Chapter 28 - The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal / 第二十八章 - 西班牙和葡萄牙王国

Ferdinand and Isabella Unite Spain / 费迪南和伊莎贝拉统一西班牙

Now let's leave England and travel back over into Europe. Go across the English Channel, the water on England's southern side (remember that south is down on your map). You'll find yourself in France, the country that fought with England in the Hundred Years' War. Now go southwest (down and to the left) and you'll cross over into another powerful country: Spain.

现在让我们离开英格兰，旅行回到欧洲。穿过英吉利海峡，那片位于英格兰南侧的水域（记住南方在地图上是向下的）。你会发现自己到了法国，那个在百年战争中与英格兰交战的国家。现在向西南方走（向下并向左），你就会进入另一个强大的国家：西班牙。

We've already read about the Reconquest of Spain, when the Christian kingdoms of Spain conquered the land that had been ruled by Muslims for hundreds of years. The Reconquest was carried out by small, divided Christian kingdoms all over Spain. But as time went on, these small kingdoms joined together. Two large and powerful kingdoms called Aragon and Castile grew to cover most of Spain. A third, smaller kingdom, Portugal, lay on the western coast of Spain.

我们已经读过西班牙的收复失地运动，当时西班牙的基督教王国征服了被穆斯林统治了数百年的土地。收复失地运动是由遍布西班牙各地的小型、分裂的基督教王国进行的。但随着时间推移，这些小王国联合起来。两个大型强大的王国，叫做阿拉贡和卡斯蒂利亚，发展到覆盖了西班牙的大部分地区。第三个较小的王国葡萄牙，位于西班牙的西海岸。

[原书插图：西班牙和葡萄牙地图，显示了卡斯蒂利亚、阿拉贡、葡萄牙和格拉纳达的位置]

The king of Castile, Enrique, was a young man with big ambitions. He wanted to make Castile into the greatest kingdom of Spain. But to do this, he needed more soldiers for his army. So he promised one of his noblemen, a famous fighter named Pedro Giron, his sister Isabella in marriage—in exchange for plenty of soldiers who would make Enrique's army stronger.

卡斯蒂利亚的国王恩里克是一个有着远大野心的年轻人。他想让卡斯蒂利亚成为西班牙最伟大的王国。但要做到这一点，他需要为他的军队增加更多士兵。所以他承诺把他的妹妹伊莎贝拉嫁给他的一个贵族，一个名叫佩德罗·希龙的著名战士，以此作为婚姻交换，来获得大量士兵以加强恩里克的军队。

Pedro Giron was delighted by this offer. He could become the king's brother-in-law by marrying the Castilian princess! But Isabella was horrified. She was only thirteen years old; Pedro Giron was over forty. And he was a scoundrel with a reputation for drinking, quarrelling, and killing. She begged her brother to call off the marriage, but he refused.

佩德罗·希龙对这个提议感到高兴。他可以通过娶卡斯蒂利亚公主成为国王的姐夫！但伊莎贝拉感到惊恐。她只有十三岁；佩德罗·希龙已经超过四十岁了。而且他是个无赖，有着酗酒、争吵和杀戮的名声。她恳求她的哥哥取消这桩婚事，但他拒绝了。

A great wedding feast was planned. Soon the castle was full of cooking, sewing, and baking. But Isabella went weeping in her room, praying that something would prevent this horrible marriage.

一场盛大的婚礼盛宴被安排了。很快城堡里就充满了烹饪、缝纫和烘焙的忙碌。但伊莎贝拉在她的房间里哭泣，祈祷能有什么事情阻止这桩可怕的婚姻。

Pedro Giron set out for his wedding in a fine mood, boasting about his great match. But on the journey, he began to feel sick. Before he could reach Isabella's castle, he died of stomach pains. Isabella was filled with joy—and relief!

