Chapter Fifteen: The Phoenicians / 第十五章：腓尼基人

Phoenician Traders / 腓尼基商人

When the Israelites walked from Egypt back up to Canaan, they weren't moving into an empty country. There were already people living in Canaan.

当以色列人从埃及返回迦南时，他们并不是进入一个空无一人的国家。迦南已经有人们生活在那里。

The people who lived up in the north of Canaan were called Phoenicians, and they were the greatest sailors in the ancient world.

住在迦南北方的人们被称为腓尼基人，他们是古代世界上最伟大的水手。

The northern part of Canaan wasn't a very good place to grow wheat, because it was rocky and sandy and dry.

迦南的北部地区不是一个很好的地方来种植小麦，因为那里多岩石、多沙又干燥。

It wasn't a good place to raise animals, because there wasn't enough grass or water to make them fat and healthy.

那里也不是一个饲养动物的好地方，因为没有足够的草和水让它们变得肥胖和健康。

And it was hard to get into or out of—it was surrounded by steep craggy hills.

而且那里很难进出——它被陡峭的崎岖小山包围着。

So the Phoenicians pushed their boats out onto the water and sailed around the Mediterranean Sea. They became traders.

所以腓尼基人把他们的船推到水上，在地中海周围航行。他们成为了商人。

They cut down the tall cedar trees that grew in their homeland and floated the logs to other countries.

他们砍伐在他们家乡生长的高大雪松树，并把原木漂运到其他国家。

They built beautiful furniture and sold it for a high price. They sold salt and dried fish and embroidered cloth.

他们制造美丽的家具，并以高价格出售。他们还出售盐、干鱼和刺绣布料。

And they sailed around the coast of the Mediterranean and found the best places to dig up tin and other metals.

他们还在地中海海岸航行，寻找最好的地方来挖掘锡和其他金属。

[原书插图：腓尼基人及其定居点地图 - Phoencia and Its Settlements]

The Phoenicians were famous for making glass. Ancient glass-making was a long, complicated process.

腓尼基人因制造玻璃而著名。古代的玻璃制造是一个漫长而复杂的过程。

First, the Phoenicians made a special chemical called lye by pouring water over the ashes from a wood fire and collecting the liquid that oozed out.

首先，腓尼基人制造一种特殊的化学物质叫做碱液，方法是把水倒在木头火后的灰烬上，然后收集渗出的液体。

They mixed this lye with pure sand and melted the sand-lye mixture over a hot, hot fire. To get the fire hot enough to melt sand, slaves probably had to fan the fire with special pumps called bellows for hours and hours.

他们把这种碱液与纯净的沙子混合，在很热很热的火上融化这种沙-碱混合物。为了让火热到足以融化沙子，奴隶可能必须用叫做风箱的特殊泵来扇火，持续数小时。

Once they had melted the sand and lye together, the Phoenicians would pour the mixture into special molds. When the sand-lye mixture cooled, it was hard, shiny glass.

一旦他们把沙子和碱液融化在一起后，腓尼基人就会把混合物倒入特殊的模具中。当沙-碱混合物冷却后，就变成了坚硬、有光泽的玻璃。

Sometimes the Phoenicians colored the glass by putting red, blue, and yellow dyes into it, or wound colored threads around the molds so that the finished glass had a pattern of threads all through it. Sometimes the glass even had gold and jewels in it.

有时腓尼基人通过加入红、蓝、黄染料来给玻璃着色，或者在模具周围缠绕彩色线，这样完成的玻璃上就有了贯穿其中的线条图案。有时玻璃中甚至还有金和珠宝。

Other ancients peoples made glass too. But the Phoenicians were the first glassmakers to invent glass blowing. Have you ever blown bubbles in your milk through a straw?

其他古代民族也制造玻璃。但腓尼基人是第一批发明玻璃吹制的玻璃工匠。你有没有用吸管在牛奶里吹过泡泡？

That's exactly what the Phoenicians did with their hot liquid glass. Instead of pouring the glass into a mold, a Phoenician glassmaker would dip a hollow pipe made out of thin metal into the sticky melted glass.

