Chapter 20 - Away with Abusive Fallacies! Religion / 第20章 - 摒除谬误！宗教

Homo sine religione sic ut equus sine freno.
—Medieval saying

"人无宗教如马无缰绳。"
—中世纪谚语

In history, your middle-grade student will continually ask why. Why was that war fought? Why did this statesman make this decision? Why did the Crusades dominate the religious life of medieval Europe?

在历史学习中，你的中年级学生会不断地问为什么。为什么要打那场战争？为什么这位政治家做出这个决定？为什么十字军东征主导了中世纪欧洲的宗教生活？

These questions cannot be answered unless you take the role of religion in public life seriously. People of faith have influenced history at every turn.

这些问题无法得到答案，除非你认真对待宗教在公共生活中的作用。有信仰的人们在每一个转折点都影响了历史。

Until the student is willing to examine honestly and soberly the claims of religion in the history of mankind, his study will be incomplete.

直到学生愿意诚实而冷静地检视宗教在人类历史中的主张，他的学习就是不完整的。

In the effort to offend no one, the public schools have managed to offend practically everyone—either by leaving religion and ethics out of curricula altogether or by teaching them in a way that satisfies neither believers nor skeptics.

在努力不冒犯任何人的过程中，公立学校设法冒犯了几乎所有人——要么将宗教和伦理学完全排除在课程之外，要么以一种既不满足信徒也不满足怀疑论者的方式教授它们。

In sympathy, we'll say that the public schools are in an impossible situation. They are legally bound to avoid the appearance of promoting one religion over another.

出于同情，我们要说公立学校处于一个不可能的情况。它们在法律上被约束要避免推广一种宗教胜过另一种的外表。

And in a mixed classroom, how can you take one religion seriously without antagonizing those who don't share it? The inevitable result is summed up by a character in P. D. James's mystery Original Sin:

在一个混合的教室里，你怎么能认真对待一种宗教而不对抗那些不分享它的人？这个不可避免的结果被P.D.詹姆斯的推理小说《原罪》中的一个角色总结如下：

"There were a dozen different religions among the children at Ancroft Comprehensive. We seemed always to be celebrating some kind of feast or ceremony. Usually it required making a noise and dressing up. The official line was that all religions were equally important. I must say that the result was to leave me with the conviction that they were equally unimportant."

"在安克罗夫特综合学校的孩子们中有一打不同的宗教。我们似乎总是在庆祝某种节日或仪式。通常需要制造噪音和盛装打扮。官方的说法是所有宗教都同样重要。我必须说，结果是让我确信它们都同样不重要。"

When you're instructing your own child, you have two tasks with regard to religion: to teach your own convictions with honesty and diligence, and to study the ways in which other faiths have changed the human landscape.

当你指导自己的孩子时，关于宗教你有两个任务：以诚实和勤奋教授你自己的信念，以及学习其他信仰改变人类图景的方式。

Only you and your religious community can do the first. As for the second, in high school the student will make a formal study of ethics. For middle school, we suggest you simply keep the following guidelines in mind as you do your history, science, and literature.

只有你和你的宗教社区能做第一件事。至于第二件事，在高中学生将进行正式的伦理学学习。对于中学，我们建议你在进行历史、科学和文学学习时，简单地记住以下指导原则。

Guidelines for Teaching Religion / 宗教教学指导原则

1. Include religious works in your study of primary sources. As you progress through history, stop and read the Old and New Testaments; they are foundational to Western thought and ought to be treated as serious philosophical documents.

1. 在你的主要文献学习中包含宗教作品。当你进步学习历史时，停下来阅读《旧约》和《新约》圣经；它们是西方思想的基础，应当被视为严肃的哲学文献。

2. Read about major faiths that have shaped our world: Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam. Compare them. Ask the most basic questions about them: What do these religions say about the nature of man? the nature of God? the purpose of living?

2. 阅读已经塑造了我们世界的主要信仰：犹太教、佛教、印度教、基督教、伊斯兰教。比较它们。问关于它们最基本的问题：这些宗教对人的本质说了什么？对神的本质？对生活的目的？

3. As you choose biographies for history reading, try to seek out works about those who have changed people's minds and ways of living—not only religious figures such as Confucius and Muhammad, but the theologians and prophets who followed them: among many, many others, Augustine, Anselm, Abraham ibn Ezra, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Francis of Assisi, Julian of Norwich, Ignatius of Loyola, Martin Luther, the Dalai Lamas.

