Chapter Nineteen: The English in India
第十九章：英国人在印度

The Indian Empire Falls Apart / 印度帝国的衰落

The Ottoman Empire wasn't the only Eastern empire losing its lands. Southeast of the Ottomans, the empire of India was also shrinking away.

奥斯曼帝国并不是唯一失去土地的东方帝国。在奥斯曼帝国的东南方，印度帝国也在收缩。

We've already read about the three great Moghul emperors of India: Jahangir (World Seizer), Shah Jahan (King of the World), and Aurangzeb (Conqueror of the World).

我们已经了解了印度三位伟大的莫卧儿皇帝：贾汉吉尔（世界征服者）、沙贾汉（世界之王）和奥朗则布（世界征服者）。

These three emperors made India into a huge and wealthy nation. But the last of these emperors, Aurangzeb, made three fateful decisions.

这三位皇帝使印度成为一个巨大而富有的国家。但是这些皇帝中的最后一位奥朗则布做出了三个决定命运的决定。

He decided to make Islam the law of India and to destroy the temples of Hindu worshippers.

他决定将伊斯兰教定为印度的法律，并摧毁印度教信徒的寺庙。

He decided to spend his whole reign fighting to conquer the Deccan, the southern lands of India—while ignoring the northern part of his kingdom and his capital city, Delhi.

他决定用整个统治期间去征战征服德干高原——印度的南部土地，同时忽视他王国的北部和他的首都德里。

And he gave the English permission to build a trading post in the Indian province of Bengal, on India's eastern coast.

他还给了英国人许可在印度东海岸的孟加拉省建立贸易站。

Aurangzeb didn't know that the English trading post in Bengal would help bring an end to the empire of India. But when he died—at the age of eighty-nine—he could already see that India was torn apart by Muslim hatred of Hindus and by the bloodshed caused by years of war.

奥朗则布不知道英国人在孟加拉的贸易站会帮助终结印度帝国。但当他在八十九岁时去世时，他已经能够看到印度被穆斯林对印度教徒的仇恨和多年战争造成的流血撕裂了。

He was sick, weary, and filled with grief. "I have not done well," he wrote, just before his death, "by the country or its people."

他病了，疲倦，充满了悲伤。"我没有做好，"他在临死前写道，"对国家或人民都没有做好。"

Aurangzeb was right. India was soaked in misery. And as soon as Aurangzeb died, the misery got worse.

奥朗则布是对的。印度浸泡在苦难中。奥朗则布一死，苦难就变得更严重了。

The moment the emperor drew his last breath, three of his sons all claimed the throne. Aurangzeb's oldest son had been waiting to inherit the crown for sixty-four years!

皇帝咽下最后一口气的那一刻，他的三个儿子都声称拥有王位。奥朗则布的长子已经等待继承王冠六十四年了！

He wasn't about to give way to his brothers. Instead, he killed them in battle, crowned himself Emperor Bahadur Shah I, and moved into the royal palace at Delhi.

他不会让位给他的兄弟们。相反，他在战斗中杀死了他们，自立为巴哈杜尔沙一世，并搬进了德里的皇家宫殿。

For a little while, Bahadur tried to mend India's woes. Aurangzeb had destroyed Hindu worship places; Bahadur allowed Hindus to worship as they pleased.

有一段时间，巴哈杜尔试图修复印度的困难。奥朗则布摧毁了印度教的崇拜场所；巴哈杜尔允许印度教徒随意崇拜。

Aurangzeb had spent years fighting against the tribes who lived in the south of India; Bahadur tried to make peace with them. But Bahadur died only five years after becoming emperor.

奥朗则布花了多年时间与居住在印度南部的部族作战；巴哈杜尔试图与他们和解。但巴哈杜尔在成为皇帝仅五年后就死了。

His son claimed the throne of India—and spent the next eleven months paying more attention to his favorite dancing girl than to his duties as emperor!

他的儿子声称拥有印度的王位——在接下来的十一个月里，他更关注他最喜欢的舞女，而不是他作为皇帝的职责！

The new emperor made all of his dancing girl's friends—including poor musicians and an old vegetable seller—into state officials.

新皇帝把他舞女的所有朋友——包括贫穷的音乐家和一个老菜贩——都任命为国家官员。

He spent hours cutting down trees for fun, sinking boats on the canals nearby just to watch the passengers struggle to shore, and sitting on top of his fort, throwing rocks at people who passed by.