佩德罗·希龙心情很好地出发去参加他的婚礼，吹嘘着他的伟大匹配。但在旅程中，他开始感到生病。在他能到达伊莎贝拉的城堡之前，他就死于胃痛。伊莎贝拉充满了喜悦——和解脱！

But her relief didn't last long. Four years later, her brother decided that she should marry the king of Portugal, so that Portugal and Castile could be united into one stronger kingdom. The king of Portugal was a fat, wheezing man, old enough to be Isabella's father.

但她的解脱没有持续很久。四年后，她的哥哥决定她应该嫁给葡萄牙国王，这样葡萄牙和卡斯蒂利亚就能联合成一个更强大的王国。葡萄牙国王是个肥胖的、喘息的男人，年龄大到足以做伊莎贝拉的父亲。

Once again, Isabella begged her brother to change his mind. But once again he refused. "You'll marry the king of Portugal whether you like it or not!" he told her. So Isabella sent a secret message to Ferdinand, the young prince of the kingdom of Aragon. She had never met Ferdinand, but he was just her own age, and she had heard that he was handsome, courteous, and gentlemanlike.

伊莎贝拉再次恳求她的哥哥改变主意。但他再次拒绝了。"不管你喜不喜欢，你都要嫁给葡萄牙国王！"他告诉她。所以伊莎贝拉给阿拉贡王国的年轻王子费迪南发了一条秘密信息。她从未见过费迪南，但他正好和她同龄，她听说他英俊、有礼貌且绅士般。

"My brother is determined to make a great match for me," she wrote to him. "I won't marry the king of Portugal, but you are as good a match as that old man. Meet me at a secret place in Castile, and decide whether you will marry me instead." Ferdinand agreed. But he didn't want Enrique to know that he was coming to Castile. So he collected six of his knights together and told them to dress up like merchants in a trading caravan. Ferdinand put on rags and pretended to be their servant and donkey-tender.

"我的哥哥决心为我安排一门好亲事，"她写信给他。"我不会嫁给葡萄牙国王，但你和那个老男人一样是个好的匹配。在卡斯蒂利亚的一个秘密地点见我，决定你是否愿意娶我。"费迪南同意了。但他不想让恩里克知道他要来卡斯蒂利亚。所以他召集了六个骑士，告诉他们装扮成贸易商队中的商人。费迪南穿上破布，假装是他们的仆人和驴夫。

Meanwhile, Isabella crept out of her room in the middle of the night, stole a horse from her brother's stables, and galloped away on horseback. When the two met at the secret rendezvous, they talked for two hours—and decided to get married right away. Four days later, they were husband and wife.

与此同时，伊莎贝拉在半夜悄悄溜出她的房间，从她哥哥的马厩里偷了一匹马，骑马疾驰而去。当两人在秘密约会地点相遇时，他们谈了两个小时——并决定立即结婚。四天后，他们成了夫妻。

Isabella's brother Enrique was furious. But when he died, six years later, Isabella became the queen of Castile. And when Ferdinand inherited the throne of Aragon, Isabella and Ferdinand combined their two kingdoms together into one large kingdom of Spain.

伊莎贝拉的哥哥恩里克愤怒了。但当他六年后去世时，伊莎贝拉成为了卡斯蒂利亚的女王。当费迪南继承了阿拉贡的王位时，伊莎贝拉和费迪南将他们的两个王国结合成了一个大的西班牙王国。

Ferdinand and Isabella decided that they would finish the job of unifying Spain by conquering the very last bit of Spain still under Muslim rule. This last Muslim stronghold was a small, mountainous southern kingdom named Granada, where a Muslim king ruled over his subjects from a castle called Alhambra. For ten years, Ferdinand and Isabella battered away at Granada.