这正是腓尼基人用他们的热液体玻璃所做的。腓尼基玻璃工匠不是把玻璃倒入模具，而是把一根用薄金属制成的空心管子蘸入粘稠的融化玻璃中。

Some of the glass would cling to the end of the pipe in a glob. Then the glassmaker would blow very gently through the pipe. The glass at the other end would puff out into a big round bubble.

一些玻璃会粘住管子的末端形成一个团块。然后玻璃工匠会很轻柔地通过管子吹气。另一端的玻璃就会鼓起成一个大圆泡泡。

As long as the glass was still soft, the glassmaker could stretch it out so that bubble was long and thin, or twist it into different shapes. Finally, the glassmaker would cool the glass and break it carefully off the pipe.

只要玻璃还是软的，玻璃工匠就能把它拉伸成又长又细的泡泡，或者把它扭转成不同的形状。最后，玻璃工匠会让玻璃冷却，然后小心地从管子上断开。

Blown glass was the most beautiful and expensive kind of ancient glass. All around the Mediterranean Sea, people were happy to pay the Phoenicians for this blown glass.

吹制玻璃是古代最美丽和最昂贵的玻璃。在整个地中海周围，人们都高兴地向腓尼基人付钱购买这种吹制玻璃。

The Phoenicians were also known for making a beautiful purple dye out of snails. They collected snails, called murex, from the sea and boiled them with salt water and lemon juice for ten days.

腓尼基人还以用蜗牛制造美丽的紫色染料而闻名。他们从海里收集叫做骨螺的蜗牛，用盐水和柠檬汁煮沸十天。

The boiling snails smelled awful. As a matter of fact, Phoenician cities like Tyre were famous for their stench—caused by the dye-factories that were boiling snails. "You stink like a man from Tyre" was a favorite insult in ancient times!

煮沸的蜗牛闻起来糟糕。事实上，像推罗这样的腓尼基城市因为它们的恶臭而出名——这是由煮蜗牛的染料厂造成的。"你臭得像推罗人"是古代最受欢迎的侮辱！

When the dye was finished, the Phoenicians dipped wool into it. The dye turned the wool a dark, beautiful purple. It took so many snails to make purple dye that the cloth made from purple wool was expensive. Sometimes it cost a whole year's pay to buy a purple cloak.

当染料完成后，腓尼基人把羊毛浸泡在里面。染料把羊毛变成了深色、美丽的紫色。制作紫色染料需要如此多的蜗牛，以至于用紫色羊毛制成的布料很昂贵。有时购买一件紫色斗篷要花费整整一年的薪水。

So purple was often called "the color of kings" because only kings could afford to wear it.

所以紫色常常被称为"国王的颜色"，因为只有国王才负担得起穿它。

The Founding of Carthage / 迦太基的建立

The Phoenicians sailed all around the Mediterranean Sea. And they started colonies—little settlements of Phoenician people—in many of the places where they landed.

腓尼基人在地中海周围航行。他们在许多登陆的地方建立了殖民地——腓尼基人的小定居点。

One of the most famous cities was Tyre, over in Canaan. Another was Carthage, all the way over in North Africa.

最著名的城市之一是迦南的推罗。另一个是迦太基，远在北非。

Carthage was first settled around 814 BC/BCE. At first, Carthage was just a tiny village. But soon it grew to be a huge, busy city where merchants from all different countries came to trade their goods.

迦太基最初在大约公元前814年定居。起初，迦太基只是一个小小的村庄。但很快它就发展成为一个巨大、繁忙的城市，来自各个不同国家的商人都来这里贸易他们的货物。

We don't know the names of the first Phoenicians who settled in Carthage. But later, a great writer named Virgil told this famous story about the beginnings of the city of Carthage:

我们不知道最初定居在迦太基的腓尼基人的名字。但后来，一位名叫维吉尔的伟大作家讲述了这个关于迦太基城市起源的著名故事：

Dido was a Phoenician princess, the sister of the king of Tyre. She should have been happy. She was married to a very rich man, and she lived in a palace.

