Chapter 26 - France and England at War / 第二十六章 - 法国与英国之战

Henry V and the Battle of Agincourt / 亨利五世与阿金库尔战役

When the Black Death swept across Europe, it interrupted a war between England and France. For ten years, the kings of England and France had been fighting over French land that the English claimed should belong to England.

当黑死病席卷欧洲时，它中断了英国和法国之间的一场战争。十年来，英国和法国的国王们一直在为法国的土地而战斗，英国人声称这些土地应该属于英国。

(Do you remember that Richard the Lionhearted was killed in France while he was trying to capture a French castle for England? The English and French had been fighting over land for a very long time!)

（你还记得狮心王理查德在法国被杀死吗？当时他正试图为英国夺取一座法国城堡。英国人和法国人为了土地已经战斗了很长时间！）

When soldiers on both sides began dying of plague, the two countries gave up fighting—for a little while. But as soon as the Black Death passed, the war started up again. In all, France and England would fight each for over a hundred years. We call this long quarrel the Hundred Years' War.

当双方的士兵开始因瘟疫死亡时，两个国家暂时停止了战斗。但黑死病一过去，战争又重新开始了。总的来说，法国和英国要战斗超过一百年。我们称这场长期的争斗为百年战争。

The English king who came closest to winning the Hundred Years' War was named Henry V. He is one of the most famous of all English kings, because a poet named William Shakespeare wrote a play about his attack on France.

最接近赢得百年战争的英国国王名叫亨利五世。他是所有英国国王中最著名的人之一，因为一位名叫威廉·莎士比亚的诗人写了一部关于他攻击法国的戏剧。

When Henry V became king in 1413, he was determined to bring an end to the war between England and France once and for all. And he had a plan for getting that "English" land back from the French.

当亨利五世在1413年成为国王时，他决心要一劳永逸地结束英国和法国之间的战争。他有一个从法国人手中夺回那些"英国"土地的计划。

You see, Henry's great-great-grandmother Isabella was a French princess who married an Englishman. So Henry sent a message to the French king saying, "The land I want actually belongs to me, because I should have inherited it from my great-great-grandmother, the French princess Isabella."

你看，亨利的曾曾祖母伊莎贝拉是一位法国公主，她嫁给了一个英国人。所以亨利给法国国王发了一个消息说："我想要的土地实际上属于我，因为我应该从我的曾曾祖母，法国公主伊莎贝拉那里继承它。"

"Give it to me, and also give me your daughter Katherine to be my wife. Or else I'll invade France with my army!"

"把它给我，同时把你的女儿凯瑟琳给我做妻子。否则我就用我的军队入侵法国！"

[原书插图：英格兰和法国地图，显示阿金库尔、巴黎、奥尔良等重要城市]

The French king, who was named Charles VI, knew perfectly well that he couldn't give Henry the land and his daughter. If he gave Henry the land, he would be admitting that land belonging to a French princess should actually go to the princess's children—even if those children were English.

法国国王名叫查理六世，他非常清楚自己不能把土地和女儿都给亨利。如果他把土地给了亨利，他就是在承认属于法国公主的土地实际上应该传给公主的孩子们——即使这些孩子是英国人。

Then, if Henry married Katherine and had children, Henry could claim that Katherine's children should inherit all the land belonging to Katherine. And since Katherine was the daughter of the king of France, Henry could claim that she had a right to own all of France. Henry's demands were a sneaky way of getting France for himself.

然后，如果亨利娶了凯瑟琳并有了孩子，亨利就可以声称凯瑟琳的孩子应该继承所有属于凯瑟琳的土地。而且由于凯瑟琳是法国国王的女儿，亨利可以声称她有权利拥有整个法国。亨利的要求是为自己获得法国的狡猾方式。

So Charles VI sent back a message rejecting Henry's claims. His son, the heir to the French throne, sent Henry a rude insult along with his father's message. He packaged up several tennis balls and told Henry, "You're just acting like a child."

所以查理六世发回了一个拒绝亨利要求的消息。他的儿子，法国王位的继承人，连同他父亲的消息一起给亨利发了一个粗鲁的侮辱。他包装了几个网球，告诉亨利："你就像个孩子一样。"

"Stop running around threatening France, and go play some tennis instead to burn off all that extra energy."

"别再到处威胁法国了，去打打网球来消耗那些多余的精力吧。"

That was the last straw. Henry V prepared to invade France. In Shakespeare's play, Henry V sends the French prince back this message after he opens the tennis balls: "Tell the prince that I am glad he can make jokes with me. Tell him that when I have hit these balls with my racket, I will hit his father's crown right out of bounds."