费迪南和伊莎贝拉决定通过征服仍在穆斯林统治下的西班牙最后一小块土地来完成统一西班牙的工作。这最后一个穆斯林据点是一个小的、多山的南方王国，名叫格拉纳达，一个穆斯林国王在那里从一座叫阿尔罕布拉的城堡统治着他的臣民。十年来，费迪南和伊莎贝拉对格拉纳达持续攻击。

Ferdinand himself led the army into battle. Isabella traveled all around Castile on horseback, begging the men of Spain to join the army and fight. Finally, in 1491, the Spanish armies were victorious. The Muslim king of Granada surrendered the castle of Alhambra and fled. According to legend, he turned around, as he trudged out of Granada, and sighed over the last view of his lost kingdom.

费迪南亲自率领军队进入战斗。伊莎贝拉骑马在卡斯蒂利亚各地旅行，恳求西班牙的男人们加入军队作战。最终，在1491年，西班牙军队取得了胜利。格拉纳达的穆斯林国王投降了阿尔罕布拉城堡并逃跑了。根据传说，当他跋涉出格拉纳达时，他回头看了看，对他失去的王国的最后一眼叹息。

But his mother, who was walking along behind him (and who was very angry over losing her home) snapped, "Don't weep like a woman over what you couldn't defend like a man!" The place where the king stopped to sigh is still called The Last Sigh of the Moor.

但他的母亲，正走在他身后（她对失去家园非常愤怒）厉声说道："不要像女人一样为你不能像男人一样保卫的东西而哭泣！"国王停下来叹息的地方至今仍被称为摩尔人的最后叹息。

Now that Granada was theirs, Ferdinand and Isabella declared all of Spain to be a Christian kingdom. They made it illegal to practice any other religion in Spain. The Jews who lived in Spain were forced to leave. And almost every Spanish village had Jewish families in it. They sold their homes, often for mere pennies, and set out from Spain in overcrowded ships. Many died in the long, dangerous journey out of Spain.

既然格拉纳达是他们的了，费迪南和伊莎贝拉宣布整个西班牙为基督教王国。他们规定在西班牙信奉任何其他宗教都是非法的。居住在西班牙的犹太人被迫使离开。几乎每个西班牙村庄都有犹太家庭。他们卖掉房屋，经常只卖几个便士，然后乘坐拥挤的船只离开西班牙。许多人在离开西班牙的漫长危险旅程中死去。

Although Ferdinand and Isabella were good rulers in many ways, they are also remembered for this unjust act. They brought all of Spain together into one country—but they also forced the Jews in Spain to leave their homes forever.

虽然费迪南和伊莎贝拉在许多方面都是好的统治者，但他们也因这一不公正行为而被铭记。他们把整个西班牙团结成一个国家——但他们也强迫西班牙的犹太人永远离开他们的家园。

Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal / 航海者亨利，葡萄牙王子

Ferdinand and Isabella drew Castile, Aragon, and Granada together into one Spanish kingdom. But Portugal, the kingdom on Spain's western coast, kept its independence from the rest of Spain. Portugal was a small kingdom, not much wider than the state of Florida. It had a long coast with many beaches and harbors. Wildcats and wild pigs roamed the countryside. Eagles and falcons soared overhead; flamingos stood in the marshes at the water's edge.

费迪南和伊莎贝拉将卡斯蒂利亚、阿拉贡和格拉纳达联合成一个西班牙王国。但葡萄牙，这个位于西班牙西海岸的王国，保持着对西班牙其他地区的独立。葡萄牙是个小王国，宽度不比佛罗里达州大多少。它有漫长的海岸，有许多海滩和港口。野猫和野猪在乡村游荡。鹰和隼在空中翱翔；火烈鸟站在水边的沼泽里。

The Portuguese were known for their grapes, their olives—and their tripe. Tripe was a medieval dish made of the lining of cows' stomachs, cooked together with calves' feet, onions, cow fat, and fermented apple cider. The Portuguese thought tripe was one of the greatest delicacies in the world.