他花几个小时砍树为了取乐，把附近运河里的船弄沉，只是为了看乘客挣扎着游到岸边，还坐在他的堡垒顶上，向路过的人扔石头。

Finally, two Indian noblemen, brothers named Husain Ali and Hasan Ali, had had enough.

最后，两个印度贵族，名叫胡赛因·阿里和哈桑·阿里的兄弟，受够了。

The Ali brothers hired assassins to break into the emperor's bedroom and strangle him. They picked another young man who had Moghul blood in him and decided to make him emperor instead!

阿里兄弟雇佣刺客闯入皇帝的卧室勒死了他。他们选择了另一个有莫卧儿血统的年轻人，决定让他做皇帝！

They rushed the new "emperor" into Delhi and arranged to have him crowned after an elaborate coronation parade.

他们匆忙将新"皇帝"带到德里，安排在一个精心制作的加冕游行后为他加冕。

The Ali brothers planned to be the real rulers of India. Their new "emperor," Farrukhisiyar, was supposed to do only what the Ali brothers ordered him to do.

阿里兄弟计划成为印度真正的统治者。他们的新"皇帝"法鲁赫西亚尔只能按照阿里兄弟的命令行事。

But Farrukhisiyar turned out to be cowardly and suspicious. He was afraid of everyone—even his own servants and the children who played on the palace grounds.

但法鲁赫西亚尔结果是懦弱的和多疑的。他害怕每个人——甚至他自己的仆人和在宫殿场地玩耍的孩子。

He accused the Ali brothers of planning his death, and threatened to have them executed! So Husain and Hasan sent their assassins to the palace once more to get rid of this useless king.

他指控阿里兄弟计划杀死他，并威胁要处决他们！所以胡赛因和哈桑再次派刺客到宫殿去除掉这个无用的国王。

When he saw the assassins coming, Farrukhisiyar hid beneath his mother's skirt. The assassins found him anyway. They dragged him out and put him to death, but nobody cared.

当他看到刺客来时，法鲁赫西亚尔躲在他母亲的裙子下面。刺客还是找到了他。他们把他拖出来处死了，但没有人关心。

"He was feeble, false, cowardly, contemptible," one writer who lived at the time explained. "It is impossible to regret him."

"他是虚弱的、虚假的、懦弱的、可鄙的，"当时的一位作家解释说。"不可能为他感到遗憾。"

The Ali brothers put another Moghul "king" on the throne, but he died of a seizure after ruling for only four months. They put a third king on the throne. This one died in even less time!

阿里兄弟又立了另一个莫卧儿"国王"，但他在统治仅四个月后死于癫痫发作。他们立了第三个国王。这个死得更快！

Finally, Hasain and Hasan crowned a seventeen-year-old Moghul boy, Mohammad Shah, as emperor of India.

最后，哈桑和胡赛因加冕了一个十七岁的莫卧儿男孩穆罕默德沙为印度皇帝。

Mohammad was healthy and energetic. As a matter of fact, he was so energetic that he convinced a few other ambitious Indian noblemen to get rid of the Ali brothers.

穆罕默德是健康和精力充沛的。事实上，他是如此精力充沛，以至于他说服了一些其他有野心的印度贵族除掉阿里兄弟。

For the next thirty years, Mohammad Shah would rule all alone over India. But Mohammed Shah didn't actually bother to run his empire.

在接下来的三十年里，穆罕默德沙将独自统治印度。但穆罕默德沙实际上懒得管理他的帝国。

He spent most of his time going to animal fights and watching bears and wild boars gore and slash at each other.

他大部分时间都在观看动物搏斗，看熊和野猪互相用角刺和砍杀。

He even paid to have wild animals brought to Delhi to amuse him. In one fight, he ordered bears, goats, rams, and a wild boar dressed up in tiger skins so that they could then fight to the death against a wild elephant!

他甚至花钱让人把野生动物运到德里来娱乐他。在一次搏斗中，他命令熊、山羊、公羊和一头穿着老虎皮的野猪与一头野大象决斗到死！

Meanwhile, all of the officials in India were busy dividing up the land that they had once governed for the emperor—and ruling it themselves. India, once an empire under a single Moghul emperor, had become a handful of little independent provinces ruled by petty kings, each pretending to pay allegiance to an emperor who never bothered to visit them or give them any orders.