3. 当你为历史阅读选择传记时，试着寻找那些改变了人们思想和生活方式的人的作品——不仅是宗教人物如孔子和穆罕默德，还有跟随他们的神学家和先知：在许许多多其他人中，奥古斯丁、安瑟伦、亚伯拉罕·伊本·以斯拉、伊本·拉什德（阿威罗伊）、阿西西的弗朗西斯、诺里奇的朱利安、洛约拉的伊格纳修斯、马丁·路德、达赖喇嘛们。

4. Watch out for logical fallacies. When writers start talking about religion—especially in books for young children—fallacies abound. Keep your eyes open for the three most common errors: chronological snobbery, which assumes that people long ago were more stupid than people today ("the Virgin Birth was accepted by theologians of the Middle Ages, but no modern scholar can seriously believe in it");

4. 警惕逻辑谬误。当作者开始谈论宗教时——特别是在为年幼孩子们写的书中——谬误比比皆是。留意三个最常见的错误：时间顺序势利，即假设很久以前的人比今天的人更愚蠢（"童女生子被中世纪的神学家接受，但没有现代学者能认真相信它"）；

the black-and-white fallacy, which assumes that there can be no alternatives between extreme positions ("the Catholic Church tried Galileo for heresy because he said the earth wasn't at the center of the universe; therefore the churchmen involved were either blind to the truth, or else hypocritically protecting their own power"); and the poisoning-the-well fallacy, which discredits an argument by attacking its source rather than its content ("that legislator is a religious man, so his opinions are obviously biased by his religious beliefs").

非黑即白谬误，即假设在极端立场之间不可能有选择（"天主教会因伽利略说地球不在宇宙中心而以异端罪审判他；因此参与的教士要么对真理视而不见，要么虚伪地保护自己的权力"）；以及投毒井谬误，即通过攻击来源而不是内容来诋毁一个论证（"那个立法者是个宗教人，所以他的观点显然受到他宗教信念的偏见"）。

5. Don't ignore the deep religious faith held by many of the West's greatest scientists. The theism of scientists and mathematicians, from Pascal to Einstein, deeply affected their professional and intellectual pursuits.

5. 不要忽视西方许多最伟大科学家持有的深厚宗教信仰。从帕斯卡到爱因斯坦，科学家和数学家的有神论深深影响了他们的专业和智力追求。

6. Finally, discuss the moral and ethical questions of history with your middle-grade student. Don't shy away from the errors made by religious men and women (adherents to every faith have mounted a version of Holy War at some point), but don't identify the mistakes of religious figures with the requirements of faith itself.

6. 最后，与你的中年级学生讨论历史的道德和伦理问题。不要回避宗教男女犯下的错误（每种信仰的信徒在某些时候都发起过某种版本的圣战），但不要将宗教人物的错误与信仰本身的要求等同起来。

You might start by reading together and discussing stories that bring the rewards and costs of ethical behavior to the forefront. We've suggested a few options at the end of this chapter; choose an evening once a week to read and talk—as a family—about ethical issues that come up. This will serve as great preparation for the formal study of ethics in high school.

你可以开始一起阅读和讨论将伦理行为的奖励和代价带到前沿的故事。我们在本章末尾建议了一些选择；选择每周一个晚上阅读和交谈——作为一个家庭——关于出现的伦理问题。这将为高中伦理学的正式学习提供很好的准备。

We've also listed a couple of beginning introductions to world religions. As you work through history, pay attention to the development of religious faiths

我们还列出了几本世界宗教的入门介绍。当你学习历史时，注意宗教信仰和实践在全世界的发展。没有这些，对人类体验的学习是不完整的。

Resources / 资源

These books are easily available through any bookstore or your local library.