葡萄牙人以他们的葡萄、橄榄——以及他们的牛肚而闻名。牛肚是一道中世纪菜肴，用牛胃壁制成，与小牛脚、洋葱、牛脂和发酵的苹果酒一起烹煮。葡萄牙人认为牛肚是世界上最美妙的美食之一。

Because Portugal had such a long coastline, it was easy for the Portuguese people to build boats and sail them. One prince of Portugal, Henry, wanted to use these boats for more than short trips. He wanted the Portuguese to learn how to sail farther than anyone else in the world. Prince Henry was the fourth son of the king of Portugal. That meant that he would never inherit the throne, so he didn't need to worry about learning to rule Portugal. He could use his money and his time in another way—to make the Portuguese into great sailors and explorers. Because of his love of the sea, Prince Henry became known as Henry the Navigator.

因为葡萄牙有如此漫长的海岸线，葡萄牙人很容易建造船只并航行。葡萄牙的一位王子亨利想要将这些船只用于更远的航行，而不仅仅是短途旅行。他希望葡萄牙人学会比世界上任何其他人都能航行得更远。亨利王子是葡萄牙国王的第四个儿子。这意味着他永远不会继承王位，所以他不需要担心学习如何统治葡萄牙。他可以用另一种方式使用他的金钱和时间——让葡萄牙人成为伟大的水手和探险家。因为他对海洋的热爱，亨利王子被称为航海者亨利。

Henry first began to think about building a fleet of sea-going ships when he was a young man helping his brothers fight in North Africa. Henry's father had sent them down to North Africa to capture an important Muslim trading city. Merchants from Africa came to this city with ivory, gold, silver, and salt. Merchants from India came with spices: pepper, cloves, and nutmeg. In the Middle Ages, there were no refrigerators, so people put a lot of spices in their meat. That way, they could eat the meat even when it started to spoil. The spices covered up any bad tastes! Spices were so important that pepper was almost worth its weight in gold.

亨利最初开始考虑建造一支远洋船只舰队是在他年轻时帮助他的兄弟们在北非作战的时候。亨利的父亲派他们去北非夺取一个重要的穆斯林贸易城市。来自非洲的商人带着象牙、黄金、银和盐来到这个城市。来自印度的商人带来香料：胡椒、丁香和肉豆蔻。在中世纪，没有冰箱，所以人们在肉类中放很多香料。这样，即使肉开始变质，他们也能吃。香料掩盖了任何坏味道！香料如此重要，以至于胡椒几乎和等重的黄金一样值钱。

But Muslim traders knew that the Portuguese were Christians who had driven the Muslims out of their country. And as soon as the Portuguese took control of the city, Muslim traders began to avoid it! Henry realized that if the Portuguese wanted gold and ivory from West Africa, they would do better to sail down the African coast and trade with the West African tribes face to face. So he hired shipbuilders to build new ships that were fast and light, perfect for exploring strange waters. He paid mapmakers to draw new maps of the coastlines, so that sailors would know exactly where they were when they came ashore. And he built a school for navigation.

但穆斯林贸易商知道葡萄牙人是基督徒，他们已经把穆斯林赶出了自己的国家。葡萄牙人一控制这个城市，穆斯林贸易商就开始避免它！亨利意识到，如果葡萄牙人想要从西非获得黄金和象牙，他们最好沿着非洲海岸航行，与西非部落面对面贸易。所以他雇佣造船工建造快速而轻便的新船，完美适合探索陌生水域。他付钱给制图师绘制海岸线的新地图，这样水手们登陆时就能确切知道自己在哪里。他还建了一所航海学校。

Navigating (following a map to a certain destination) is hard to do at sea, because there aren't any roads, trees, or landmarks. So Henry's sailors had to learn how to read star maps so that they could find the North Star and other important stars at different times during the year. They had to learn to use an astrolabe (a special measuring tool) to measure how far the sun or the North Star lay above the horizon, and then they had to be able to calculate a ship's position from this information. They had to know how to use a compass (an instrument with a magnetic needle that always pointed north). And they had to be able to calculate a ship's speed.