与此同时，印度所有的官员都忙着瓜分他们曾经为皇帝治理的土地——自己统治它。印度，曾经是一个莫卧儿皇帝统治下的帝国，已经变成了一把由小国王统治的独立省份，每个都假装对一个从不费心拜访他们或给他们任何命令的皇帝表示忠诚。

Just thirty years after Aurangzeb's death, the Persians invaded this weak and divided India.

就在奥朗则布死后三十年，波斯人入侵了这个虚弱和分裂的印度。

We read about the patchwork of the Persian empire not too many chapters ago. Remember, Persia lay between the Ottoman Empire and the empire of India.

我们在前几章读过波斯帝国的拼凑状况。记住，波斯位于奥斯曼帝国和印度帝国之间。

During the years that the Ali brothers were putting one emperor after another on the throne of India, Persia was governed by a shah named Nadir.

在阿里兄弟一个接一个地立皇帝到印度王座上的那些年里，波斯由一个名叫纳迪尔的沙阿统治。

Nadir Shah had been a highway robber from the part of Persia that we now call Afghanistan. But after he helped fight against the Ottoman Turks, Nadir grew popular enough to claim the throne of Persia for himself!

纳迪尔沙曾经是来自波斯一个我们现在称为阿富汗地区的拦路强盗。但在他帮助对抗奥斯曼土耳其人后，纳迪尔变得足够受欢迎，为自己夺取了波斯的王位！

He was anxious for the countries around him to recognize his power as shah. So he sent messengers to Delhi, hoping that the Indian emperor would hail him as Persia's rightful ruler.

他急切地希望周围的国家承认他作为沙阿的权力。所以他派信使到德里，希望印度皇帝会欢迎他为波斯的合法统治者。

But the Indian court was so disorganized that no one ever sent a messenger back. Nadir Shah was furious.

但印度朝廷是如此混乱，以至于没有人回派信使。纳迪尔沙愤怒了。

"How dare the court of India ignore and insult me?" he thought to himself. "How dare they treat me like a bandit king? I'll teach them a lesson they won't soon forget!"

"印度朝廷怎么敢无视和侮辱我？"他自己想。"他们怎么敢把我当作强盗国王？我要给他们一个他们不会很快忘记的教训！"

He marched his army down through the north of India toward Delhi, conquering Indian cities as he went. The frightened Indian army finally stumbled out of Delhi to meet him.

他率领军队穿过印度北部向德里进军，一路上征服印度城市。惊恐的印度军队最终踉跄地走出德里迎战他。

But they were so terrified of Nadir Shah's giant war camels and guns that they couldn't even get into line to meet his attack. Twenty thousand Indian soldiers fell on the battlefield!

但他们是如此恐惧纳迪尔沙的巨大战争骆驼和大炮，以至于他们甚至无法排成队形迎接他的攻击。两万印度士兵倒在战场上！

Nadir Shah captured Mohammad Shah and forced him to follow the Persian victory parade back into Delhi, bowing and saluting the whole way.

纳迪尔沙俘虏了穆罕默德沙，强迫他跟随波斯胜利游行回到德里，一路鞠躬敬礼。

Once in Delhi, Nadir Shah ordered the city burned and the people put to the sword! "The streets were strewn with corpses like dead leaves," one eyewitness wrote, later.

一到德里，纳迪尔沙就命令烧毁城市，屠杀人民！"街道上布满了尸体，像枯叶一样，"一位目击者后来写道。

"The city was reduced to ashes and looked like a burnt plain." Nadir Shah then took the key to India's treasury, plundered the Taj Mahal, and marched back to Persia, loaded down with silver, gold, jewels, and elephants.

"城市被化为灰烬，看起来像一片烧焦的平原。"纳迪尔沙然后拿走了印度国库的钥匙，掠夺了泰姬陵，然后满载着银子、金子、珠宝和大象回到波斯。

He even took the famous Peacock Throne of India back to Persia and broke it up for its jewels. "The accumulated wealth of three hundred forty-eight years changed masters in a moment," mourned one Indian who watched.

