是寻找重复的模式，而不仅仅是积累事实。"在逻辑阶段，你的孩子将真正开始做科学。

YOUR GOALS / 你的目标

Your focus in grades 5–8 should be on scientific concepts: not just how but why the world works as it does. And whenever possible, the logic-stage student should not just learn about concepts, but reinforce that knowledge with hands-on work: experiments, demonstrations, and projects.

你在5-8年级的重点应该放在科学概念上：不仅是世界如何运作，还要理解为什么会这样运作。只要有可能，逻辑阶段的学生不应该只是学习概念，还应该通过动手实践来加强这些知识：实验、演示和项目。

Think of the concepts that you'll teach in the middle grades as falling into three categories.

将你在中年级教授的概念分为三个类别。

The first category: scientific principles. Scientific principles are statements (the student's logic study should help him recognize these) about how the world works. Scientific principles hold true when they are demonstrated in the real world or tested through experimentation.

第一类别：科学原理。科学原理是关于世界如何运作的陈述（学生的逻辑学习应该帮助他识别这些）。当科学原理在现实世界中得到证明或通过实验进行测试时，它们就是正确的。

Principles can simply express how something works: "Living organisms grow and reproduce through cell division." (The student can watch cells dividing on YouTube: that's a demonstration.) Or principles may be stated as laws: Newton's Third Law of Motion, "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction," is a scientific law.

原理可以简单地表达某事如何运作："活的生物通过细胞分裂生长和繁殖。"（学生可以在YouTube上观看细胞分裂：这就是一个演示。）或者原理可以表述为定律：牛顿第三运动定律，"每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力"，这是一个科学定律。

The second category: scientific descriptions. When you describe a chemical reaction from beginning to end, outline the life cycle of a salmon, investigate the steps of a volcanic eruption, or read about the birth, life, and death of a star, you are making use of scientific description: a chronological narrative laying out a series of orderly steps that occur again, and again, and again.

第二类别：科学描述。当你从头到尾描述一个化学反应，概述鲑鱼的生命周期，研究火山爆发的步骤，或阅读关于恒星的诞生、生命和死亡时，你正在使用科学描述：一个按时间顺序的叙述，列出一系列反复发生的有序步骤。

The third category: scientific classifications. The periodic table, the taxonomic categories, the grouping of planets into types (metallic, rocky, gaseous, fluid), the categorization of stars as red giants, blue giants, red dwarfs, yellow dwarfs, brown dwarfs, binary stars—all of these are examples of scientific classification.

第三类别：科学分类。元素周期表、分类学类别、将行星分组（金属型、岩石型、气体型、流体型），将恒星分类为红巨星、蓝巨星、红矮星、黄矮星、棕矮星、双星——所有这些都是科学分类的例子。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础教育词汇 / Basic Education Vocabulary

student

/ˈstjuːdənt/

中文：学生
定义：正在学习知识的人
例句：The student begins to make connections between different concepts.

grades

/ɡreɪdz/

中文：年级
定义：学校教育中按年龄和学习程度划分的级别
例句：Your focus in grades 5–8 should be on scientific concepts.

experiments

/ɪkˈsperɪmənts/

中文：实验
定义：为验证假设或发现新知识而进行的科学测试
例句：Students should reinforce knowledge with hands-on experiments.

patterns

/ˈpætənz/

中文：模式
定义：重复出现的规律或样式
例句：Science is about searching for repeated patterns, not just accumulating facts.

科学学科词汇 / Science Subject Vocabulary

biology

/baɪˈɒlədʒi/

中文：生物学
定义：研究生命和生物的科学
例句：Biology students learn about cells and how they function.

chemistry

/ˈkemɪstri/

中文：化学
定义：研究物质组成、结构和反应的科学
例句：Chemistry involves studying atoms and molecules.

physics

/ˈfɪzɪks/

中文：物理学
定义：研究物质、能量和它们相互作用的科学
例句：Physics includes the study of motion and gravity.

astronomy

/əˈstrɒnəmi/

中文：天文学
定义：研究星体、行星和宇宙的科学
例句：Astronomy students learn about stars and constellations.

科学概念词汇 / Science Concepts Vocabulary

cells

/selz/

中文：细胞
定义：构成生物体的基本结构和功能单位
例句：Students learn about the cells that make up an animal's body.

atoms

/ˈætəmz/

中文：原子
定义：构成化学元素的最小单位
例句：Water is made up of atoms and molecules.

molecules

/ˈmɒlɪkjuːlz/

中文：分子
定义：由两个或更多原子结合形成的化学单位
例句：Scientists study the molecules that make up different substances.

gravity

/ˈɡrævəti/

中文：重力
定义：物体之间相互吸引的力
例句：Students learn about the principles of gravity in physics.

📊 处理统计 / Processing Statistics

✅ 总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 15
✅ 标注词汇数 / Annotated Vocabulary: 64
✅ 词汇表条目 / Vocabulary Entries: 16
✅ 词汇分类 / Vocabulary Categories: 3
✅ 双语对照完整性 / Bilingual Correspondence: 100%
✅ 发音标注覆盖率 / Pronunciation Coverage: 100%