Chapter 10 - Electronic Teachers: Using Computers and Other Screens
第十章 - 电子教师：使用电脑和其他屏幕

New York Times reporter Nick Bilton: So, your kids must love the iPad?

《纽约时报》记者尼克·比尔顿：那么，你的孩子们一定很喜爱iPad吧？

Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc. and Pixar Animation: They haven't used it. We limit how much technology our kids use at home.

史蒂夫·乔布斯，苹果公司和皮克斯动画的首席执行官：他们还没有使用过它。我们限制孩子们在家里使用技术的时间。

You'll notice that, so far, we haven't recommended online instruction, or very much in the way of computer-based learning, in our Resources lists.

你会注意到，到目前为止，我们还没有在资源清单中推荐在线教学，或者太多基于计算机的学习方式。

Yes, we know they exist (and we'll suggest various ways to use technology with your middle- and upper-grade students in the sections to come). We just don't think this should be your preferred method of teaching grammar-stage students.

是的，我们知道这些方式存在（而且我们会在接下来的章节中建议各种在中级和高年级学生中使用技术的方法）。我们只是不认为这应该成为教授语法阶段学生的首选方法。

Reading is mentally active and forces the student to use a brand-new and difficult set of skills. Watching a presentation online is mentally passive.

阅读在思维上是积极的，迫使学生使用一套全新的且困难的技能。而在线观看演示在思维上是被动的。

Writing is labor intensive. Clicking icons is effortless.

写作是劳动密集型的。点击图标是不费力的。

Print that stays still and doesn't wiggle, talk, or change colors makes the brain work hard at interpretation. Print that jumps up, changes colors, and sings a song interprets itself for you and doesn't make the brain work at all.

保持静止且不摆动、不说话、不改变颜色的印刷文字让大脑在理解上努力工作。而那些跳跃、变色、唱歌的印刷文字会自己为你解释，根本不让大脑工作。

All children prefer ease to effort. It seems reasonable to us to limit their exposure to the easier way until the harder way has been mastered.

所有儿童都更喜欢容易胜过努力。在我们看来，在困难的方式被掌握之前，限制他们对容易方式的接触是合理的。

There's a growing body of scientific evidence to back us up on this. The brain activity created by reading and writing is significantly different from the brain activity created by image-based technologies.

有越来越多的科学证据主体支持我们的观点。阅读和写作产生的大脑活动与基于图像的技术产生的大脑活动显著不同。

Jane Healy, PhD in education psychology and the author of Endangered Minds, points out that while reading and writing depend on left-hemisphere brain development, children's television programming depends almost entirely on right-hemisphere stimuli.

简·希利，教育心理学博士及《濒危思维》的作者，指出虽然阅读和写作依赖于左半脑的发展，但儿童电视节目几乎完全依赖于右半脑刺激。

In the early grades, the brain develops more quickly than at any other time. Connections are made. Neural pathways are established. The grammar stage is a particularly crucial time for verbal development: the brain is mapping out the roads it will use for the rest of the child's life.

在早期年级，大脑比任何其他时期发展得都更快。连接得以形成。神经路径得以建立。语法阶段是语言发展特别关键的时期：大脑正在描绘出它将在孩子余生中使用的道路。

(This is why foreign languages acquired during early childhood are almost always completely fluent, while languages learned later are never as natural.)

（这就是为什么在幼儿期习得的外语语言几乎总是完全流利的，而后来学习的语言永远不会那么自然。）

It is vital that the child become fluent in reading and writing during the elementary years—and the brain development required for this fluency is markedly different from that used for comprehending visual images.

孩子在小学阶段变得阅读和写作流利是至关重要的——这种流利所需的大脑发展与用于理解视觉图像的发展明显不同。

And online learning for the youngest students tends to be image-centered, not word-centered. "In print culture," Neil Postman writes in The End of Education, "we are apt to say of people who are not intelligent that we must 'draw them pictures' so that they may understand."