他甚至把印度著名的孔雀王座带回波斯，拆解取其珠宝。"三百四十八年积累的财富在一瞬间换了主人，"一个印度观察者哀叹道。

The Indian empire was gone. Mohammed Shah remained on the throne, but he reigned over a ghostly city filled with charred walls, deserted houses, and open graves.

印度帝国消失了。穆罕默德沙仍然坐在王座上，但他统治的是一个鬼魅般的城市，充满了烧焦的墙壁、荒废的房屋和敞开的坟墓。

The Shopkeepers' Invasion / 店主的入侵

When India fell apart around them, the English decided that it was time to take charge.

当印度在他们周围分崩离析时，英国人决定是时候接管控制权了。

Just five years after the Jamestown colonists arrived in North America, English merchants had built the first English trading post in India.

就在詹姆斯敦殖民者到达北美五年后，英国商人在印度建立了第一个英国贸易站。

In a rickety wooden building in Surat, a rich, busy port city on the western coast of India, English merchants huddled over their accounts, counted bales of cotton, silk, and indigo leaves.

在印度西海岸一个富裕繁忙的港口城市苏拉特的一座摇摇欲坠的木制建筑里，英国商人聚集在他们的账目前，清点棉花、丝绸和靛蓝叶的包。

And arranged to load these Indian goods onto the English ships anchored in the gulf nearby. The English made so much money trading for Indian goods that they opened more trading posts—in Bombay, a little to the south, and then in the province of Bengal, on the other side of India.

并安排将这些印度货物装载到停泊在附近海湾的英国船只上。英国人通过印度货物贸易赚了如此多的钱，以至于他们开设了更多的贸易站——在南边一点的孟买，然后在印度另一边的孟加拉省。

To build these ports and to pay for ships and sailors, English merchants banded together into a group called The East India Company. Each member of the Company helped pay for the buildings and ships of the trading posts—and got part of the profit in return.

为了建造这些港口和支付船只和船员的费用，英国商人联合组成了一个叫做东印度公司的团体。公司的每个成员都帮助支付贸易站的建筑和船只费用——并因此获得部分利润。

But then Aurangzeb died, and India began to collapse. Local officials called themselves kings and fought against each other. Hindu tribes from the south of India invaded the northern parts of the country. The Persians marched down to Delhi and destroyed it!

但随后奥朗则布死了，印度开始崩溃。地方官员自称国王，相互争斗。来自印度南部的印度教部族入侵了国家的北部。波斯人行军到德里并摧毁了它！

The English watched from their trading posts—and worried. How could the English merchants keep on carrying silk, muslin, and indigo from the center of India to the ports, when they were likely to be attacked along the way?

英国人从他们的贸易站观看——并担心。当他们在途中可能遭到攻击时，英国商人如何能继续将丝绸、细棉布和靛蓝从印度中部运到港口？

And what if Hindu tribes, Muslim rebels, or Persian invaders attacked the tiny wooden English trading posts?

如果印度教部族、穆斯林叛军或波斯入侵者攻击这些小小的木制英国贸易站怎么办？

The English decided that it was time to become soldiers as well as merchants. They would fight to protect their trading parties and their trading posts. They started to build forts in Bombay and in Bengal.

英国人决定是时候既做士兵又做商人了。他们要战斗来保护他们的贸易队伍和贸易站。他们开始在孟买和孟加拉建造堡垒。

That's when the trouble began. Like other Indian officials, the governor of the province of Bengal now called himself the ruler, or nawab, of Bengal.

这时麻烦开始了。像其他印度官员一样，孟加拉省的总督现在自称是孟加拉的统治者，或纳瓦布。

Now, the nawab, whose name was Siraj, saw that the English were building themselves a fortress in Bengal, right in the little English settlement called Calcutta.

现在，这个名叫西拉杰的纳瓦布看到英国人正在孟加拉为自己建造一座要塞，就在叫做加尔各答的英国小定居点里。

They had named it Fort William—the name of an English king. They were placing guns along the walls. And they had never even asked his permission!

他们给它命名为威廉堡——一个英国国王的名字。他们在墙上放置大炮。而且他们甚至从未征求过他的许可！

Siraj grew more and more suspicious. Why did the English need a fortress in Calcutta? Were they planning on taking over his little kingdom of Bengal?