导航（按照地图到达某个目的地）在海上很难做到，因为没有道路、树木或地标。所以亨利的水手们必须学会如何阅读星图，这样他们就能在一年中的不同时间找到北极星和其他重要的星星。他们必须学会使用星盘（一种特殊的测量工具）来测量太阳或北极星在地平线之上多远，然后他们必须能够根据这些信息计算船只的位置。他们必须知道如何使用指南针（一种带有总是指向北方的磁针的仪器）。他们还必须能够计算船只的速度。

In the Middle Ages, sailors measured how fast a ship was moving by tying knots at regular intervals on a long rope. Then they would put a piece of wood weighted with metal on one end of the rope and wind the other end up onto a reel. As the ship sailed, the sailors would toss the wooden float off the back of the ship and turn over a glass which had just enough sand in it to run out in exactly one minute. They would let the rope unwind while the sand trickled out of the glass. Then they would stop the reel and count the number of knots along the length of rope that had unwound. This would tell them the speed of the ship. Today, a boat is still said to be traveling at "so many knots."

在中世纪，水手们通过在长绳子上以规则间隔系结来测量船只移动的速度。然后他们会在绳子的一端放一块用金属加重的木头，把另一端缠绕到卷轴上。当船航行时，水手们会把木制浮标抛到船的后面，翻转一个玻璃计时器，里面的沙子刚好够在一分钟内流完。他们让绳子展开，同时沙子从玻璃中慢慢流出。然后他们停止卷轴，数一数展开的绳子长度上有多少个结。这会告诉他们船只的速度。今天，一艘船仍然被说成以"多少节"的速度航行。

[原书插图：一位探险家使用星盘进行导航]

Once Henry's sailors learned how to navigate through unfamiliar waters, they were ready to head south to Africa. But they were frightened. No one had ever sailed down the coast of Africa before. They called the mysterious waters that lay down south the Sea of Darkness. They were sure that sea monsters and whirlpools lay in this Sea of Darkness. They were afraid that the ocean became so shallow that ships would wreck on the sea's bottom. They were certain that strong currents would pull them off into nowhere, so that they could never return. And they thought that the sun down south was so hot that the seawater boiled and roasted men alive!

一旦亨利的水手们学会了如何在陌生水域中导航，他们就准备南下前往非洲。但他们很害怕。以前从来没有人沿着非洲海岸航行过。他们称南方那片神秘的水域为黑暗之海。他们确信海怪和漩涡潜伏在这片黑暗之海中。他们担心海洋变得如此浅，以至于船只会在海底撞毁。他们确信强劲的洋流会把他们拖向无人之地，使他们永远无法返回。他们认为南方的太阳如此炎热，以至于海水会沸腾，把人活活烘烤！

Henry tried to convince his men to sail further south. He paid for expedition after expedition. But all of his sailors were too frightened to go very far! Finally, after fourteen expeditions, a brave explorer named Gil Eannes dared to venture down into the Sea of Darkness. And he discovered that the water there was the same as the water closer to home. Gil Eannes set out on his adventure in 1434. In the years after his great journey, the Portuguese began to follow his example. They sailed further and further down the coast of West Africa to trade for ivory, salt, gold, jewels, ostrich eggs, seal skins—and slaves.

亨利试图说服他的手下向南航行更远。他为一次又一次的远征付费。但他所有的水手都太害怕，不敢走得很远！最后，在十四次远征之后，一位名叫吉尔·埃阿内斯的勇敢探险家敢于冒险深入黑暗之海。他发现那里的水和靠近家乡的水一样。吉尔·埃阿内斯在1434年开始了他的冒险。在他伟大航程之后的几年里，葡萄牙人开始效仿他的榜样。他们沿着西非海岸航行得越来越远，交易象牙、盐、黄金、珠宝、鸵鸟蛋、海豹皮——和奴隶。

Although Henry the Navigator had hoped that his ships would find their way to India, he died before this could happen. You see, maps in the Middle Ages didn't show how huge Africa was. No one had ever sailed all the way around the continent, so mapmakers couldn't draw an accurate picture of Africa. And no one knew exactly how far they would have to sail to get around the tip of Africa. Some sailors thought that Africa might stretch all the way down to the bottom of the world!

