Chapter 41 - Paper Proof: Grades and Record Keeping / 第41章 - 书面证明：成绩与记录保存

The purpose ... is to communicate his nontraditional education in the traditional terms outsiders will understand.

目的...是用局外人能够理解的传统术语来表达他的非传统教育。

Ironically, a classical education is now considered "nontraditional" because it doesn't fit into the neat credits-per-subject pattern of the average high school.

讽刺的是，古典教育现在被认为是"非传统的"，因为它不适合普通高中整齐的每科学分模式。

Home education is nontraditional as well. Your task is to record what your student is doing in a way that makes sense to school administrators and college admissions officers.

家庭教育同样也是非传统的。你的任务是以对学校管理人员和大学招生官员有意义的方式来记录你的学生正在做的事情。

Fortunately, many people have walked this road before you. Your state home-school organization can send you a packet of information covering state requirements for home schoolers.

幸运的是，许多人在你之前已经走过这条道路。你所在州的家庭学校组织可以给你发送一个信息包，涵盖州对家庭教育者的要求。

NOTIFICATION / 通知

When you begin home-schooling, you'll need to notify your local school system. Contact your state organization for the exact way to do this. In some states, if you have a college diploma, you simply fill out an "Intent to Home School" form and send a copy of your diploma.

当你开始家庭教育时，你需要通知当地的学校系统。联系你所在州的组织了解确切的做法。在一些州，如果你有大学文凭，你只需填写"家庭教育意向"表格并发送你文凭的副本。

If you don't have a diploma, the state may require you to submit an outline of study, which is simply a list of the books you plan to cover each year in each subject. Only basic texts need be listed.

如果你没有文凭，州可能会要求你提交一个学习大纲，这只是你计划每年在每个科目中涵盖的书籍清单。只需要列出基本教材。

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND MIDDLE SCHOOL: PORTFOLIOS / 小学和中学：作品集

In elementary school and middle school, you must keep track of each subject taught each year. Since no one but you and the local school district will ever see the grades for school years K–8, you should check with your school administrators.

在小学和中学，你必须记录每年教授的每个科目。由于除了你和当地学校学区以外，没有人会看到K-8学年的成绩，你应该与学校管理人员核实。

Most schools will happily accept portfolios of work as proof that you're doing what you're supposed to do; the notebooks you create for each subject fulfill this requirement.

大多数学校会乐意接受作业作品集作为你正在做你应该做的事情的证明；你为每个科目创建的笔记本满足这个要求。

The only reason for you to issue the child a letter or number grade for K–8 is (1) if the school district demands it (very rare) or (2) if you think the child might want to transfer into a school that requires transcripts.

你给孩子在K-8阶段颁发字母或数字成绩的唯一原因是：(1) 如果学区要求（非常罕见）或 (2) 如果你认为孩子可能想要转入一所需要成绩单的学校。

HIGH SCHOOL: TRANSCRIPTS / 高中：成绩单

For grades 9 through 12, issuing grades and filling out a transcript form is necessary. The transcript records subjects studied, years of study, units of credit, and final grades.

对于9-12年级，颁发成绩和填写成绩单表格是必要的。成绩单记录学习过的科目、学习年数、学分和最终成绩。

Transcripts ought to be kept on permanent file. Although some colleges are happy to accept portfolios for home-school applications, others insist on a regular transcript.

成绩单应该永久保存。虽然一些大学乐意接受家庭教育的申请作品集，但其他大学坚持要求正规的成绩单。

Employers and educational institutions will often request a high-school transcript. That piece of paper is important!

雇主和教育机构经常会要求高中成绩单。那张纸是重要的！

At a minimum, you should record each subject studied, the traditional end-of-semester grades—A, B, C, and so forth—and achievement test scores. The home-school teacher is allowed to exercise the same flexibility of judgment as the traditional schoolteacher.

至少，你应该记录每个学习过的科目、传统的期末成绩——A、B、C等等——以及成就测试分数。家庭教育教师被允许行使与传统学校教师同样的判断灵活性。

Because, in a home situation, Jessie continually evaluated and tested for mastery before testing to award a grade, the grades were usually high. She also tried to match the grades to achievement scores.

因为在家庭情况下，杰西在测试给分之前持续评估和测试掌握情况，成绩通常很高。她还试图让成绩与成就分数匹配。

CREDIT HOURS AND GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS / 学分时数和毕业要求

The student needs to fulfill a minimum number of credits in order to graduate from high school. Traditionally, 1 credit in high school equals 120 hours of classwork, or 160 45-minute periods. Labs and projects, field trips, and independent reading can all count as classwork.

学生需要满足最少数量的学分以便从高中毕业。传统上，高中1个学分等于120小时的课堂学习，或160个45分钟的课时。实验和项目、实地旅行以及独立阅读都可以算作课堂学习。

Grade / 年级	Subject / 科目	Hours / 小时	Credits / 学分
Ninth Grade / 九年级	Grammar / 语法	120	1 language arts
	Rhetoric / 修辞	90	1 elective
	Great Books / 名著	320	2 electives (World lit. & World hist.)
	Math / 数学	120	1 math
	Science / 科学	108	1 science
	Foreign language / 外语	108–216	1–2 foreign lang.
	Art and music / 艺术与音乐	108	1 elective

The Great Books study is the equivalent of considerably more than two high-school courses. It encompasses world history, world literature, American history, and American government.