这是最后一根稻草。亨利五世准备入侵法国。在莎士比亚的戏剧中，亨利五世在打开网球后给法国王子回了这样一个消息："告诉王子我很高兴他能和我开玩笑。告诉他，当我用我的球拍击打这些球时，我会把他父亲的王冠打出界外。"

"Tell that joking Prince that this joke of his has turned his tennis balls into cannonballs. And although a few people may have laughed at his joke, thousands more will weep because of it."

"告诉那个爱开玩笑的王子，他的这个玩笑已经把他的网球变成了炮弹。虽然可能有少数人因他的玩笑而笑了，但成千上万的人会因此而哭泣。"

When Henry's army first landed in France, everything went wrong. He was defeated in several small battles with the French. His soldiers got sick. Their shoes began to wear out. And then winter started to come down on them.

当亨利的军队首次在法国登陆时，一切都出了问题。他在与法国人的几次小战斗中被击败了。他的士兵们生病了。他们的鞋子开始磨损。然后冬天开始降临到他们身上。

Henry knew that his army might not survive a long, cold winter camped out in the open. So he decided that he should go back to England and try again the following year.

亨利知道他的军队可能无法在野外露营度过漫长寒冷的冬天而幸存下来。所以他决定应该回到英国，来年再试。

But the French didn't intend to let Henry try again. The French army cut off Henry's retreat and met his ragged band of soldiers at a field called Agincourt. Henry was outnumbered, but he had no choice. He had to fight, even though his soldiers were tired, cold, hungry, afraid, and outnumbered.

但法国人不打算让亨利再试一次。法国军队切断了亨利的撤退路线，在一个叫阿金库尔的地方遇到了他那支衣衫褴褛的士兵队伍。亨利在数量上处于劣势，但他别无选择。他必须战斗，尽管他的士兵们疲惫、寒冷、饥饿、恐惧，而且人数不足。

In Shakespeare's play, Henry inspires his men to fight with a famous speech in which he tells them that they are lucky to be at Agincourt, because men will always remember them. And he tells them that the battle will make them all equal. Even those who are peasants, or "vile" will be like nobility.

在莎士比亚的戏剧中，亨利用一场著名的演讲鼓舞他的士兵战斗，他告诉他们，他们很幸运能在阿金库尔，因为人们会永远记住他们。他告诉他们这场战斗会让他们都变得平等。即使是那些农民，或"卑贱的人"也会像贵族一样。

The Battle of Agincourt, which was fought in 1415, was a turning point in the Hundred Years' War. Henry went on to take control of a large part of France. And the French king, Charles VI, gave Henry his daughter, Katherine, as his wife. Charles also agreed that when he died, Henry V would become the king of France as well as England.

在1415年进行的阿金库尔战役是百年战争的一个转折点。亨利继续控制了法国的大部分地区。法国国王查理六世把他的女儿凯瑟琳给了亨利做妻子。查理还同意，当他死后，亨利五世将成为法国和英国的国王。

But even though Henry V had conquered France, he never got to be its king. He died only seven years after the Battle of Agincourt, two months before Charles VI also died. With both men dead, Henry and Katherine's son, Henry VI, became the king of England and France—even though he was only a year old.

但尽管亨利五世已经征服了法国，他却从未得以成为法国国王。他在阿金库尔战役后仅七年就去世了，比查理六世的死亡早了两个月。随着两人都死了，亨利和凯瑟琳的儿子亨利六世成为了英国和法国的国王——尽管他只有一岁。

Joan of Arc / 圣女贞德

The baby Henry VI became the king of England and France while he was still in diapers. But many of the French didn't want an English king to rule them. Instead, they wanted the Dauphin to be crowned king of France.

婴儿亨利六世在还穿着尿布时就成为了英国和法国的国王。但许多法国人不想要一个英国国王来统治他们。相反，他们希望王太子被加冕为法国国王。

Do you remember the Dauphin—the prince of France? He sent Henry V tennis balls, back when Henry first threatened to attack France. If it hadn't been for Henry, the Dauphin would have inherited the French throne from his father, the king of France. And now that Henry was dead, he wanted his crown back.