西拉杰变得越来越多疑。为什么英国人需要在加尔各答建造要塞？他们是否计划接管他的孟加拉小王国？

Siraj wasn't sure that his Bengal army could defeat the English, but he had an idea. There were plenty of French traders in India too. He would offer the French land in India if they would join with him to chase the English out of Calcutta.

西拉杰不确定他的孟加拉军队能击败英国人，但他有个想法。印度也有很多法国商人。如果法国人愿意与他联合把英国人赶出加尔各答，他愿意给法国人在印度的土地。

The French were delighted to help get rid of the English. They joined with Siraj and marched to Calcutta. The fort at Calcutta was barely finished, and few English soldiers stood on its walls. Siraj's army captured it in less than four days!

法国人很高兴帮助赶走英国人。他们与西拉杰联合并向加尔各答进军。加尔各答的堡垒刚刚完工，只有少数英国士兵站在城墙上。西拉杰的军队在不到四天内就攻占了它！

When Siraj's men poured into the fort, Siraj ordered all of the English captives—145 men and one woman—thrown into Fort William's dungeon.

当西拉杰的手下涌入堡垒时，西拉杰命令将所有英国俘虏——145名男子和一名女子——扔进威廉堡的地牢。

The little dungeon, down in the cellar of the fort, was nicknamed the "Black Hole." It was only 24 feet long and 18 feet wide, perhaps twice the size of your bedroom.

这个小地牢，位于堡垒的地下室，被昵称为"黑洞"。它只有24英尺长，18英尺宽，大概是你卧室的两倍大。

But Siraj's soldiers forced every last Englishman through the door and bolted it. There was no food or water. The Indian night was hot and still. There was no room in the Black Hole to sit—or to breathe.

但西拉杰的士兵强迫每一个英国人都进入门内并闩上了门。没有食物或水。印度的夜晚炎热而寂静。在黑洞里没有坐的地方——或者呼吸的空间。

One of the captives who spent the night in this dungeon, John Holwell, claimed that by morning, 120 of the prisoners had died from suffocation.

一个在这个地牢里过夜的俘虏约翰·霍尔韦尔声称，到早晨时，120名囚犯死于窒息。

[原书插图：Robert Clive brings English rule to Bengal / 罗伯特·克莱夫将英国统治带到孟加拉]

When he was released and returned to England, he wrote an account of that night. "Figure to yourself the situation of a hundred and forty-six wretches…crammed together…in a close sultry night, in Bengal!" he exclaimed.

当他被释放并返回英国时，他写了那一夜的记述。"想象一下一百四十六个可怜的人……挤在一起……在孟加拉一个封闭闷热的夜晚！"他惊呼道。

"What words shall I adopt to tell you the whole that my soul suffered?" Holwell's account described men dying from thirst and heat while standing straight up, wedged together.

"我应该用什么词来告诉你我的灵魂所遭受的全部痛苦？"霍尔韦尔的记述描述了男人们在直立时死于干渴和炎热，被楔入在一起。

Later, some historians would suggest that Holwell was exaggerating, and that so many people could never have fit into such a small space. But it didn't really matter.

后来，一些历史学家会暗示霍尔韦尔在夸大，这么多人不可能塞进如此小的空间。但这真的无关紧要。

English men and women heard the story of the Black Hole of Calcutta. They were furious! How could Englishmen ignore such savagery?

英国男人和女人听到了加尔各答黑洞的故事。他们愤怒了！英国人怎么能忽视这样的野蛮行为？

The East India Company decided to do something unheard of: send an army into India to punish Siraj and the Indians of Bengal.

东印度公司决定做一件前所未有的事情：派遣一支军队到印度去惩罚西拉杰和孟加拉的印度人。

This was an astounding decision. After all, the East India Company wasn't a country or a king. It was a company. Imagine a big company like Microsoft or Wal-Mart hiring its own army and invading a city because its employees had been treated badly!

这是一个惊人的决定。毕竟，东印度公司不是一个国家或国王。它是一个公司。想象一下像微软或沃尔玛这样的大公司雇佣自己的军队并入侵一个城市，因为它的员工受到了恶劣对待！

That's what the East India Company did. Its members hired an army and a general to lead it. This general, Sir Robert Clive, marched his army over to India, ready to meet Siraj's soldiers.