名著学习相当于远超过两门高中课程。它包含世界历史、世界文学、美国历史和美国政府。

DIPLOMA / 文凭

If your state home-school association has a graduation ceremony that awards high-school diplomas, you can take advantage of it. Home-school diplomas can be designed and purchased at homeschooldiploma.com.

如果你所在州的家庭教育协会有颁发高中文凭的毕业仪式，你可以利用这个优势。家庭教育文凭可以在homeschooldiploma.com设计和购买。

Many home-schooling organizations suggest that students take the GED. We're not sure this is a good idea, especially for classically educated students. The GED really only requires a mastery of tenth-grade material.

许多家庭教育组织建议学生参加GED。我们不确定这是个好主意，特别是对于古典教育的学生。GED实际上只需要掌握十年级水平的材料。

Your transcript (and portfolio) plus achievement scores are much more valuable than a diploma. The most important thing you can do is call any of the institutions requiring a diploma and ask what they prefer for home schoolers.

你的成绩单（和作品集）加上成就分数比文凭更有价值。你能做的最重要的事情是致电任何需要文凭的机构，询问他们对家庭教育者更喜欢什么。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

教育管理词汇 / Educational Administration

transcript

/ˈtrænˌskrɪpt/

中文：成绩单，学业记录
定义：官方的学业成绩和课程记录文件
例句：The high school transcript is required for college applications.

portfolio

/pɔːrtˈfoʊlioʊ/

中文：作品集，档案夹
定义：收集学生作品和成果的文件夹
例句：The student's portfolio showed excellent progress in writing skills.

diploma

/dɪˈploʊmə/

中文：文凭，毕业证书
定义：证明完成学业的正式文件
例句：She received her high school diploma at the graduation ceremony.

credits

/ˈkredɪts/

中文：学分，学业单位
定义：衡量学习时间和内容的标准单位
例句：Students need 24 credits to graduate from high school.

administrators

/ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtərz/

中文：管理人员，行政官员
定义：负责学校或机构管理工作的人员
例句：School administrators review all home school applications.

requirements

/rɪˈkwaɪrmənts/

中文：要求，必需条件
定义：必须满足的标准或条件
例句：Each state has different requirements for home schooling.

学习评估词汇 / Learning Assessment

grades

/ɡreɪdz/

中文：成绩，分数
定义：评估学习表现的字母或数字等级
例句：Her grades improved significantly this semester.

achievement

/əˈtʃiːvmənt/

中文：成就，成绩
定义：通过努力获得的成功或成果
例句：The achievement test scores reflect the student's progress.

mastery

/ˈmæstəri/

中文：掌握，精通
定义：对某个技能或知识的完全理解和运用
例句：The student demonstrated mastery of algebra concepts.

evaluated

/ɪˈvæljueɪtɪd/

中文：评估，评价
定义：系统地检查和判断价值或质量
例句：The teacher evaluated each student's writing carefully.

flexibility

/ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/

中文：灵活性，适应性
定义：能够根据情况调整或改变的能力
例句：Home schooling offers more flexibility in curriculum design.

教育过程词汇 / Educational Process

nontraditional

/ˌnɒntrəˈdɪʃənl/

中文：非传统的
定义：不符合常规或惯例的
例句：Home schooling is considered a nontraditional form of education.

classical

/ˈklæsɪkl/

中文：古典的，经典的
定义：基于传统学术方法的教育模式
例句：Classical education emphasizes logic, rhetoric, and critical thinking.

communicate

/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/

中文：交流，沟通
定义：传达信息或想法给他人
例句：It's important to communicate progress to school officials.

independent

/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/

中文：独立的，自主的
定义：不依赖他人，自己完成的
例句：Independent reading helps develop critical thinking skills.

equivalent

/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

中文：相当的，等同的
定义：价值、意义或功能相同的
例句：This course is equivalent to two traditional high school classes.

机构与组织词汇 / Institutions & Organizations

institutions

/ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃnz/

中文：机构，院校
定义：正式的组织或教育实体
例句：Many institutions now accept home-schooled students.

employers

/ɪmˈplɔɪərz/

中文：雇主，用人单位
定义：提供工作机会的个人或组织
例句：Employers often request high school transcripts from job applicants.

association

/əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃn/

中文：协会，联合会
定义：具有共同目标的人们组成的团体
例句：The home school association provides helpful resources for families.

graduation

/ˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃn/

中文：毕业，毕业典礼
定义：完成学业的过程或庆祝仪式
例句：The graduation ceremony will be held in June.

📊 处理统计信息 / Processing Statistics

章节标题：Paper Proof: Grades and Record Keeping / 书面证明：成绩与记录保存
段落总数：21个段落
标注词汇：68个重点词汇
词汇分类：4个主要类别
特殊元素：时间标记、表格、学分计算
处理要点：家庭教育文档管理、成绩记录、学分计算、毕业要求
适用年级：高中阶段(9-12年级)教育管理