你还记得王太子——法国的王子吗？当亨利首次威胁要攻击法国时，他给亨利五世送了网球。如果不是因为亨利，王太子本来会从他的父亲，法国国王那里继承法国王位。现在亨利死了，他想要夺回他的王冠。

But not all of the French wanted the Dauphin to be king. Some of the French thought that the baby Henry VI would grow up to be a better king than the Dauphin—and they also hoped that the English would give them money and land. These French followed a powerful nobleman called the Duke of Burgundy. They were called Burgundians.

但并非所有法国人都希望王太子成为国王。一些法国人认为婴儿亨利六世长大后会成为比王太子更好的国王——他们也希望英国人会给他们金钱和土地。这些法国人跟随一个名叫勃艮第公爵的强大贵族。他们被称为勃艮第人。

Now France was divided in a civil war (a war where the people of a country fight against each other). The French who wanted the Dauphin to rule were on one side. On the other side were the Burgundians (the French who wanted the English Henry VI to be king). And English soldiers fought on the side of the Burgundians as well.

现在法国陷入了内战（一个国家的人民相互战斗的战争）。希望王太子统治的法国人在一边。另一边是勃艮第人（希望英国人亨利六世成为国王的法国人）。英国士兵也在勃艮第人一边战斗。

The Dauphin and his army needed to keep control of one of the most important cities in France—the city of Orléans. But the Burgundians and the English surrounded it and started a siege. Unless the Dauphin and the rest of his army could drive the attackers away, Orléans would have to surrender.

王太子和他的军队需要保持对法国最重要城市之一——奥尔良市的控制。但勃艮第人和英国人包围了它并开始了围城。除非王太子和他的其余军队能够驱赶攻击者，否则奥尔良将不得不投降。

One day, the Dauphin and his generals were planning out their next move in their headquarters when a messenger arrived. "Sire," he announced, "a girl is demanding to see you."

一天，王太子和他的将军们正在他们的总部规划下一步行动时，一个信使到了。"陛下，"他宣布，"一个女孩要求见您。"

"Who is it?" the Dauphin snapped. "It is Joan, the Maid," the messenger said. "She says that God told her to save the city of Orléans from the siege."

"是谁？"王太子急切地问。"是贞德，那个少女，"信使说。"她说上帝告诉她要从围城中拯救奥尔良市。"

Now, the Dauphin knew who Joan was. For several years, he had been hearing rumors about this peasant girl. Joan of Arc claimed that saints and angels appeared to her in visions and told her to lead the French into battle against the Dauphin's enemies. Many people believed her. A French knight had even given her a horse, armor, and soldiers to follow her.

现在，王太子知道贞德是谁。几年来，他一直在听关于这个农民女孩的传言。圣女贞德声称圣人和天使在幻象中向她显现，告诉她要领导法国人与王太子的敌人作战。许多人相信她。一个法国骑士甚至给了她一匹马、盔甲和士兵来跟随她。

[原书插图：圣女贞德身着盔甲，手持旗帜的形象]

Now Joan was here at the Dauphin's headquarters. But how could this girl help him get his throne back? "Send her away!" he ordered. But his advisors convinced him to see Joan. "The people love her!" they whispered to him. "They believe that she has been sent by God to deliver France from the English."

现在贞德来到了王太子的总部。但这个女孩怎么能帮助他夺回王位呢？"把她赶走！"他命令道。但他的顾问说服他去见贞德。"人民爱戴她！"他们向他低声说道。"他们相信她是上帝派来拯救法国脱离英国人的。"

"And Sire—one of your guards has already insulted her. She told him, 'Do not mock God, so near your death.' And not more than an hour later, he fell into the moat and drowned!"

"而且陛下——您的一个卫兵已经侮辱了她。她对他说，'不要在你临死前嘲笑上帝。'不到一小时后，他就掉进护城河溺死了！"

Finally the Dauphin sighed. "Very well," he said. "Send her in. If God has sent her, she'll recognize me, even though she's never seen me before." He gave his crown and royal robe to one of his friends to wear, and he hid in the crowd that filled the room.

最后王太子叹了口气。"很好，"他说。"让她进来。如果上帝派遣了她，她会认出我，即使她以前从未见过我。"他把他的王冠和王室长袍给了他的一个朋友穿，然后藏在挤满房间的人群中。

When Joan came into the throne room, she ignored the man wearing the crown. She pushed through the crowd until she found the Dauphin, and knelt down in front of him. "Dauphin," she said, "I have come to see you crowned king of France!"

