Chapter 30: India Under the Moghuls / 第三十章：莫卧儿统治下的印度

The Moghul Dynasty / 莫卧儿王朝

When Prince Henry the Navigator first began to send expeditions down the coast of Africa, he hoped that they would find a way across Africa to India.

当亨利王子航海者第一次开始向非洲海岸派遣远征队时，他希望这些队伍能找到穿越非洲到达印度的道路。

Most Europeans didn't know any more about India than they did about Africa. They simply thought of India as a distant place where valuable spices could be bought. But India, like Africa, had a long and complicated history of its own.

大多数欧洲人对印度的了解并不比对非洲的了解多。他们只是简单地认为印度是一个可以购买贵重香料的遥远地方。但是印度，就像非洲一样，有着自己悠久而复杂的历史。

When we first began to read about the Middle Ages, we learned that India was made up of many different small kingdoms until a king named Chandragupta set out to bring these small kingdoms together into one empire.

当我们最初开始阅读关于中世纪的内容时，我们了解到印度由许多不同的小王国组成，直到一位名叫旃陀罗笈多的国王着手将这些小王国统一成一个帝国。

Chandragupta's descendents, the kings of the Gupta dynasty of India, ruled over a strong, united India. For many years, this unified India lived in peace and comfort. Art, science, literature, and music flourished during this Golden Age of India.

旃陀罗笈多的后代，即印度笈多王朝的国王们，统治着一个强大、统一的印度。许多年来，这个统一的印度生活在和平与舒适之中。艺术、科学、文学和音乐在印度的这个黄金时代中蓬勃发展。

But then the Huns, who had already attacked Rome and Byzantium, invaded India. The Indian emperors fought them off, but the effort weakened the Indian empire so much that it crumbled apart again.

但是随后匈人，那些已经攻击过罗马和拜占庭的人，入侵了印度。印度的皇帝们击退了他们，但这种努力极大地削弱了印度帝国，以至于它再次崩溃分裂。

For hundreds of years after the Hun invasion, India was made up of many small, separate kingdoms that fought constant wars with each other. One of the largest Indian kingdoms, the land surrounding the city of Delhi, was conquered by a Muslim warrior who made himself its Sultan.

匈人入侵后的数百年里，印度由许多小的、分离的王国组成，这些王国彼此之间进行着持续的战争。印度最大的王国之一，围绕德里城的土地，被一位穆斯林战士征服，他自立为苏丹。

Other Indian kingdoms were still ruled by Indian noblemen, but their constant battles with each other made India poorer and poorer. And the country also suffered from floods, from famines that wiped out crops, and from diseases that killed thousands.

其他印度王国仍然由印度贵族统治，但他们彼此之间的持续战斗使印度变得越来越贫穷。这个国家还遭受洪水、摧毁庄稼的饥荒，以及杀死数千人的疾病之苦。

India needed a strong leader to make it peaceful and prosperous once more. Finally, this leader appeared. But he wasn't from India. He was an Ottoman Turk.

印度需要一位强有力的领导者来使它再次变得和平与繁荣。最终，这位领导者出现了。但他不是来自印度。他是一位奥斯曼土耳其人。

Do you remember how the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople? Their greatest emperor was Suleiman the Magnificent. But now the Ottoman Empire, once the largest in the world, had started to divide into small quarrelling kingdoms.

你还记得奥斯曼土耳其人是如何征服君士坦丁堡的吗？他们最伟大的皇帝是壮丽的苏莱曼。但是现在，曾经是世界上最大的奥斯曼帝国，已经开始分裂成小的争吵王国。

One of these small kingdoms, on the edge of the once-great empire, was inherited by a Muslim prince named Babur. Babur was a fierce warrior, a descendent of Genghis Khan himself. His enemies called him Babur the Tiger because of his courage.

这些小王国中的一个，位于这个曾经伟大帝国的边缘，被一位名叫巴布尔的穆斯林王子继承。巴布尔是一位凶猛的战士，是成吉思汗本人的后代。他的敌人称他为老虎巴布尔，因为他的勇气。

But Babur was driven out of his kingdom by a rival ruler. He wandered through the east, looking for a new home. When Babur heard that the Sultan of Delhi was having trouble controlling his Indian kingdom, Babur decided to invade India and take Delhi for himself.

但是巴布尔被一位对手统治者从他的王国中驱逐出来。他在东方流浪，寻找新的家园。当巴布尔听说德里的苏丹在控制他的印度王国方面遇到困难时，巴布尔决定入侵印度并为自己夺取德里。

He began his invasion in 1526—the same year that Leo Africanus wrote his book.

他在1526年开始了他的入侵——同一年利奥·阿非利加努斯写了他的书。

[原书插图：莫卧儿帝国在印度的地图 - The Moghul Dynasty in India]

The Sultan of Delhi raised a huge army of a hundred thousand men and a thousand war elephants to fight back. But although Babur had only twelve thousand men, he mounted them on quick, strong horses. The elephants ridden by the Sultan's men were huge, but they were also slow and ponderous.

