← 上一章
📚 目录
下一章 →

Chapter 5: Words, Words, Words
第五章：单词、单词、单词

WORDS, WORDS, WORDS: SPELLING, GRAMMAR, READING, AND WRITING
单词、单词、单词：拼写、语法、阅读和写作
For their Studies, First they should begin with the chief主要的，首要的/tʃiːf/ and necessary rules规则/ruːlz/ of some good Grammar语法/ˈɡræmər/. . . . Next to make them expert专家的，熟练的/ˈekspɜːrt/ in the usefullest points of Grammar, and withall to season them, and win them early to the love of vertue美德（古英语virtue）/ˈvɜːrtʃuː/ and true labour, ere any flattering seducement, or vain principle seize them wandering, some easie and delightful Book书/bʊk/ of Education教育/ˌedʒʊˈkeɪʃn/ would be read to them. —John Milton, "Of Education"
对于他们的学习studies - 学习活动，首先他们应该从一些好的语法grammar - 语言的规则系统的主要chief - 最重要的和必要规则rules - 准则开始。……接下来使他们在语法的最有用要点上成为专家expert - 熟练的，同时培养他们，及早让他们热爱美德vertue - 品德和真正的劳动，在任何虚假的诱惑或空虚的原则抓住他们迷茫的心之前，一些简单而令人愉快的教育education - 教学书籍book - 读物应该读给他们听。——约翰·弥尔顿，《论教育》
SUBJECT: Spelling拼写/ˈspelɪŋ/, grammar语法/ˈɡræmər/, reading阅读/ˈriːdɪŋ/, and writing写作/ˈraɪtɪŋ/
科目：拼写spelling - 正确书写单词、语法grammar - 语言规则、阅读reading - 理解文字和写作writing - 表达思想
TIME REQUIRED: 60–110 minutes60到110分钟/ˈmɪnɪts/ per day (by fourth grade四年级/fɔːrθ ɡreɪd/)
所需时间：每天60-110分钟minutes - 时间单位（到四年级fourth grade - 小学四年级时）
Your goal目标/ɡoʊl/, in grades年级/ɡreɪdz/ 1 through 4, is to make the proper正确的/ˈprɑːpər/ use of language语言/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ second nature第二天性/ˈsekənd ˈneɪtʃər/ to your child孩子/tʃaɪld/. In the logic逻辑/ˈlɑːdʒɪk/ and rhetoric修辞/ˈretərɪk/ stages of classical古典的/ˈklæsɪkl/ education教育/ˌedʒʊˈkeɪʃn/ (grades 5 through 8 and 9 through 12, respectively), the student will need to use language to reason推理/ˈriːzn/, argue论证/ˈɑːrɡjuː/, and express表达/ɪkˈspres/ ideas.
在1到4年级，你的目标goal - 要达到的结果是让正确proper - 恰当的使用语言language - 交流工具成为你孩子child - 儿童的第二天性second nature - 自然而然的习惯。在古典classical - 传统的教育education - 培养人才的活动的逻辑logic - 理性思维和修辞rhetoric - 说服技巧阶段（分别是5-8年级和9-12年级），学生需要使用语言来推理reason - 思考分析、论证argue - 提出论点和表达express - 传达思想。
He can't do this as long as he's still struggling挣扎，努力/ˈstrʌɡlɪŋ/ with the how-tos方法/ˈhaʊtuːz/ of written书面的/ˈrɪtn/ and verbal口头的/ˈvɜːrbəl/ expression表达/ɪkˈspreʃn/.
只要他仍在挣扎struggling - 费力应对于书面written - 文字的和口头verbal - 说话的表达expression - 表述方式的方法how-tos - 技巧，他就无法做到这些。
The first four years of formal classical古典的/ˈklæsɪkl/ education are called the grammar stage语法阶段/ˈɡræmər steɪdʒ/ because the student spends them learning the conventions惯例/kənˈvenʃnz/ and basic facts基本事实/ˈbeɪsɪk fækts/—the "grammar"—of each academic学术的/ˌækəˈdemɪk/ subject.
正式古典classical - 传统的教育的前四年被称为语法阶段grammar stage - 学习基础的阶段，因为学生在这段时间学习每个学术academic - 学校的科目的惯例conventions - 规则和基本事实basic facts - 基础知识——即"语法"。
In a way, the grammar of language语言/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ is the foundation基础/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/ on which all other subjects rest. Until a student reads without difficulty困难/ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, he can't absorb吸收/əbˈzɔːrb/ the grammar of history, literature, or science; until a student writes with ease轻松/iːz/, he can't express his growing mastery掌握/ˈmæstəri/ of this material材料/məˈtɪriəl/.
在某种程度上，语言language - 交流工具的语法是所有其他学科赖以建立的基础foundation - 根基。直到学生能毫无困难difficulty - 障碍地阅读，他才能吸收absorb - 理解掌握历史、文学或科学的语法；直到学生能轻松ease - 容易地写作，他才能表达自己对这些材料material - 内容日益增长的掌握mastery - 熟练程度。
Acquiring the "grammar" of language involves practice练习/ˈpræktɪs/ in four separate disciplines学科/ˈdɪsəplɪnz/: spelling拼写/ˈspelɪŋ/ (the "grammar" of individual words—how each one is put together), English grammar语法/ˈɡræmər/ itself (the way those words fit together into sentences), reading阅读/ˈriːdɪŋ/ (through which the student's mind will be filled with images, stories, and words), and writing写作/ˈraɪtɪŋ/ (the way in which sentences are formed and assembled).
获得语言的"语法"需要在四个独立的学科disciplines - 领域中进行练习practice - 训练：拼写spelling - 正确书写单词（单个词的"语法"——每个词是如何组成的）、英语语法grammar - 语言规则本身（这些词如何组合成句子）、阅读reading - 理解文字（通过阅读学生的头脑将充满图像、故事和词汇），以及写作writing - 表达思想（句子是如何形成和组装的）。
Because language skills语言技能/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ skɪlz/ are the cornerstone基石/ˈkɔːrnərstoʊn/ of classical education, the student will spend more time on reading and writing than on any other task任务/tæsk/.
因为语言技能language skills - 使用语言的能力是古典教育的基石cornerstone - 最重要的基础，学生在阅读和写作上花费的时间将比任何其他任务task - 工作都多。