这就是东印度公司所做的。它的成员雇佣了一支军队和一个将军来领导它。这个将军，罗伯特·克莱夫爵士，率领他的军队到印度，准备迎战西拉杰的士兵。

But he didn't leave the victory to chance. Ahead of time, Sir Robert Clive sent a secret message to Siraj's chief general, Mir Jafar.

但他没有把胜利交给运气。提前，罗伯特·克莱夫爵士给西拉杰的首席将军米尔·贾法尔发了一个秘密信息。

The message said, "When you see the English army advancing, make some excuse to hold most of your army back from the battle. If you do this, I will make you the ruler of Bengal once Siraj is dead!"

信息说："当你看到英国军队推进时，找个借口让你的大部分军队退出战斗。如果你这样做，西拉杰死后我将让你成为孟加拉的统治者！"

Mir Jafar listened to the message, and made no promises. But when the Indian army met the East India Company men in battle, Mir Jafar leaned on his spear, at the battle's edge.

米尔·贾法尔听了信息，但没有做任何承诺。但当印度军队在战斗中遭遇东印度公司的人时，米尔·贾法尔靠在他的长矛上，站在战斗的边缘。

He issued no orders. His soldiers, waiting for his command, kept retreating. Soon they broke their formation and fled in panic! Siraj himself was killed.

他没有发出任何命令。他的士兵等待他的指挥，一直在撤退。很快他们打破了队形，惊慌逃跑！西拉杰本人被杀死了。

Robert Clive announced that Mir Jafar would now be the nawab of Bengal. But Mir Jafar owed his throne—and his power—to the East India Company. And so he had to do what the English wanted him to do.

罗伯特·克莱夫宣布米尔·贾法尔现在将是孟加拉的纳瓦布。但米尔·贾法尔的王位——和他的权力——都要归功于东印度公司。所以他必须按照英国人想要他做的去做。

When Mir Jafar resisted the company's orders, another, larger army arrived in Bengal and attacked him. When the second battle was over, the East India Company ruled the province of Bengal in the name of England.

当米尔·贾法尔抵制公司的命令时，另一支更大的军队到达孟加拉并攻击了他。当第二次战斗结束时，东印度公司以英格兰的名义统治孟加拉省。

The weak Indian emperor, afraid of these energetic invaders, gave the English authority to collect taxes in Bengal and spend them.

虚弱的印度皇帝害怕这些有活力的入侵者，给了英国人在孟加拉收取税收和花费它们的权力。

Bengal followed English law and had its cases tried in an English court of law with an English judge presiding. Calcutta was declared its capital city. Now the English were more than merchants. They were rulers!

孟加拉遵循英国法律，案件在有英国法官主持的英国法庭进行审理。加尔各答被宣布为首府城市。现在英国人不仅仅是商人。他们是统治者！

Over the next few years, as the Indian empire continued to fall apart, the English claimed more and more land. Eventually, they took the emperor himself under their "protection." The last Moghul emperor was a prisoner of the English. India had fallen to the shopkeepers.

在接下来的几年里，随着印度帝国继续分崩离析，英国人声称拥有越来越多的土地。最终，他们将皇帝本人置于他们的"保护"之下。最后一个莫卧儿皇帝成为英国人的囚犯。印度落入了店主们的手中。

[原书地图：The Expanse of China / 中国的疆域]

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

empire

/ˈempaɪə(r)/

中文：帝国
定义：由皇帝统治的大型政治实体
例句：The Moghul Empire was one of the greatest empires in Indian history.

emperor

/ˈempərər/

中文：皇帝
定义：帝国的最高统治者
例句：Aurangzeb was the last great Moghul emperor of India.

conquer

/ˈkɒŋkər/

中文：征服
定义：通过武力获得控制权
例句：The English would eventually conquer most of India.

throne

/θrəʊn/

中文：王位
定义：国王或皇帝的统治权
例句：Three sons fought for the throne after the emperor died.

nawab

/nəˈwɑːb/

中文：纳瓦布
定义：印度的地方统治者
例句：Siraj was the nawab of Bengal province.

assassin

/əˈsæsɪn/

中文：刺客
定义：专门杀害重要人物的人
例句：The Ali brothers hired assassins to kill the emperor.