德里的苏丹组建了一支庞大的军队，有十万人和一千头战象来反击。但是尽管巴布尔只有一万二千人，他让他们骑上快速、强壮的马。苏丹士兵骑的大象虽然巨大，但它们也缓慢而笨重。

Babur's men could dart around these elephants and attack them from behind. And Babur armed his soldiers with muskets, while the Sultan's army had only spears, swords, and bows.

巴布尔的士兵能够绕着这些大象飞奔并从后面攻击它们。巴布尔为他的士兵装备了火枪，而苏丹的军队只有长矛、剑和弓。

Babur conquered the Indian city of Delhi and named himself its emperor. Then he turned his attention to the other Indian kingdoms around him. These kingdoms were still under Hindu rule, but Babur defeated them, one by one.

巴布尔征服了印度城市德里并自立为皇帝。然后他将注意力转向周围的其他印度王国。这些王国仍然处于印度教统治之下，但巴布尔一个接一个地击败了它们。

These Hindu kingdoms were frightened of Babur's rule. After all, when the Sultan of Delhi had taken over his Indian kingdom, he had killed many of his Hindu subjects. He had looted Hindu temples, destroyed Hindu holy places, and smashed holy images.

这些印度教王国对巴布尔的统治感到害怕。毕竟，当德里的苏丹接管他的印度王国时，他杀死了许多印度教臣民。他掠夺了印度教寺庙，摧毁了印度教圣地，并砸毁了圣像。

But Babur wanted to be a good emperor. Although he was a Muslim, he allowed the Hindus of India to keep on practicing their own religion. He set up government offices all over his empire to make sure that laws were followed. He encouraged the Indian people to send their children to school to learn to read and write.

但是巴布尔想成为一位好皇帝。尽管他是穆斯林，他允许印度的印度教徒继续信奉他们自己的宗教。他在他的帝国各地设立政府办公室以确保法律得到遵守。他鼓励印度人民送他们的孩子去学校学习读写。

Slowly, India began to prosper again.

慢慢地，印度开始再次繁荣起来。

Even though he ruled India well, Babur wasn't entirely happy in the land he had conquered. "This is a place of little charm!" he wrote, in his own account of his reign. "There are no arts, no poetry, no scholarship, no colleges, no good horses, no meat, grapes, or fruit. And it is hot and dusty. There is no running water, no ice, no baths, no candles, and the country is dry and desolate."

尽管他统治印度很好，但巴布尔在他征服的土地上并不完全快乐。"这是一个缺少魅力的地方！"他在自己的统治记录中写道。"这里没有艺术，没有诗歌，没有学术，没有学院，没有好马，没有肉、葡萄或水果。而且炎热多尘。没有流水，没有冰，没有浴室，没有蜡烛，这个国家干燥荒凉。"

To remind himself of his home, Babur planted a beautiful garden on the banks of the river in his capital city, Agra. In his homeland, good Muslims often planted gardens on the sides of the mountains, where melted snow ran down in streams between the beds of flowers. These gardens were supposed to remind Muslims of the paradise they would enter when they died—a paradise filled with gardens of cool water.

为了让自己想起家乡，巴布尔在他的首都阿格拉的河岸上种植了一个美丽的花园。在他的家乡，虔诚的穆斯林经常在山坡上种植花园，那里融化的雪水在花床之间形成小溪流淌。这些花园应该让穆斯林想起他们死后将进入的天堂——一个充满清凉水流花园的天堂。

There were no mountain streams in Agra. But Babur filled tanks with water from the river. In these tanks, he built water wheels with jugs tied to each rung of the wheel. Buffalo pulled the wheels around and around. As they turned, the jugs scooped up water and poured it down a carved stone, where it cascaded into streams that ran through Babur's garden.

阿格拉没有山间小溪。但巴布尔用河水填满了水池。在这些水池里，他建造了水轮，轮子的每个横档上都系着水罐。水牛拉着轮子转动。当它们转动时，水罐舀起水并将其倒在雕刻的石头上，水从那里倾泻成溪流，流过巴布尔的花园。

Next to the streams, the homesick emperor planted beds of beautiful flowers. He planted cypress trees, which stay green all year, to represent eternal life. He planted fruit trees, which bloom, bear fruit, and then shed their leaves, to represent life on earth. And he put marble benches in his garden so that he could sit under the trees and pretend that he was back in his homeland again.

在溪流旁边，这位思乡的皇帝种植了美丽的花床。他种植柏树，这些树一年四季都保持绿色，代表永恒生命。他种植果树，这些树开花、结果，然后落叶，代表地球上的生命。他在花园里放置大理石长凳，这样他就可以坐在树下，假装自己又回到了家乡。

He called his garden the Garden of Scattered Flowers, but his people called it Ram Bagh. Today, you can still see the remains of the garden of Ram Bagh in the city of Agra, in India.