KEEPING IT ORGANIZED / 保持有序

When you act as your child's teacher老师/ˈtiːtʃər/, you need a way to organize组织/ˈɔːrɡənaɪz/ and store存储/stɔːr/ all of the child's work. One way to do this is to keep three-ringed notebooks三孔活页夹/θriː rɪŋd ˈnoʊtbʊks/ for each major subject: reading, writing, history, and science.
当你作为孩子的老师teacher - 教导者时，你需要一种方法来组织organize - 整理和存储store - 保存孩子的所有作业。一种方法是为每个主要科目：阅读、写作、历史和科学，准备三孔活页夹three-ringed notebooks - 可插页的笔记本。
Soon you'll have a fat stack一摞/stæk/ of books, each showing the student's growing comprehension理解/ˌkɑːmprɪˈhenʃn/ of a subject. These notebooks will also be useful for evaluation评估/ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/ at testing time.
很快你就会有一大摞stack - 堆书，每本都显示了学生对某个学科日益增长的理解comprehension - 领悟。这些笔记本在测试时也会对评估evaluation - 测评很有用。

📚 Chapter Vocabulary / 本章词汇表

基础教育词汇 / Basic Education Vocabulary
Grammar
/ˈɡræmər/
中文：语法
定义：语言的规则和结构系统
例句：Learning grammar helps students write better sentences.
Education
/ˌedʒʊˈkeɪʃn/
中文：教育
定义：教学和学习的过程
例句：Classical education emphasizes the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.
Language
/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/
中文：语言
定义：人类交流思想和感情的工具
例句：Language skills are the foundation of all learning.
Foundation
/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
中文：基础
定义：支撑其他事物的基本结构
例句：Reading is the foundation for all academic subjects.
Student
/ˈstuːdnt/
中文：学生
定义：接受教育的人
例句：Every student learns at their own pace.
Teacher
/ˈtiːtʃər/
中文：老师
定义：教导和指导学生的人
例句：A good teacher adapts methods to each child's needs.
学习技能词汇 / Learning Skills Vocabulary
Spelling
/ˈspelɪŋ/
中文：拼写
定义：正确书写单词的技能
例句：Good spelling comes from practice and understanding word patterns.
Reading
/ˈriːdɪŋ/
中文：阅读
定义：理解和解释文字的能力
例句：Reading opens up new worlds of knowledge and imagination.
Writing
/ˈraɪtɪŋ/
中文：写作
定义：用文字表达思想的技能
例句：Clear writing reflects clear thinking.
Expression
/ɪkˈspreʃn/
中文：表达
定义：传达思想和感情的方式
例句：Both written and verbal expression improve with practice.
Practice
/ˈpræktɪs/
中文：练习
定义：反复训练以提高技能
例句：Regular practice is essential for mastering any skill.
Comprehension
/ˌkɑːmprɪˈhenʃn/
中文：理解
定义：掌握和理解信息的能力
例句：Reading comprehension improves with vocabulary growth.
教育概念词汇 / Educational Concepts Vocabulary
Classical
/ˈklæsɪkl/
中文：古典的
定义：基于传统的优秀教育方法
例句：Classical education follows time-tested methods of learning.
Logic
/ˈlɑːdʒɪk/
中文：逻辑
定义：理性思维和推理的原则
例句：The logic stage teaches students how to think analytically.
Rhetoric
/ˈretərɪk/
中文：修辞
定义：有效说服和表达的艺术
例句：Rhetoric teaches students to communicate persuasively.
Discipline
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
中文：学科
定义：学习的特定领域或分支
例句：Each academic discipline has its own methods and content.
Cornerstone
/ˈkɔːrnərstoʊn/
中文：基石
定义：最重要的基础部分
例句：Language arts is the cornerstone of all education.
Organize
/ˈɔːrɡənaɪz/
中文：组织
定义：有序地安排和管理
例句：Good organization helps students track their progress.

📊 处理统计 / Processing Statistics