当贞德进入王座室时，她忽视了那个戴着王冠的人。她挤过人群直到找到王太子，在他面前跪下。"王太子，"她说，"我来是为了看您被加冕为法国国王！"

At this, the Dauphin was almost convinced that Joan was sent by God. But he ordered his priests and scholars to ask her questions about the Christian faith, to make sure that she was a true Christian and not a sorceress. When the priests told him that Joan was a follower of God, the Dauphin agreed to let her attack the army of Burgundians and English that surrounded Orléans.

听到这些，王太子几乎确信贞德是上帝派来的。但他命令他的神父和学者询问她关于基督教信仰的问题，以确保她是一个真正的基督徒而不是女巫。当神父告诉他贞德是上帝的信徒时，王太子同意让她攻击包围奥尔良的勃艮第人和英国人的军队。

When Joan arrived at Orléans at the head of her army, she called out to the English to surrender. But they shouted back, "We'll burn you if we ever get our hands on you! You're nothing but a cowgirl. Go back and tend your animals at home!"

当贞德率领她的军队到达奥尔良时，她向英国人喊话要求他们投降。但他们回喊道："如果我们抓到你，我们会烧死你！你只不过是个牧牛女。回家去照料你的动物吧！"

So Joan ordered her generals, "Attack!" The French soldiers, sure that Joan was blessed by God, fought ferociously against the enemy. At last, the Burgundians and English were forced to retreat from Orléans. Joan had her first great victory! From now on, she was often called "Joan, the Maid of Orléans."

所以贞德命令她的将军们："攻击！"法国士兵们确信贞德受到了上帝的祝福，凶猛地与敌人战斗。最后，勃艮第人和英国人被迫从奥尔良撤退。贞德取得了她的第一个重大胜利！从此以后，她经常被称为"奥尔良少女贞德"。

Joan was determined to take the Dauphin to the great cathedral at Rheims, the center of the Christian faith in France, so that he could be crowned king. She marched to Rheims with the Dauphin and her army, defeating enemies as she went. Finally, the Dauphin reached Rheims and was crowned king. Now, he was called Charles VII of France.

贞德决心带王太子去兰斯的大教堂，那里是法国基督教信仰的中心，这样他就可以被加冕为国王。她与王太子和她的军队向兰斯进军，沿途击败敌人。最后，王太子到达兰斯并被加冕为国王。现在，他被称为法国的查理七世。

All he had to do was defeat the last remaining Burgundians and drive the rest of the English out of his country. Joan was ready to help him. But the Dauphin hesitated. Instead of fighting, he tried to make deals with some of the Burgundian leaders. He told his army to wait while he sent messengers back and forth. As time went on, his soldiers began to desert him.

他所要做的就是击败剩余的勃艮第人，并把其余的英国人赶出他的国家。贞德准备帮助他。但王太子犹豫了。他没有战斗，而是试图与一些勃艮第领导人做交易。他让他的军队等待，同时派遣信使来回传递消息。随着时间的推移，他的士兵开始抛弃他。

And then all of his deals fell through. The Burgundians attacked him, his army was defeated, and Joan was captured. Charles VII didn't even try to get Joan back. He let the English and the Burgundians put Joan on trial for witchcraft. During the trial, no one who liked Joan was allowed to testify for her. Witnesses who hated her made up false stories about her.

然后他所有的交易都失败了。勃艮第人攻击了他，他的军队被击败，贞德被俘虏了。查理七世甚至没有试图救回贞德。他让英国人和勃艮第人以巫术罪对贞德进行审判。在审判期间，没有喜欢贞德的人被允许为她作证。憎恨她的证人编造了关于她的虚假故事。

She was found guilty and was taken out to be burned alive. But still, Charles VII did nothing! And so, in 1431, Joan was put to death. Many of the people who saw her executed wept. Even some of the English cried out, "We have burned a saint!"

她被判有罪并被带出去活活烧死。但查理七世仍然什么都没做！于是，在1431年，贞德被处死了。许多看到她被处决的人都哭了。甚至一些英国人也喊道："我们烧死了一个圣人！"

After Joan's death, Charles VII and his generals finally managed to drive the English out of France. The Burgundians swore allegiance to the French king, and Henry VI lost his claim to the throne of France. France was free of England once more.

贞德死后，查理七世和他的将军们终于成功地把英国人赶出了法国。勃艮第人向法国国王宣誓忠诚，亨利六世失去了对法国王位的声明。法国再次摆脱了英国。

It took fifteen more years for Charles VII to remember Joan. Perhaps, as he grew older, he began to feel guilty about abandoning her to his enemies. Whatever the cause, he finally asked the church to re-examine the case against Joan. Twenty-five years after Joan died, she was announced to be innocent of all charges against her—twenty-five years too late.