贸易相关词汇 / Trade Vocabulary

merchant

/ˈmɜːtʃənt/

中文：商人
定义：从事贸易的人
例句：English merchants traded silk and cotton from India.

trading post

/ˈtreɪdɪŋ pəʊst/

中文：贸易站
定义：商业活动的据点
例句：The English built trading posts along India's coast.

profit

/ˈprɒfɪt/

中文：利润
定义：收入超过成本的部分
例句：The East India Company shared profits among its members.

indigo

/ˈɪndɪɡəʊ/

中文：靛蓝
定义：一种蓝色植物染料
例句：Indigo was one of India's most valuable exports.

muslin

/ˈmʌzlɪn/

中文：细棉布
定义：一种轻薄的棉质织物
例句：Indian muslin was highly prized in Europe.

anchored

/ˈæŋkəd/

中文：停泊
定义：船只固定在港口
例句：English ships anchored in Indian harbors to load goods.

军事词汇 / Military Vocabulary

fortress

/ˈfɔːtrəs/

中文：要塞
定义：强化的军事防御建筑
例句：The English built a fortress to protect their trading post.

battle

/ˈbætəl/

中文：战斗
定义：军队之间的武装冲突
例句：The battle between English and Indian forces was decisive.

general

/ˈdʒenərəl/

中文：将军
定义：高级军事指挥官
例句：General Robert Clive led the English forces in India.

captive

/ˈkæptɪv/

中文：俘虏
定义：被敌人抓住的人
例句：The English captives were imprisoned in the Black Hole.

retreat

/rɪˈtriːt/

中文：撤退
定义：从敌人面前撤回
例句：The Indian soldiers began to retreat from the battlefield.

invade

/ɪnˈveɪd/

中文：入侵
定义：武力进入他国领土
例句：The Persians invaded India and destroyed Delhi.

地理专有名词 / Geographic Terms

Bengal

/benˈɡɔːl/

中文：孟加拉
定义：印度东部的一个省份
例句：Bengal was rich in cotton, silk, and indigo.

Calcutta

/kælˈkʌtə/

中文：加尔各答
定义：孟加拉的重要港口城市
例句：Calcutta became the capital of British-controlled Bengal.

Bombay

/bɒmˈbeɪ/

中文：孟买
定义：印度西海岸的重要港口
例句：The English established a trading post in Bombay.

Delhi

/ˈdeli/

中文：德里
定义：莫卧儿帝国的首都
例句：Delhi was the seat of the Moghul emperors.

Deccan

/ˈdekən/

中文：德干高原
定义：印度南部的高原地区
例句：Aurangzeb spent years fighting in the Deccan.

Surat

/sʊˈrɑːt/

中文：苏拉特
定义：印度西海岸的贸易港口
例句：Surat was the first English trading post in India.

情感与状态词汇 / Emotions & States

misery

/ˈmɪzəri/

中文：苦难
定义：极度的痛苦和不幸
例句：India was soaked in misery after years of war.

furious

/ˈfjʊəriəs/

中文：愤怒的
定义：极度愤怒
例句：Nadir Shah was furious when India ignored his messages.

terrified

/ˈterɪfaɪd/

中文：恐惧的
定义：极度害怕
例句：The Indian soldiers were terrified of the Persian war camels.

suspicious

/səˈspɪʃəs/

中文：多疑的
定义：不信任他人
例句：The new emperor was suspicious of everyone around him.

delighted

/dɪˈlaɪtɪd/

中文：高兴的
定义：非常开心
例句：The French were delighted to help fight the English.

ambitious

/æmˈbɪʃəs/

中文：有野心的
定义：渴望成功和权力
例句：Ambitious noblemen plotted to gain power.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

章节标题：Chapter 19: The English in India / 第十九章：英国人在印度
总段落数：62个段落
标注词汇数：114个重点词汇
词汇表分类：5大类别（历史专业词汇、贸易相关词汇、军事词汇、地理专有名词、情感与状态词汇）
词汇卡片数：30个详细词汇卡片
特殊标记：时间标记（年龄标记）、插图位置标记
内容完整性：✅ 包含全部原文内容
格式规范性：✅ 严格遵循双语对照HTML模板
功能完整性：✅ 悬停提示、点击发音、响应式设计

Chapter Nineteen: The English in India第十九章：英国人在印度

The Indian Empire Falls Apart / 印度帝国的衰落

The Shopkeepers' Invasion / 店主的入侵

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

Chapter Nineteen: The English in India
第十九章：英国人在印度