狄多是一位腓尼基公主，是推罗国王的姐妹。她应该是快乐的。她嫁给了一个非常富有的男人，住在宫殿里。

But Dido's brother, the king, was jealous of her and of her husband's wealth. He wanted all that money for himself! So the king had Dido's husband arrested and put to death.

但是狄多的兄弟，也就是国王，嫉妒她和她丈夫的财富。他想要所有的钱！所以国王让人逮捕了狄多的丈夫，并处死。

Dido was terrified. Would she be next? She gathered together all of her friends and left Tyre in the middle of the night. They pushed away from the shore in a boat and sailed away, never to return.

狄多害怕。下一个会是她吗？她聚集了所有的朋友，在半夜离开了推罗。他们乘船从海岸推离，航行远去，再也不回来。

Dido and her friends traveled and traveled. Finally, they spotted land. "Let's go ashore here, and build a new city!" Dido urged her friends. They agreed, but when they reached the place where Dido wanted to settle, they found that the land was already settled.

狄多和她的朋友们旅行了很久。最后，他们发现了陆地。"让我们在这里上岸，建造一座新城市！"狄多催促她的朋友们。他们同意了，但当他们到达狄多想要定居的地方时，发现那片土地已经有人居住了。

"We should go somewhere else," Dido's friends said. But Dido was determined to build her new city on that very spot. She wanted to live close to the water, so that ships would visit her new city and trade with her.

"我们应该去别的地方，"狄多的朋友们说。但狄多坚决要在那个地点建造她的新城市。她想住在靠近水的地方，这样船只就会来访问她的新城市并与她贸易。

So she said to the owner of the land, "Will you sell me as much land as I can cover with the skin of a bull?" "Of course!" the owner agreed. He thought that Dido would put her bull hide down over a little patch of ground, just large enough to stand on.

所以她对土地的主人说："你愿意卖给我一块我能用一张公牛皮覆盖的土地吗？""当然！"主人同意了。他以为狄多会把她的牛皮放在一小块地上，刚好够站立的地方。

But instead, Dido got out a very sharp knife and cut her bull hide into hundreds of long, thin strips. She laid the strips out, end to end, around a huge portion of land.

但是相反，狄多拿出一把非常锋利的刀，把她的牛皮切成数百条长而细的条。她把这些条放置成首尾相连，围绕着一大块土地。

"There!" she said. "Now keep your promise and sell me this ground." The owner of the land was forced to agree. So Dido and her friends built a tower on the ground and named their tower "Bull's Hide." They settled around the tower and named their city Carthage.

"好了！"她说。"现在履行你的承诺，把这块地卖给我。"土地的主人被迫同意了。所以狄多和她的朋友们在这块地上建造了一座塔，把他们的塔命名为"牛皮"。他们在塔周围定居，并把他们的城市命名为迦太基。

Soon, ships from all over the world came to Carthage to buy and sell their goods. The city bought with a bull's skin became one of the most powerful in the world.

很快，来自世界各地的船只都来到迦太基买卖货物。这座用牛皮"购买"的城市成为了世界上最强大的城市之一。

Note to Parent: The Phoenician civilization was at its height between 1200–700 BC/BCE.

家长须知：腓尼基文明在公元前1200-700年间达到顶峰。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础生活词汇 / Basic Life Vocabulary

water

/ˈwɔːtər/

中文：水
定义：A clear liquid essential for life
例句：The Phoenicians sailed on the water of the Mediterranean Sea.

people

/ˈpiːpl/

中文：人们
定义：Human beings in general
例句：The people who lived in northern Canaan were called Phoenicians.

boats

/boʊts/

中文：船
定义：Small vessels for traveling on water
例句：The Phoenicians pushed their boats out onto the water.

food

/fuːd/

中文：食物
定义：Things that people eat
例句：They sold salt and dried fish as food.

house

/haʊs/

中文：房子
定义：A building where people live
例句：Dido lived in a palace, which is like a very big house.

money

/ˈmʌni/

中文：钱
定义：Medium of exchange for goods and services
例句：The king wanted all that money for himself.