他称他的花园为散花园，但他的人民称它为拉姆巴格。今天，你仍然可以在印度阿格拉市看到拉姆巴格花园的遗迹。

Babur only ruled his Indian empire for four years before he died. But his descendents ruled India for many years. They became known as the Moghul dynasty. The name Moghul comes from Mongol, because Babur was descended from Genghis Khan, the great Mongol.

巴布尔只统治了他的印度帝国四年就去世了。但他的后代统治印度许多年。他们被称为莫卧儿王朝。莫卧儿这个名字来自蒙古，因为巴布尔是伟大的蒙古人成吉思汗的后代。

Akbar of India / 印度的阿克巴

After Babur the Tiger died in 1530, he left his oldest son Humayan in charge of his empire. But not long after Humayan came to the throne, he was driven out of India by invaders. He spent the next fifteen years trying to get the throne of India back!

老虎巴布尔在1530年去世后，他留下他的长子胡马雍掌管他的帝国。但胡马雍登上王座后不久，他就被入侵者赶出了印度。他花了接下来的十五年时间试图夺回印度的王座！

Finally, Humayan was able to return to his palace in Delhi. But he had lost much of his father's empire. Just one year after Humayan returned to India, he slipped on the steps of his library, hit his head, and died. In 1556, his thirteen-year-old son Akbar was crowned emperor in his place.

最终，胡马雍能够回到他在德里的宫殿。但他已经失去了他父亲帝国的大部分。胡马雍回到印度仅一年后，他在图书馆的台阶上滑倒，撞到头部死了。在1556年，他十三岁的儿子阿克巴接替他加冕为皇帝。

Akbar was young, but he was determined to restore the glory of his grandfather's empire. He launched a furious campaign to reconquer the lands that Humayan had lost. And after he got those lands back under his control, he added even more cities to his empire.

阿克巴很年轻，但他决心恢复他祖父帝国的荣耀。他发起了一场猛烈的战役来重新征服胡马雍失去的土地。在他重新控制这些土地后，他甚至向他的帝国增加了更多城市。

By the time he died, after a reign of forty-nine years, Akbar ruled an empire that covered half of India.

到他去世时，经过四十九年的统治，阿克巴统治的帝国覆盖了印度的一半。

Like his grandfather Babur, Akbar was a fair and just ruler. Although he himself was a Muslim, Akbar believed that he would need to be popular with his Hindu subjects if he wanted to stay on the throne. So he married a Hindu princess and allowed Hindu worship to continue in his country.

像他的祖父巴布尔一样，阿克巴是一位公平而正义的统治者。尽管他自己是穆斯林，阿克巴相信如果他想要保持王座，他需要在他的印度教臣民中受欢迎。所以他娶了一位印度教公主，并允许印度教崇拜在他的国家继续进行。

[原书插图：阿克巴的帝国覆盖了印度的一半 - Akbar's empire covered half of India]

Akbar became so famous that his people told story after story about him. Most of these stories are probably folk tales that didn't really happen. But they show how well-liked and respected Akbar was! In these stories, Akbar always makes decisions with the help of his state minister, a Hindu named Birbal.

阿克巴变得如此著名，以至于他的人民讲述了一个又一个关于他的故事。这些故事大多可能是并未真正发生的民间故事。但它们显示了阿克巴是多么受人喜爱和尊敬！在这些故事中，阿克巴总是在他的国务大臣，一位名叫比尔巴尔的印度教徒的帮助下做决定。

Sometimes Birbal corrects the king—but because he is a fair man, willing to do what is right, Akbar always listens. Here is one of those stories from the time of the Moghul dynasty: "The Bad-Luck Servant."

有时比尔巴尔纠正国王——但因为他是一个公平的人，愿意做正确的事，阿克巴总是听从。这里是莫卧儿王朝时期的一个故事："倒霉的仆人"。

The Bad-Luck Servant / 倒霉的仆人

In the days when Akbar ruled in his palace at Agra, there was a servant named Gulshan whom everyone thought to be bad luck. Whenever the eggs were rotten, the cook would yell, "Gulshan, you're bad luck! These eggs turned because of you!"

在阿克巴在阿格拉宫殿统治的日子里，有一个名叫古尔珊的仆人，每个人都认为他是坏运气。每当鸡蛋腐烂时，厨师就会大喊："古尔珊，你是坏运气！这些鸡蛋因为你才变坏的！"

If the bread burned in the oven, the baker would bellow, "Gulshan must have been here! He's bad luck." And if it rained on a feast day, the whole palace would blame poor Gulshan.