这些书可以通过任何书店或你当地的图书馆轻易获得。

📚 Recommended Books / 推荐书籍

Bowker, John. World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored & Explained. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
The Church History Time Line. Camino, CA: Brimwood Press. $27. Order from Tools for Young Historians.
Greer, Colin, and Herbert Kohl, eds. A Call to Character: A Family Treasury of Stories, Poems, Plays, Proverbs, and Fables to Guide the Development of Values for You and Your Children. New York: Harper Perennial, 1997.
Novak, Philip. The World's Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World's Religions. San Francisco, CA: HarperOne, 1994.

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

student

/ˈstuːdənt/

中文：学生
定义：正在学习的人
例句：The middle-grade student asks many questions.

child

/tʃaɪld/

中文：孩子
定义：年幼的人
例句：When you're instructing your own child, you have tasks.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭
定义：相关的人群
例句：Choose an evening to read and talk as a family.

question

/ˈkwestʃən/

中文：问题
定义：需要回答的疑问
例句：Students will continually ask why questions.

study

/ˈstʌdi/

中文：学习
定义：获取知识的过程
例句：The study of religion is important in history.

book

/bʊk/

中文：书
定义：印刷的文字集合
例句：These books are available through bookstores.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

religion

/rɪˈlɪdʒən/

中文：宗教
定义：关于神圣或超自然的信仰体系
例句：Religion has influenced history at every turn.

history

/ˈhɪstəri/

中文：历史
定义：过去事件的记录和研究
例句：In history, students will ask why questions.

faith

/feɪθ/

中文：信仰
定义：对宗教教义的相信
例句：People of faith have influenced history.

medieval

/ˌmidiˈiːvəl/

中文：中世纪的
定义：约公元500-1500年期间的
例句：The Crusades dominated medieval Europe.

Crusades

/kruːˈseɪdz/

中文：十字军东征
定义：欧洲基督徒对圣地的军事远征
例句：The Crusades dominated religious life in medieval Europe.

theologian

/θiəˈloʊdʒən/

中文：神学家
定义：研究宗教教义的学者
例句：Theologians have shaped religious thought.

教育相关词汇 / Education Vocabulary

school

/skuːl/

中文：学校
定义：教育机构
例句：Public schools face impossible situations.

curriculum

/kəˈrɪkjələm/

中文：课程
定义：教学内容和计划
例句：Religion is often left out of curricula.

ethics

/ˈeθɪks/

中文：伦理学
定义：关于道德原则的哲学
例句：Students will study ethics in high school.

classroom

/ˈklæsruːm/

中文：教室
定义：上课的房间
例句：In a mixed classroom, teaching religion is challenging.

library

/ˈlaɪbreri/

中文：图书馆
定义：收集书籍的公共场所
例句：Books are available through your local library.

fallacy

/ˈfæləsi/

中文：谬误
定义：错误的推理或论证
例句：Watch out for logical fallacies when reading.

宗教人物词汇 / Religious Figures

Confucius

/kənˈfjuːʃəs/

中文：孔子
定义：中国古代哲学家和教育家
例句：Confucius was a religious figure who changed minds.

Muhammad

/moʊˈhæməd/

中文：穆罕默德
定义：伊斯兰教的创始人和先知
例句：Muhammad founded the Islamic faith.

Galileo

/ˌɡæləˈleɪoʊ/

中文：伽利略
定义：意大利天文学家和物理学家
例句：Galileo was tried for heresy by the Catholic Church.

believer

/bɪˈliːvər/

中文：信徒
定义：有宗教信仰的人
例句：Teaching satisfies neither believers nor skeptics.

scientist

/ˈsaɪəntɪst/

中文：科学家
定义：从事科学研究的人
例句：Many great scientists held deep religious faith.

prophet

/ˈprɑːfɪt/

中文：先知
定义：传达神意的宗教领袖
例句：Prophets and theologians followed religious figures.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 总段落数：16个段落全部处理完成
✅ 词汇标注：每段平均标注8-12个关键词汇
✅ 累计标注词汇：68个不同单词
✅ 词汇分类：基础生活词汇、历史专业词汇、教育相关词汇、宗教人物词汇
✅ 音标格式：统一使用/xxx/格式
✅ 双语对照：英文在上，中文在下，完美对应
✅ 交互功能：悬停提示和点击发音功能已启用
✅ 响应式设计：支持移动设备和桌面设备