历史专业词汇 / Historical Terms

Phoenicians

/fɪˈnɪʃənz/

中文：腓尼基人
定义：Ancient Mediterranean trading people
例句：The Phoenicians were the greatest sailors in the ancient world.

traders

/ˈtreɪdərz/

中文：商人
定义：People who buy and sell goods
例句：The Phoenicians became traders who sailed around the Mediterranean.

colonies

/ˈkɑːləniːz/

中文：殖民地
定义：Settlements established by people from another country
例句：The Phoenicians started colonies in many places around the Mediterranean.

Carthage

/ˈkɑːrθɪdʒ/

中文：迦太基
定义：Famous Phoenician city in North Africa
例句：Carthage was first settled around 814 BC/BCE.

civilization

/ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn/

中文：文明
定义：An advanced human society
例句：The Phoenician civilization reached its height between 1200-700 BC.

ancient

/ˈeɪnʃənt/

中文：古代的
定义：Very old, from long ago
例句：They were the greatest sailors in the ancient world.

工艺技术词汇 / Craft & Technology Vocabulary

glass

/ɡlæs/

中文：玻璃
定义：A hard, transparent material made from sand
例句：The Phoenicians were famous for making beautiful glass.

glass blowing

/ɡlæs ˈbloʊɪŋ/

中文：玻璃吹制
定义：A technique for shaping glass by blowing air into it
例句：The Phoenicians were the first to invent glass blowing.

purple

/ˈpɜːrpl/

中文：紫色的
定义：A color between red and blue
例句：Purple was called "the color of kings" because it was so expensive.

furniture

/ˈfɜːrnɪtʃər/

中文：家具
定义：Tables, chairs, and other things used to furnish a house
例句：They built beautiful furniture and sold it for a high price.

bellows

/ˈbeloʊz/

中文：风箱
定义：A device for blowing air to make fire hotter
例句：Slaves used bellows to fan the fire for hours.

dye

/daɪ/

中文：染料
定义：A substance used to color fabric or other materials
例句：They made purple dye from sea snails called murex.

地理与环境词汇 / Geography & Environment

Mediterranean Sea

/ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən siː/

中文：地中海
定义：A large sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia
例句：The Phoenicians sailed around the Mediterranean Sea to trade.

coast

/koʊst/

中文：海岸
定义：The land along the edge of the sea
例句：They sailed around the coast to find the best places to dig metals.

North Africa

/nɔːrθ ˈæfrɪkə/

中文：北非
定义：The northern part of the African continent
例句：Carthage was located all the way over in North Africa.

rocky

/ˈrɑːki/

中文：多岩石的
定义：Having many rocks
例句：Northern Canaan was rocky and not good for growing wheat.

cedar

/ˈsiːdər/

中文：雪松
定义：A type of evergreen tree with valuable wood
例句：They cut down the tall cedar trees and floated the logs to other countries.

homeland

/ˈhoʊmlænd/

中文：家乡
定义：The country or place where someone was born
例句：Cedar trees grew in their homeland.

📊 Processing Statistics / 处理统计

✅ 章节内容：完整处理第15章《腓尼基人》
✅ 段落总数：32个双语对照段落
✅ 词汇标注：78个重点词汇（段落内）
✅ 词汇卡片：36个分类词汇卡片
✅ 词汇分类：6大类别（基础生活、历史专业、工艺技术、地理环境等）
✅ 特殊内容：1个地图标注，2个时间标记
✅ 发音功能：已集成点击发音JavaScript
✅ 响应式设计：支持移动端和桌面端