而对最年幼学生的在线学习往往是以图像为中心的，而不是以文字为中心的。尼尔·波斯特曼在《教育的终结》中写道："在印刷文化中，我们习惯于说那些不聪明的人，我们必须'给他们画图片'以便他们理解。"

Intelligence implies that one can dwell comfortably without pictures, in a field of concepts and generalizations." Indeed, the higher stages of classical education require the child to think without pictures—to be so comfortable with nonvisual concepts such as responsibility, morality, and liberty that she can ponder their meanings in widely different circumstances.

智力意味着一个人可以在没有图片的情况下舒适地生活在概念和概括的领域中。"事实上，古典教育的高级阶段要求孩子在没有图片的情况下思考——对责任、道德和自由等非视觉概念如此熟悉，以至于她可以在截然不同的情况下思考它们的含义。

Word-centered education requires the student to interact with the material—to comprehend it, interpret it, and talk about it. A student must be actively involved in the learning process in order to benefit; this is why we lay such stress on reading history and science and then writing about the knowledge gained.

以文字为中心的教育要求学生与材料互动——理解它、解释它并谈论它。学生必须积极地参与学习过程才能受益；这就是为什么我们如此强调阅读历史和科学，然后写下所获得的知识。

Watched too often and too early, screens can begin to replace the child's own imagination. Susan once checked out a movie version of the children's classic The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe for her six-year-old son, Christopher.

观看得过于频繁和过早，屏幕可能开始取代孩子自己的想象力。苏珊曾经为她六岁的儿子克里斯托弗借了儿童经典《狮子、女巫和魔衣橱》的电影版本。

They'd read the book aloud together, and although he enjoyed the video, he heaved a big sigh when it was over. "What's wrong?" Susan asked. "Mommy," he said, "I had another picture of Lucy in my head, and that girl didn't look anything like her."

他们一起朗读了这本书，虽然他享受这个视频，但当它结束时，他深深地叹了口气。"怎么了？"苏珊问道。"妈妈，"他说，"我脑海中有另一个露西的形象，那个女孩看起来一点也不像她。"

"Well, you can still think of her in your head however you want." "No," he said. "Now that picture's in my head and I can't get it out." And there can be developmental implications when software takes priority over traditional reading and writing.

"好吧，你仍然可以按照你想要的方式在脑海中想象她。""不，"他说。"现在那个画面在我脑海中，我无法把它弄出来。"当软件比传统的阅读和写作获得优先权时，可能会有发展上的影响。

In 2013, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that toddlers avoid all screen time and that young children be limited in their use of computers, iPads, and other devices; when swiping and tapping take precedence over drawing, writing, and moving around, fine motor skills remain underdeveloped and muscle strength is affected.

在2013年，美国儿科学会建议学步儿童避免所有屏幕时间，年幼儿童应限制使用电脑、iPad和其他设备；当滑动和轻敲比画画、写字和四处走动获得优先权时，精细运动技能仍然发育不良，肌肉力量受到影响。

What about online learning? We're fans of using online classes and tutorials, as long as the online component is a delivery method that helps more students and parents work with great teachers on fascinating content.

那么在线学习呢？我们是在线课程和教程的爱好者，只要在线组件是一种传递方法，帮助更多学生和家长与优秀老师合作学习迷人的内容。

But grammar-stage students are still learning the basics of human communication. They need to interact with real people in real time; this is how they learn to interpret expressions, tones of voice, body movements. Face-to-face learning is a vital stage in their maturing process.

但语法阶段的学生仍在学习人类交流的基础。他们需要与真人实时互动；这是他们学习解释表情、语调、身体动作的方式。面对面学习是他们成熟过程中的重要阶段。

We're not saying that you should make no use of online resources. We've just recommended a few for language learning, after all. But formal online classes should wait until the middle grades.

我们并不是说你应该完全不使用在线资源。毕竟，我们刚刚为语言学习推荐了一些。但正式的在线课程应该等到中年级。

And we're not saying that you should ban screens. Limit their use, particularly in education. Supervise content. As much as possible, steer away from highly visual, quickly changing programs with a constant barrage of sound effects. Don't enroll your grammar-stage child in online classes; teach her yourself.