虽然航海者亨利希望他的船只能找到通往印度的路，但在此之前他就去世了。你看，中世纪的地图没有显示非洲有多巨大。没有人曾经绕大陆航行过一圈，所以制图师无法绘制非洲的准确图片。没有人确切知道他们必须航行多远才能绕过非洲的尖端。一些水手认为非洲可能一直延伸到世界的底部！

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：A clear liquid essential for life
例句：The English Channel is a body of water between England and France.

horse

/hɔːrs/

中文：马
定义：A large animal used for riding and transportation
例句：Isabella stole a horse from her brother's stables.

cooking

/ˈkʊkɪŋ/

中文：烹饪
定义：The process of preparing food by heating
例句：The castle was full of cooking, sewing, and baking for the wedding feast.

family

/ˈfæməli/

中文：家庭
定义：A group of related people living together
例句：Almost every Spanish village had Jewish families in it.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

kingdom

/ˈkɪŋdəm/

中文：王国
定义：A country ruled by a king or queen
例句：Two large kingdoms called Aragon and Castile grew to cover most of Spain.

Reconquest

/riːˈkɒŋkwest/

中文：收复失地运动
定义：The campaign by Christian kingdoms to retake Spain from Muslim rule
例句：The Reconquest was carried out by small, divided Christian kingdoms.

stronghold

/ˈstrɔːŋhoʊld/

中文：据点
定义：A fortress or secure place of defense
例句：Granada was the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.

navigation

/ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃən/

中文：航海
定义：The science of directing ships or aircraft from place to place
例句：Henry built a school for navigation to train Portuguese sailors.

地理相关词汇 / Geography Vocabulary

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：The land along the edge of a sea or ocean
例句：Portugal had a long coast with many beaches and harbors.

continent

/ˈkɑːntɪnənt/

中文：大陆
定义：One of the main landmasses on Earth
例句：No one had ever sailed all the way around the continent of Africa.

harbor

/ˈhɑːrbər/

中文：港口
定义：A sheltered port where ships can anchor safely
例句：Portugal had many beaches and harbors along its coastline.

mountainous

/ˈmaʊntənəs/

中文：多山的
定义：Having many mountains
例句：Granada was a small, mountainous southern kingdom.

动作行为词汇 / Actions & Activities

conquered

/ˈkɒŋkərd/

中文：征服
定义：To defeat and take control of a place or people
例句：Christian kingdoms conquered the land ruled by Muslims.

surrendered

/səˈrendərd/

中文：投降
定义：To give up resistance and submit to authority
例句：The Muslim king of Granada surrendered the castle of Alhambra.

sailed

/seɪld/

中文：航行
定义：To travel on water using wind power
例句：Portuguese sailors sailed down the coast of West Africa.

explore

/ɪkˈsplɔːr/

中文：探索
定义：To search and discover new places
例句：Gil Eannes dared to explore the mysterious Sea of Darkness.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics

✅ 章节标题：Chapter 28 - The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
✅ 段落总数：24个段落
✅ 标注词汇总数：78个重点词汇
✅ 词汇表条目：20个词汇卡片
✅ 词汇分类：4个主要类别
✅ 特殊标记：时间标记（1434年、1491年等）
✅ 原书插图：西班牙葡萄牙地图、探险家使用星盘
✅ 发音功能：所有标注词汇支持点击发音
✅ 响应式设计：适配移动设备和桌面设备
✅ 双语对照：英文-中文完全对应