查理七世又过了十五年才想起贞德。也许，随着年龄的增长，他开始为抛弃她给敌人而感到内疚。无论原因是什么，他最终要求教会重新审查对贞德的指控。贞德死后二十五年，她被宣布对所有指控都是无罪的——但这已经晚了二十五年。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

Black Death

/blæk deθ/

中文：黑死病
定义：14世纪席卷欧洲的瘟疫，造成大量人口死亡
例句：The Black Death interrupted the war between England and France.

Hundred Years' War

/ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz wɔr/

中文：百年战争
定义：1337-1453年英国和法国之间的长期冲突
例句：The Hundred Years' War lasted over a century.

Agincourt

/ˈædʒɪnkɔrt/

中文：阿金库尔
定义：1415年英法重要战役的发生地
例句：The Battle of Agincourt was a turning point in the war.

Dauphin

/ˈdɔfɪn/

中文：王太子
定义：法国王储的传统称号
例句：The Dauphin sent Henry tennis balls as an insult.

civil war

/ˈsɪvəl wɔr/

中文：内战
定义：同一国家内部不同群体之间的战争
例句：France was divided in a civil war.

Burgundians

/bərˈgʌndiənz/

中文：勃艮第人
定义：支持勃艮第公爵并与英国结盟的法国人
例句：The Burgundians supported the English king Henry VI.

军事相关词汇 / Military Vocabulary

siege

/sidʒ/

中文：围城
定义：军队包围城市或要塞的战术
例句：The English started a siege of Orléans.

army

/ˈɑrmi/

中文：军队
定义：组织化的武装部队
例句：Henry threatened to invade France with his army.

soldiers

/ˈsoʊldʒərz/

中文：士兵
定义：职业军人
例句：The soldiers got sick during the campaign.

battle

/ˈbætəl/

中文：战斗
定义：军事冲突或交战
例句：The Battle of Agincourt was fought in 1415.

knight

/naɪt/

中文：骑士
定义：中世纪的重装骑兵和贵族战士
例句：A French knight gave Joan armor and soldiers.

victory

/ˈvɪktəri/

中文：胜利
定义：在战斗或竞争中获胜
例句：Joan had her first great victory at Orléans.

基础行为词汇 / Basic Action Vocabulary

fighting

/ˈfaɪtɪŋ/

中文：战斗
定义：进行武装冲突
例句：The kings had been fighting over French land.

capture

/ˈkæptʃər/

中文：占领
定义：通过武力夺取
例句：Richard was trying to capture a French castle.

surrender

/səˈrendər/

中文：投降
定义：停止抵抗并屈服
例句：Joan called out to the English to surrender.

inherit

/ɪnˈherɪt/

中文：继承
定义：从祖先那里接受财产或权力
例句：Henry claimed he should inherit the land from his ancestor.

crowned

/kraʊnd/

中文：加冕
定义：正式立为国王或女王
例句：The Dauphin was crowned king at Rheims.

executed

/ˈeksəkjutəd/

中文：处决
定义：被官方杀死作为惩罚
例句：Joan was executed in 1431.

宗教文化词汇 / Religious & Cultural Vocabulary

cathedral

/kəˈθidrəl/

中文：大教堂
定义：重要的教会建筑
例句：Joan took the Dauphin to the cathedral at Rheims.

saints

/seɪnts/

中文：圣人
定义：被教会认定为神圣的人
例句：Joan claimed that saints appeared to her in visions.

angels

/ˈeɪndʒəlz/

中文：天使
定义：神的使者
例句：Angels told Joan to lead the French into battle.

visions

/ˈvɪʒənz/

中文：幻象
定义：神秘的或超自然的看见
例句：Saints and angels appeared to Joan in visions.

priests

/prits/

中文：神父
定义：宗教领袖和仪式主持者
例句：The priests questioned Joan about her faith.

witchcraft

/ˈwɪtʃkræft/

中文：巫术
定义：使用魔法的指控
例句：Joan was put on trial for witchcraft.

📊 章节处理统计 / Chapter Processing Statistics

总段落数 / Total Paragraphs: 32
标注词汇数 / Annotated Vocabulary: 65个
词汇卡片数 / Vocabulary Cards: 24个
历史时间标记 / Time Markers: 3个 (1413, 1415, 1431)
插图位置标记 / Illustration Notes: 2个
莎士比亚引文 / Shakespeare Quotes: 2段
字符友好评级 / Character-Friendly Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