我们也不是说你应该禁止屏幕。限制它们的使用，特别是在教育中。监督内容。尽可能远离那些高度视觉化、快速变化且伴有持续音效轰炸的节目。不要让你的语法阶段孩子报名在线课程；你自己来教她。

When you have the flu, or when you're trying to teach fractions to your third grader while your four-year-old sprints around and around the kitchen, or when company's coming and the bathroom hasn't been cleaned, put on a movie.

当你得流感时，或者当你试图教三年级学生分数而你四岁的孩子在厨房里一圈圈地冲刺时，或者当客人要来而浴室还没有打扫时，播放一部电影。

But, every once in a while, ask yourself: What am I giving up? If I didn't put this on, would the kids go play basketball out back, or drag out Chutes and Ladders out of sheer boredom? Would they read a book? Would I be forced to give the four-year-old a math lesson to keep him happy, too?

但是，偶尔问问自己：我在放弃什么？如果我不播放这个，孩子们会去后院打篮球，还是纯粹出于无聊而拿出飞行棋？他们会读书吗？我是否也会被迫给四岁的孩子上数学课来让他开心？

If my twelve-year-old doesn't watch this movie, will he go build a model? If my ten-year-old is told she can't play this computer game, will she wander off and read fairy tales?

如果我十二岁的孩子不看这部电影，他会去搭建模型吗？如果我十岁的孩子被告知她不能玩这个电脑游戏，她会走开去读童话故事吗？

Educational videos can be useful in science. We've enjoyed the spectacular photography of the Eyewitness science videos, and we watch National Geographic specials with rapt attention (lava flowing down a mountain has to be seen to be believed).

教育视频在科学方面可能很有用。我们享受目击者科学视频的壮观摄影，我们全神贯注地观看国家地理特别节目（熔岩从山上流下来必须亲眼看到才能相信）。

But we watch screens in the evening—curled up with a bowl of popcorn—not during schooltime. During schooltime, we read books, do experiments, and write about what we're learning. It's hard work, but the more the student reads and writes, the more natural reading and writing become.

但我们在晚上看屏幕——蜷缩着拿着一碗爆米花——而不是在上学时间。在上学时间，我们读书，做实验，并写下我们正在学习的内容。这是艰苦的工作，但学生读得和写得越多，阅读和写作就变得越自然。

Unfortunately, the same is true of watching, and using, screens. The brain becomes expert at whatever it does the most of during the formative years. So do your best to limit the young child's lessons with the "electronic teacher."

不幸的是，观看和使用屏幕也是如此。大脑在形成期做得最多的事情上成为专家。所以尽你所能限制年幼孩子与"电子教师"的课程。

We guarantee you that she won't have any trouble catching up later on.

我们保证她以后不会有任何困难赶上。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

home

/hoʊm/

中文：家里，家庭
定义：一个人居住的地方
例句：We limit how much technology our kids use at home.

children

/ˈtʃɪldrən/

中文：儿童，孩子们
定义：年轻的人类，通常指未成年人
例句：All children prefer ease to effort.

kitchen

/ˈkɪtʃən/

中文：厨房，灶间
定义：用于准备和烹饪食物的房间
例句：Your four-year-old sprints around and around the kitchen.

bathroom

/ˈbæθruːm/

中文：浴室，洗手间
定义：用于洗澡和个人卫生的房间
例句：When company's coming and the bathroom hasn't been cleaned.

natural

/ˈnætʃərəl/

中文：自然的，天然的
定义：符合自然状态的，不人工的
例句：The more natural reading and writing become.

mountain

/ˈmaʊntn/

中文：山，山脉
定义：地球表面高耸的自然地貌
例句：Lava flowing down a mountain has to be seen to be believed.