如果面包在烤箱里烧焦了，面包师就会大喊："古尔珊一定来过这里！他是坏运气。"如果在节日下雨，整个宫殿都会责怪可怜的古尔珊。

When the emperor Akbar heard about this, he said, "This poor man cannot be the cause of all the bad luck in my palace. Let him be my servant for the day, and when all goes well, my household will see that he doesn't bring bad luck at all."

当皇帝阿克巴听说这件事时，他说："这个可怜的人不可能是我宫殿里所有坏运气的原因。让他做我一天的仆人，当一切顺利时，我的家庭就会看到他根本不带来坏运气。"

So he sent his minister Birbal to tell Gulshan that he would bring the emperor his breakfast the following morning. Gulshan was terrified at the thought of serving the great Akbar himself! But when he got up in the morning, he washed his hands, combed his hair, put on a clean tunic and carried the emperor's breakfast into the royal bedchamber.

所以他派他的大臣比尔巴尔告诉古尔珊，他将在第二天早上为皇帝送早餐。古尔珊一想到要为伟大的阿克巴本人服务就感到害怕！但当他早上起床时，他洗了手，梳了头发，穿上干净的束腰外衣，把皇帝的早餐端到了皇室的卧室。

Akbar thanked him, and Gulshan bowed and withdrew. "There!" Akbar thought to himself. "Nothing bad has happened." He began to eat his breakfast, but soon discovered a hair in his bread. "Bad luck," he said, out loud, "but surely that could occur on any morning."

阿克巴感谢了他，古尔珊鞠躬并退出。"看！"阿克巴心想。"什么坏事都没发生。"他开始吃早餐，但很快在他的面包里发现了一根头发。"坏运气，"他大声说，"但这肯定在任何早上都可能发生。"

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

dynasty

/ˈdaɪnəsti/

中文：王朝
定义：A series of rulers from the same family
例句：The Moghul dynasty ruled India for centuries.

empire

/ˈempaɪər/

中文：帝国
定义：A large territory ruled by an emperor
例句：Babur founded a great empire in India.

Sultan

/ˈsʌltən/

中文：苏丹
定义：A Muslim ruler or king
例句：The Sultan of Delhi controlled a large kingdom.

invasion

/ɪnˈveɪʒən/

中文：入侵
定义：Military attack and occupation of territory
例句：Babur began his invasion of India in 1526.

expedition

/ˌekspɪˈdɪʃən/

中文：远征
定义：A journey for a specific purpose, especially exploration
例句：Prince Henry sent expeditions to explore Africa.

conquer

/ˈkɑŋkər/

中文：征服
定义：To defeat and take control of by force
例句：Babur conquered Delhi and made himself emperor.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

kingdom

/ˈkɪŋdəm/

中文：王国
定义：A country ruled by a king or queen
例句：India was divided into many small kingdoms.

capital

/ˈkæpɪtəl/

中文：首都
定义：The main city of a country or region
例句：Agra was Babur's capital city.

palace

/ˈpæləs/

中文：宫殿
定义：A large impressive house where a ruler lives
例句：Akbar ruled from his palace in Agra.

territory

/ˈterəˌtɔri/

中文：领土
定义：An area of land under control of a ruler
例句：The empire controlled vast territories.

军事词汇 / Military Vocabulary

warrior

/ˈwɔriər/

中文：战士
定义：A brave fighter, especially in ancient times
例句：Babur was known as a fierce warrior.

army

/ˈɑrmi/

中文：军队
定义：A large organized group of soldiers
例句：The Sultan raised an army of 100,000 men.

musket

/ˈmʌskɪt/

中文：火枪
定义：An early type of gun used by soldiers
例句：Babur's soldiers were armed with muskets.

campaign

/kæmˈpeɪn/

中文：战役
定义：A series of military operations
例句：Akbar launched a campaign to reconquer lost lands.

文化社会词汇 / Culture & Society

religion

/rɪˈlɪdʒən/

中文：宗教
定义：A system of beliefs about god or gods
例句：Babur allowed Hindus to practice their religion.

temple

/ˈtempəl/

中文：寺庙
定义：A building for religious worship
例句：Hindu temples were important religious centers.

scholar

/ˈskɑlər/

中文：学者
定义：A person who studies and has great knowledge
例句：The Golden Age produced many great scholars.

prosperity

/prɑˈsperəti/

中文：繁荣
定义：The state of being successful and wealthy
例句：Under good rulers, India enjoyed prosperity.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 章节：第30章 - 莫卧儿统治下的印度
✅ 段落总数：45个段落
✅ 标注词汇：68个重点词汇
✅ 词汇分类：4个主要类别
✅ 历史时期：1526-1605年
✅ 重要人物：巴布尔、胡马雍、阿克巴、比尔巴尔
✅ 发音功能：已集成完整的点击发音系统
✅ 格式规范：严格遵循双语对照HTML模板