教育专业词汇 / Educational Terms

technology

/tekˈnɑːlədʒi/

中文：技术，科技
定义：应用科学知识的实际方法和工具
例句：We limit how much technology our kids use at home.

education

/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/

中文：教育，培养
定义：培养人的知识、技能和品格的过程
例句：Jane Healy, PhD in education psychology.

grammar-stage

/ˈɡræmər steɪdʒ/

中文：语法阶段
定义：古典教育中专注于基础知识获取的阶段
例句：Teaching grammar-stage students.

classical

/ˈklæsɪkl/

中文：古典的，经典的
定义：传统的、历史悠久的教育方法
例句：The higher stages of classical education.

elementary

/ˌelɪˈmentri/

中文：小学的，基础的
定义：初级教育阶段，通常指小学
例句：During the elementary years.

fluency

/ˈfluːənsi/

中文：流利，流畅
定义：熟练、自然地使用语言的能力
例句：The brain development required for this fluency.

科技相关词汇 / Technology Vocabulary

online

/ˈɑːnlaɪn/

中文：在线的，网络的
定义：通过互联网连接和操作
例句：We haven't recommended online instruction.

computer-based

/kəmˈpjuːtər beɪst/

中文：基于计算机的
定义：使用计算机作为主要工具的
例句：Computer-based learning in our Resources lists.

electronic

/ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk/

中文：电子的，电子学的
定义：使用电子技术的
例句：The young child's lessons with the "electronic teacher."

devices

/dɪˈvaɪsəz/

中文：设备，装置
定义：为特定目的制造的工具或机器
例句：Their use of computers, iPads, and other devices.

software

/ˈsɔːftwer/

中文：软件，软件程序
定义：计算机程序和应用
例句：When software takes priority over traditional reading.

icons

/ˈaɪkɑːnz/

中文：图标，图像
定义：代表程序或功能的小图片
例句：Clicking icons is effortless.

认知发展词汇 / Cognitive Development

brain

/breɪn/

中文：大脑，头脑
定义：控制思维和学习的器官
例句：Makes the brain work hard at interpretation.

development

/dɪˈveləpmənt/

中文：发展，发育
定义：成长和改进的过程
例句：Left-hemisphere brain development.

intelligence

/ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/

中文：智力，智慧
定义：学习、理解和应用知识的能力
例句：Intelligence implies that one can dwell comfortably without pictures.

imagination

/ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/

中文：想象力，想象
定义：形成心理图像和概念的能力
例句：Screens can begin to replace the child's own imagination.

formative

/ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

中文：形成期的，发育的
定义：对发展有重要影响的时期
例句：Whatever it does the most of during the formative years.

neural

/ˈnʊrəl/

中文：神经的，神经系统的
定义：与神经系统相关的
例句：Neural pathways are established.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

reading

/ˈriːdɪŋ/

中文：阅读，读书
定义：理解书面文字的行为
例句：Reading is mentally active.

writing

/ˈraɪtɪŋ/

中文：写作，书写
定义：用文字表达思想的行为
例句：Writing is labor intensive.

interact

/ˌɪntərˈækt/

中文：互动，相互作用
定义：与他人或事物进行交流
例句：They need to interact with real people.

guarantee

/ˌɡærənˈtiː/

中文：保证，担保
定义：承诺某事一定会发生
例句：We guarantee you that she won't have any trouble.

supervise

/ˈsuːpərvaɪz/

中文：监督，监管
定义：观察并指导他人的活动
例句：Supervise content.

sprints

/sprɪnts/

中文：冲刺，短跑
定义：快速奔跑的动作
例句：Your four-year-old sprints around and around the kitchen.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计信息

✅ 总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 32
✅ 标注词汇数 / Annotated Vocabulary: 78
✅ 词汇表条目 / Vocabulary Cards: 30
✅ 词汇分类 / Categories: 5
✅ 发音功能 / Pronunciation Feature: 已启用
✅ 响应式设计 / Responsive Design: 已优化

Chapter 10 - Electronic Teachers: Using Computers and Other Screens第十章 - 电子教师：使用电脑和其他屏幕

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计信息

Chapter 10 - Electronic Teachers: Using Computers and Other Screens
第十章 - 电子教师：使用电脑和其他屏幕